History of Science最新文献_第7页

Aviation infrastructures in the Republic of China, 1920-37. 民国航空基础设施，1920- 1937。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/0073275321995638

Mary Augusta Brazelton

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引用次数: 1

Subjective practices of war: The Prussian army and the Zorndorf campaign, 1758. 战争的主观实践:普鲁士军队和佐恩多夫战役，1758年。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0073275320958950

Adam L Storring

{"title":"Subjective practices of war: The Prussian army and the Zorndorf campaign, 1758.","authors":"Adam L Storring","doi":"10.1177/0073275320958950","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275320958950","url":null,"abstract":"This article integrates the history of military theory - and the practical history of military campaigns and battles - within the broader history of knowledge. Challenging ideas that the new natural philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (the so-called Scientific Revolution) fostered attempts to make warfare mathematically calculated, it builds on work showing that seventeenth- and eighteenth-century natural philosophy was itself much more subjective than previously thought. It uses the figure of King Frederick II of Prussia (reigned 1740-1786) to link theoretical with practical military knowledge, placing the military treatises read and written by the king alongside the practical example of the Prussian army's campaign against the Russians in summer 1758 at the height of the Seven Years War (1756-1763), which culminated in the battle of Zorndorf. This article shows that both the theory and practice of war - like other branches of knowledge in the long eighteenth century - were fundamentally shaped by the contemporary search for intellectual order. The inability to achieve this in practice led to a reliance on subjective judgment and individual, local knowledge. Whereas historians have noted attempts in the eighteenth century to calculate probabilities mathematically, this article shows that war continued to be conceived as the domain of fortune, subject to incalculable chance. Answering Steven Shapin's call to define concretely \"the subjective element in knowledge-making,\" the examples of Frederick and his subordinate, Lieutenant General Count Christoph zu Dohna, reveal sharply different contemporary ideas about how to respond to uncertainty in war. Whereas Dohna sought to be ready for chance events and react to them, Frederick actively embraced uncertainty and risk-taking, making chance both a rhetorical argument and a positive choice guiding strategy and tactics.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 4","pages":"458-480"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0073275320958950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9183167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The hand of the connoisseur: Gems and hardness in Enlightenment mineralogy. 鉴赏家之手:启蒙运动矿物学中的宝石和硬度。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221087558

Michael Bycroft

引用次数: 1

"Rusticall chymistry": Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture. “乡村化学”:炼金术、硝石工程和17世纪英国农业中的试验肥料。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753211033159

Justin Niermeier-Dohoney

{"title":"\"Rusticall chymistry\": Alchemy, saltpeter projects, and experimental fertilizers in seventeenth-century English agriculture.","authors":"Justin Niermeier-Dohoney","doi":"10.1177/00732753211033159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753211033159","url":null,"abstract":"As the primary ingredient in gunpowder, saltpeter was an extraordinarily important commodity in the early modern world. Historians of science and technology have long studied its military applications but have rarely focused on its uses outside of warfare. Due to its potential effectiveness as a fertilizer, saltpeter was also an integral component of experimental agricultural reform movements in the early modern period and particularly in seventeenth-century England. This became possible for several reasons: the creation of a thriving domestic saltpeter production industry in the second half of the sixteenth century; the development of vitalist alchemical theories that sought a unified explanation for the \"growth\" of minerals, metals, and plants; the rise of experimental natural philosophy; and the mid-seventeenth-century dominance of the English East India Company in the saltpeter trade, which allowed agricultural reformers to repurpose domestically produced saltpeter in agriculturally productive ways. This paper argues that the Hartlib Circle - a loose network of natural philosophers and social reformers - adopted vitalist matter theories and the practical, experimental techniques of alchemists to transform agriculture into a more productive enterprise. Though their grandiose plans never came to fruition, their experimental trials to develop artificial fertilizers played an early role in the origins and development of saline chemistry, agronomy, and the British Agricultural Revolution.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 4","pages":"546-574"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9703379/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9935571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The spring of order: Robert Main's management of astronomical labor at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. 秩序的春天:罗伯特·梅因对格林威治皇家天文台天文工作者的管理。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753211028434

Daniel Belteki

引用次数: 1

Medicine, connoisseurship, and the animal body. 医学，鉴赏，和动物的身体。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/0073275320949001

Alexander Wragge-Morley

{"title":"Medicine, connoisseurship, and the animal body.","authors":"Alexander Wragge-Morley","doi":"10.1177/0073275320949001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275320949001","url":null,"abstract":"This essay reconsiders the links between medicine, connoisseurship, and aesthetic theory in early eighteenth-century Britain. Taking a satire on the body of the physician and collector John Woodward as its starting point, I show that medicine and connoisseurship shared a deep preoccupation with the possibility that the animal body could excessively influence the workings of the mind. Pursuing this line of argument, moreover, I will reconsider the place of mind-body dualism in eighteenth-century British medicine and aesthetics. With the exception of materialists such as the philosopher-physician Bernard Mandeville, medics and aesthetic theorists tended to identify the exercise of judgment with the operations of a disembodied mind, unsullied by the embodied mechanisms of the lower body. In practice, however, the insistence that the most refined forms of judgment depended on the presence and activity of a disembodied, immaterial soul was less meaningful than it seems. When confronted by failures of judgment, medics and connoisseurs alike sought explanations in the mechanisms of the animal body. Whether or not they believed in the immateriality of the soul, they pictured the mind as a malfunctioning animal machine, to be cured through the material agency of medical therapeutics.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 4","pages":"481-499"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0073275320949001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9194788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction: Science and connoisseurship in the European Enlightenment. 导言:欧洲启蒙运动中的科学与鉴赏。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753211049039

Michael Bycroft, Alexander Wragge-Morley

引用次数: 0

Magnifying the first points of life: Harvey and Descartes on generation and scale. 放大人生的第一点：哈维和笛卡儿论世代和规模。

IF 0.8 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-13 DOI: 10.1177/00732753211033476

Christoffer Basse Eriksen

{"title":"Magnifying the first points of life: Harvey and Descartes on generation and scale.","authors":"Christoffer Basse Eriksen","doi":"10.1177/00732753211033476","DOIUrl":"10.1177/00732753211033476","url":null,"abstract":"In this essay, I study the contested role of magnification as an observational strategy in the generation theories of William Harvey and René Descartes. During the seventeenth century, the grounds under the discipline of anatomy were shifting as knowledge was increasingly based on autopsia and observation. Likewise, new theories of generation were established through observations of living beings in their smallest state. But the question formed: was it possible to extend vision all the way down to the first points of life? Arguing that the potential of magnification hinged on the metaphysics of living matter, I show that Harvey did not consider observational focus on the material composition of blood and embryos to be conducive to knowledge of living bodies. To Harvey, generation was caused by immaterial, and thus in principle invisible, forces that could not be magnified. Descartes, on the other hand, believed that access to the subvisible scale of natural bodies was crucial to knowledge about their nature. This access could be granted through rational introspection, but possibly also through powerful microscopes. The essay thus ends with a reflection on the importance of Cartesian corpuscularianism for the emergence of microscopical anatomy in seventeenth-century England.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 4","pages":"524-545"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/39/9c/10.1177_00732753211033476.PMC9703378.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10626645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Struggling for survival: The popularization of Darwinism and the elite's fight for power in Franco's Spain (1939-1967). 为生存而挣扎:佛朗哥统治下的西班牙(1939-1967)达尔文主义的普及与精英阶层的权力斗争。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/00732753221091032

Clara Florensa

{"title":"Struggling for survival: The popularization of Darwinism and the elite's fight for power in Franco's Spain (1939-1967).","authors":"Clara Florensa","doi":"10.1177/00732753221091032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00732753221091032","url":null,"abstract":"In the late 1940s in Spain, a group of young scholars, most of them newly appointed university lecturers, gained control of Arbor, the promotional journal of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC: The Spanish National Research Council), the institution that General Franco had founded after the Spanish Civil War (1936-9) to organize Spanish science. This group constituted the intellectual core of the more reactionary, Catholic traditionalist faction of Franco's regime, and they coveted greater political power, in competition with other factions of the regime. Lacking the opportunity to launch an overt political campaign within a dictatorship, the group started a fight for the cultural conquest of Spain. In this cultural struggle for hegemony, journals, magazines, cultural associations, publishing houses, newspapers, and cultural centers became their weapons. By analyzing this faction's views on and activities within the popularization of science, particularly regarding theories of evolution, this article argues that popular discourse on science played a critical role in the cultural struggle both as a \"safe\" channel in which to forward their claims and as a tool to gather popular attention through topics of general interest. A covert political campaign was conducted through the popularization of science and this, in turn, fueled the construction of a public sphere for science in a dictatorial context. Scientific popularization became a much-appreciated tool to achieve cultural hegemony and, as such, it also became a central element in constructing and legitimating the ideological foundations of Franco's regime.","PeriodicalId":50404,"journal":{"name":"History of Science","volume":"60 3","pages":"348-382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33445169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A puzzling marriage? UNESCO and the Madrid Festival of Science (1955). 令人费解的婚姻?教科文组织和马德里科学节(1955年)。

IF 0.5 3区哲学

History of Science Pub Date : 2022-09-01 Epub Date: 2021-02-11 DOI: 10.1177/0073275321991288

Agustí Nieto-Galan

引用次数: 2