Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation最新文献

{"title":"An asymptotically unbiased 3D source localisation method based on frequencies and angles measurements","authors":"Chenggeng Zhao,&nbsp;Heyue Huang,&nbsp;Xingpeng Mao,&nbsp;Junjie Lang,&nbsp;Xiuquan Dou","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12637","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Based on frequency of arrival (FOA) and angle of arrival (AOA) measurements, the localisation of a moving source using a number of stationary stations is discussed. A closed-form solution and bias reduction method using FOA and AOA measurements will be presented to quickly and accurately estimate target parameters, including location and velocity. The closed-form solution is implemented using two-stage weighted least squares, which constructs a pseudolinear equation by introducing auxiliary variables to perform linear estimation. In the process of linearisation, the authors utilise AOA measurements to simplify the FOA pseudolinear equation and reduce the number of auxiliary parameters. This means that fewer stations are needed to estimate the target parameters. However, the use of the computationally attractive pseudolinear formulation will introduce a non-ignorable localisation bias if the measurements are not sufficiently accurate. To solve the above problem, a quadratic constraint on least squares minimisation is considered in the bias reduction method. Under moderate Gaussian noise, theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the root mean square error of proposed method can significantly reduce positioning deviation and asymptotically approach the Cramer–Rao Lower Bound. <span>Keywords</span> Radar, Radar detection, Doppler shift, Parameter estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 11","pages":"2281-2294"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12637","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142759882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deception mechanisms of FDA‒AWACS against passive monopulse angle measurements","authors":"Bo Wang,&nbsp;Gang Wang,&nbsp;Yonglin Li,&nbsp;Rennong Yang,&nbsp;Yu Zhao","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12638","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Airborne warning and control systems (AWACS) serve as critical command and control centres in air combat operations, making them prime targets for strategic attacks. These enemy attacks typically rely on the accurate determination of AWACS combat positions using different direction-finding devices. In particular, passive monopulse angle measurement systems locate AWACS by measuring the angles of signals emitted by AWACS radiation sources, thus rendering them vulnerable to attacks. Given the criticality of the airborne radars of AWACS in battle command and control operations, they must function continuously to monitor air and sea targets. Hence, AWACS cannot effectively evade electronic reconnaissance systems through tactics such as radar shutdown. To explore alternative measures, the authors investigate the deception mechanisms of an integrated frequency diverse array AWACS (FDA‒AWACS) against passive monopulse angle measurements. Using an established FDA signal model, the principles underlying two common monopulse angle measurement methods are first outlined. Subsequently, the angle estimation formulae typically used by these monopulse angle measurement systems to interpret received FDA radiation signals are derived. Additionally, the transmit beampatterns, amplitude patterns, and angle measurement deception capabilities of several typical FDAs are examined. Simulation results indicate that the FDA‒AWACS can theoretically deceive passive monopulse angle measurement systems to a certain extent. However, one-dimensional uniform linear FDAs and other arrays using sinusoidal frequency offsets exhibit limited deception abilities. In contrast, arrays utilising cubic and quartic frequency offset achieve angle measurement errors exceeding 2° in far-field scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 11","pages":"2264-2280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12638","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double-hierarchy heterogeneous structural detection of a subspace signal for distributed multiple-input multiple-output radar","authors":"Weiping Li,&nbsp;Weichao Chen,&nbsp;Lei Zuo","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12640","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The authors consider the problem of adaptive target detection in the background of interference and heterogeneous disturbance, for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar system equipped with widely separated distributed antennas. The signal of interest and the interference lie in two corresponding subspaces that are mutually linearly independent. Therein, both the coordinates of two subspaces are unknown. For MIMO radar system, the disturbances of transmit-receive pairs are heterogeneous, namely, each transmit-receive pair has different statistics. And the disturbance in one transmit-receive pair is non-homogeneous. Therefore a double-hierarchy heterogeneous disturbance is proposed. By resorting to a two-step procedure, a double-hierarchy heterogeneous structural detector (MIMO-GLRTdh) is proposed in accordance with generalised likelihood ratio test for distributed MIMO radar to suppress interference and disturbance. In real scenarios, the certain structure property, existing in the covariance matrix of disturbance, such as the structural persymmetry or Toeplitz property, may be useful. Furthermore, the authors incorporate the structural persymmetry or Toeplitz property to design two structural detectors (PerMIMO-GLRTdh and ToeMIMO-GLRTdh), and study the impact of structure on detectors. Simulation results show that the presented detectors can acquire better detection performance and strong anti-interference ability. In addition, the results indicate that the detection performance of distributed MIMO radar can be improved by the structure in training-limited situations.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 11","pages":"2238-2246"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12640","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-motion parameters extraction of rotating target based on analytical solution in vortex electromagnetic wave radar","authors":"Hang Yuan,&nbsp;Yi-Jun Chen,&nbsp;Ying Luo,&nbsp;Jia Liang,&nbsp;Ying-Xi Liu,&nbsp;Dan Wang","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12639","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The linear Doppler effect and angular Doppler effect in vortex electromagnetic wave radar echoes can be used to extract comprehensive micro-motion parameters. However, the analytical solution of micro-motion parameters for rotating targets in vortex EM wave radar has not been obtained. To solve the above problems, the analytical solution of micro-motion parameters is derived, and a micro-motion parameter extraction method is proposed. Firstly, the shape and properties of the angular Doppler curve in various cases are discussed. Subsequently, the properties of three points on the angular Doppler curve are derived. The micro-motion parameters are obtained based on the three points. The simulations demonstrate that the proposed method can greatly reduce the computational complexity and improve the accuracy of micro-motion parameter extraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 11","pages":"2222-2237"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Test and evaluation of radar systems operating in the modern electromagnetic spectrum","authors":"Raffaele Fiengo,&nbsp;Adrian Adams","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12614","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modern radar systems are critical infrastructure in defence and civilian applications. In the defence domain, modern radars operate in a highly contested, congested, and constrained electromagnetic environment. In the context of operating in this challenging environment, the challenges across the system life cycle are examined in testing modern radar systems which are characterised by advanced features, such as multi-function capability, advanced digital signal processing, high resolution, wideband, and frequency agile systems that incorporate phase array and active electronically scanned array capabilities. The challenges and key objectives in testing these sophisticated modern radar systems are highlighted, as well as the enabling technologies that can support Test &amp; Evaluation of such systems. An architecture for Hardware-in-the-Loop testing, which leverages modular and flexible commercial-of-the-shelf hardware, is proposed together with an application software that allows the testing of radar with a radar target generator.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 11","pages":"2189-2198"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12614","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platform echo and cross-eye jamming against active-passive composite monopulse radars","authors":"Dong Li,&nbsp;Yongcai Liu,&nbsp;Liang Zhou,&nbsp;Binbin Su,&nbsp;Jin Meng","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12636","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Active-passive composite monopulse radar (APCMR) enhances the anti-jamming capability by combing the advantages of active radars and passive radars. Previous studies have discussed the effectiveness of cross-eye jamming against APCMR in a simplified scenario for isolating platform echo. In this paper, platform echo and cross-eye jamming signals are jointly considered to analyse the jamming performance on APCMR. A mathematical model of the cross-eye jamming against APCMR is established in the presence of the platform echo, and the jamming performance on active radar and passive radar is evaluated and compared in terms of cross-eye gain and its probability. In order to ensure the jamming performance on both active and passive radars, a guideline for the setting of jammer parameters is proposed based on numerical simulations. The study can provide theoretical foundation for the design and application of cross-eye jammers.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 11","pages":"2134-2143"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142762182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a reliable adaptive estimation approach for a low-cost attitude and heading reference system","authors":"Elahe Sadat Abdolkarimi,&nbsp;Sadra Rafatnia","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12633","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A main challenge within inertial navigation systems involves attitude determination, which refers to the process of estimating the angles that define orientations. A new algorithm is presented to estimate a reliable and proper model for a low-cost attitude and heading reference system (AHRS), while also, including long-term global navigation satellite system (GNSS) outages with various dynamical manoeuvres. In the proposed approach, the initial AHRS model is continuously refined at each time step through the incorporation of complementary terms using a new prediction method. These complementary terms are determined using attitude information from the accelerometers output and the GNSS as reference systems. The proposed estimation technique undergoes mathematical analysis to ascertain stochastic stability and is further assessed through real-world aerial experimental tests conducted with hardware-in-the-loop mechanisation. The obtained results demonstrate a significant enhancement in the reliability and accuracy of the AHRS through the proposed estimation algorithm, even under GNSS blockages. The comparative results highlight the higher performance of the suggested data fusion scheme in providing a reliable and accurate model for the AHRS in normal conditions and assisting a powerful neural network-based algorithm to provide reliable heading information even during long-term GNSS outages under dynamical manoeuvres.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 10","pages":"1991-2003"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matched cross-spectrum phase processing for source depth estimation in deep water","authors":"Lisheng Zhou,&nbsp;Xiaohong Yang,&nbsp;Guangying Zheng,&nbsp;Fangwei Zhu,&nbsp;Fangyong Wang","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12635","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Zhou et al. (2022) proposed a method for instantaneous source depth estimation in deep water using matched beam intensity processing (MBIP) that leverages depth-related oscillatory features arising from Lloyd's mirror interference in the frequency domain (Appl. Acoust., 2022, 186, 108493). However, the efficacy of MBIP diminishes with a random source spectrum. To counteract the effect of a random source spectrum, a vertical line array (VLA) positioned near the sea bottom is employed and a cross-spectrum is generated from the conventional beamforming output, which is achieved by dividing the VLA into upper-half and lower-half arrays. The authors find that the cross-spectrum phase interference pattern is determined by the source depth and is unaffected by the source spectrum. Consequently, a matched cross-spectrum phase processing method is proposed, which demonstrates appreciable depth estimation accuracy compared to that of the existing techniques, as evidenced by the results from both simulated and experimental data.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 10","pages":"2004-2016"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12635","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Availability evaluation and optimisation of advanced receiver autonomous integrity monitoring fault detection and exclusion considering temporal correlations","authors":"Jingtian Du,&nbsp;Kun Fang,&nbsp;Zhipeng Wang,&nbsp;Yanbo Zhu","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12634","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (ARAIM) provides an Aircraft-Based Augmentation System function for aircraft Global Navigation Satellite System equipment. Currently, the consideration of temporal correlations of test statistics is an important update to the ARAIM baseline algorithm. However, due to the tight budgets of integrity and continuity, the updated ARAIM Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE) is not satisfactory in availability coverage. The baseline algorithm is based on equal allocation of integrity and continuity, which causes ARAIM to be susceptible to faults and satellite outages. An availability optimisation of ARAIM FDE based on dynamic budget allocation is proposed, aiming to make full use of the prior knowledge provided by the Integrity Support Message (ISM). The contribution of each solution separation test in the ARAIM FDE to the total continuity and integrity risks is estimated, and the continuity and integrity allocation constraints are obtained. The impacts of faults and satellite outages on availability are analysed, and a predictive Protection Level (PL) for ARAIM FDE is proposed for use as an objective function for optimising risk allocation. Then, a risk allocation method based on the multiplier penalty function method is proposed. The performances of the baseline algorithm and the proposed method under the maximum Number of Effective Samples are simulated. For dual-constellation H-ARAIM, the optimised Horizontal PL (HPL) is 40% lower than that of the baseline algorithm on average, and the average number of critical satellites supporting RNP 0.3 is less than 1 worldwide. For the three-constellation V-ARIAM, the optimised HPL is 27% lower than that of the baseline algorithm on average, and the optimised Vertical PL (VPL) is 18% lower. The proposed method has high availability coverage and can better respond to the requirements for high-performance navigation services.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 10","pages":"1966-1979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-agent multi-dimensional joint optimisation of jamming decision-making against multi-functional radar","authors":"Minhong Sun,&nbsp;Shuai Yin,&nbsp;Deguo Zeng","doi":"10.1049/rsn2.12632","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/rsn2.12632","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The authors propose a multi-agent, multi-dimensional joint optimisation decision-making strategy to tackle the challenges jammers encounter when interfering with multi-functional radars, which possess advanced anti-interference capabilities. The strategy is divided into optimising the interference style and three parameters: timing, power, and duration, to enhance interference effectiveness. Furthermore, state value reuse is combined with the duelling double deep Q-learning and multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithms to effectively manage the multi-dimensional optimisation of the interference strategy. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms Ant-QL, heuristic accelerated Q-learning, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic algorithms in terms of convergence speed and stability. It identifies a more efficient strategy for transitioning the radar from its initial state to the state with the lowest threat level to the jammer, achieving a 24% improvement in convergence speed. Additionally, the performance curve exhibits better stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":50377,"journal":{"name":"Iet Radar Sonar and Navigation","volume":"18 10","pages":"1980-1990"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/rsn2.12632","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142588070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}