History of Science最新文献_第7页

Struggling for survival: The popularization of Darwinism and the elite's fight for power in Franco's Spain (1939-1967). 为生存而挣扎:佛朗哥统治下的西班牙(1939-1967)达尔文主义的普及与精英阶层的权力斗争。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221091032

Clara Florensa

{"title":"Struggling for survival: The popularization of Darwinism and the elite's fight for power in Franco's Spain (1939-1967).","authors":"Clara Florensa","doi":"10.1177/00732753221091032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753221091032","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1940s in Spain, a group of young scholars, most of them newly appointed university lecturers, gained control of Arbor, the promotional journal of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC: The Spanish National Research Council), the institution that General Franco had founded after the Spanish Civil War (1936-9) to organize Spanish science. This group constituted the intellectual core of the more reactionary, Catholic traditionalist faction of Franco's regime, and they coveted greater political power, in competition with other factions of the regime. Lacking the opportunity to launch an overt political campaign within a dictatorship, the group started a fight for the cultural conquest of Spain. In this cultural struggle for hegemony, journals, magazines, cultural associations, publishing houses, newspapers, and cultural centers became their weapons. By analyzing this faction's views on and activities within the popularization of science, particularly regarding theories of evolution, this article argues that popular discourse on science played a critical role in the cultural struggle both as a \"safe\" channel in which to forward their claims and as a tool to gather popular attention through topics of general interest. A covert political campaign was conducted through the popularization of science and this, in turn, fueled the construction of a public sphere for science in a dictatorial context. Scientific popularization became a much-appreciated tool to achieve cultural hegemony and, as such, it also became a central element in constructing and legitimating the ideological foundations of Franco's regime.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 3","pages":"348-382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33445169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A puzzling marriage? UNESCO and the Madrid Festival of Science (1955). 令人费解的婚姻?教科文组织和马德里科学节(1955年)。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/0073275321991288

Agustí Nieto-Galan

引用次数: 2

Introduction: Science popularization, dictatorships, and democracies. 导言:科普、独裁、民主。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221091029

Clara Florensa, Agustí Nieto-Galan

引用次数: 0

Hard science, soft science: A political history of a disciplinary array 硬科学，软科学:一个学科阵列的政治史

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-02 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221094739

Steven Shapin

{"title":"Hard science, soft science: A political history of a disciplinary array","authors":"Steven Shapin","doi":"10.1177/00732753221094739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753221094739","url":null,"abstract":"A distinction between the “hard” and “soft” scientific disciplines is a modern commonplace, widely invoked to contrast the natural and the social sciences and to distribute value accordingly, where it was generally agreed that it was good to be “hard,” bad to be “soft.” I trace the emergence of the distinction to institutional and political circumstances in the United States in the second part of the twentieth century; I describe varying academic efforts to give the contrast coherent meaning; I note the distinction’s uses in disciplines’ reflections on their own present and possible future status; and I document the consequential circulation of the antonym in settings where resources for science were distributed. To follow the history of the “hard–soft” distinction is to open a window on changing sensibilities about what science is, what values are attached to it, and what it is for. I conclude with speculations about more recent changes in the value-schemes implicated in the “hard” and the “soft” and about pertinent changes in the place of the “soft” human sciences in governance and production. I envisage a possible future in which the commonplace distinction might wither away.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"76 1","pages":"287 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86264567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

The shastri and the air-pump: Experimental fictions and fictions of experiment for Hindi readers in colonial north India. 沙斯特里和气泵:北印度殖民地印地语读者的实验小说和实验小说。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-01-28 DOI: 10.1177/0073275320987421

Charu Singh

{"title":"The shastri and the air-pump: Experimental fictions and fictions of experiment for Hindi readers in colonial north India.","authors":"Charu Singh","doi":"10.1177/0073275320987421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275320987421","url":null,"abstract":"In the early twentieth century, the vernacular science periodical emerged as a key medium for building science-literate publics in colonial South Asia. This article argues that the Hindi science monthly Vigyan became a discursive laboratory for experiments with language, literary genres, narrative plots, and settings to create culturally grounded science lessons for Hindi readers in the mid-1910s. I focus on the writings of Prem Vallabh Joshi, a pandit, science graduate, and small town teacher, who experimented with distinct literary genres to create a sensibility for science – an experimental temper – amongst Vigyan’s readers. Through his strategic use of scientific experiments in the “history of” a particular branch of knowledge, detective mysteries, and the genre of the fictionalized dialogue, Joshi inducted colonial readers into experimental culture and global scientific modernity. As a reflexive participant in the ongoing confrontation between “Western” science and Hindu śāstra in colonial society, Joshi staged a fictional encounter between the experimental demonstration of the iconic air-pump and the textual authority of śāstra. This article examines the encounter between sastric commitments and scientific sensibilities and their conjoined mobilization in Vigyan in the era of linguistic nationalism. In this colonial vernacular publishing culture, the serial possibilities of the periodical and the history of science itself became critical resources in the ontological confrontations between experimental science and traditional authority.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 2","pages":"232-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0073275320987421","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38869368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Self-help for learned journals: Scientific societies and the commerce of publishing in the 1950s. 学术期刊的自助:20世纪50年代的科学社团和出版商业。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-03-18 DOI: 10.1177/0073275321999901

Aileen Fyfe

{"title":"Self-help for learned journals: Scientific societies and the commerce of publishing in the 1950s.","authors":"Aileen Fyfe","doi":"10.1177/0073275321999901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275321999901","url":null,"abstract":"In the decades after the Second World War, learned society publishers struggled to cope with the expanding output of scientific research and the increased involvement of commercial publishers in the business of publishing research journals. Could learned society journals survive economically in the postwar world, against this competition? Or was the emergence of a sales-based commercial model of publishing - in contrast to the traditional model of subsidized journal publishing - an opportunity to transform the often-fragile finances of learned societies? But there was also an existential threat: if commercial firms could successfully publish scientific journals, were learned society publishers no longer needed? This paper investigates how British learned society publishers adjusted to the new economic realities of the postwar world, through an investigation of the activities organized by the Royal Society of London and the Nuffield Foundation, culminating in the 1963 report Self-Help for Learned Journals. It reveals the postwar decades as the time when scientific research became something to be commodified and sold to libraries, rather than circulated as part of a scholarly mission. It will be essential reading for all those campaigning to transition academic publishing - including learned society publishing - away from the sales-based model once again.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 2","pages":"255-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0073275321999901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25492242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Tangled compositions: Botany, agency, and authorship aboard HMS Endeavour. 纠结的组成:植物学，机构，和作者在HMS奋进。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-22 DOI: 10.1177/0073275320971109

Geoff Bil

{"title":"Tangled compositions: Botany, agency, and authorship aboard HMS Endeavour.","authors":"Geoff Bil","doi":"10.1177/0073275320971109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275320971109","url":null,"abstract":"By all accounts, James Cook's HMS Endeavour sojourn in Tahiti was a pivotal moment in Enlightenment engagements between Indigenous and European cultures. Among the voyage records that survive, the Endeavour draftsman Sydney Parkinson's Journal of a Voyage to the South Seas (1773) is widely viewed as anomalous for the depth and breadth of its interests in Indigenous Tahitian culture and plant knowledge. This essay complicates that view, with emphasis on the contingencies peculiar to the Journal's publication and to Parkinson's own authorial biography. Drawing on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of the rhizome, I analyze Parkinson's account alongside the botanist Daniel Solander's historiographically underutilized \"Plantae Otaheitenses\" manuscript. In so doing, I offer an alternative reading of the Journal as archetypal rather than exceptional in its attention to Indigenous cultures and knowledges. At stake, I suggest, is an enhanced appreciation for Indigenous-European botanical engagements and for Enlightenment print culture more broadly, as well as for the nebulously adisciplinary and collaborative nature of Enlightenment natural history field practices.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 2","pages":"183-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0073275320971109","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38739939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Towards a history of scientific publishing 走向科学出版的历史

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-05-28 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221074609

Bettina Dietz

引用次数: 1

Animals for the mayor: Barcelona’s zoo in the making of local policies and national narratives (1957–73) 为市长服务的动物:制定地方政策和国家叙事中的巴塞罗那动物园(1957-73)

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/00732753211026135

Miquel Carandell Baruzzi

{"title":"Animals for the mayor: Barcelona’s zoo in the making of local policies and national narratives (1957–73)","authors":"Miquel Carandell Baruzzi","doi":"10.1177/00732753211026135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753211026135","url":null,"abstract":"From 1957 to 1973, Barcelona Zoo was transformed from a small-scale, antiquated establishment harboring very few animals, a place that was still in a poor condition following the Spanish Civil War, into a new, larger, modern, and internationally recognized institution that included up-to-date animal enclosures and that boasted one of the first dolphinariums in Europe, as well as a famous white gorilla as its icon. From its very beginning, this renovation involved an intense popularization campaign. In this paper, by describing the public discourse generated throughout this transformation and by analyzing the roles played by Antoni Jonch, the director of the zoo at that time; Josep Maria de Porcioles, the then-mayor of Barcelona; and General Francisco Franco, the Spanish dictator who was head of state during this period, I will highlight how the context of the dictatorship not only authorized the new Barcelona Zoo but is, in fact, crucial to its understanding. The narratives that surrounded the renovation of the zoo focused on its civic and educational purpose, with a firm emphasis on modernity. The zoo was a modern space for learning about animals in order to become better people. These narratives were not only suitable to the policies, ideas, and aims of Porcioles’ City Council and Franco’s dictatorial regime; in fact, they completely matched them. Both local and national governments benefited from the restructuring of Barcelona Zoo and from its public discourse as a tool for social control and an instrument for their own propaganda, legitimation, and perpetuation.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"141 1","pages":"405 - 429"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76726265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Afterword: Science popularization, dictatorships, and democracies 后记:科普、独裁和民主

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-05-18 DOI: 10.1177/00732753211073422

G. Somsen

引用次数: 0