International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology最新文献

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Automated robotic assembly of shaft sleeve based on reinforcement learning 基于强化学习的轴套自动装配机器人
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13467-1
Xumiao Ma, De Xu
{"title":"Automated robotic assembly of shaft sleeve based on reinforcement learning","authors":"Xumiao Ma, De Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13467-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13467-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shaft sleeve assembly is a common task in industrial manufacturing. The fitting approach for shaft sleeve assembly is usually interference fit, which requires significant contact forces. Conventional assembly methods, though focused on safety, often struggle to achieve high efficiency. Reinforcement learning can effectively select appropriate assembly actions through interaction with the environment, making it well-suited for shaft sleeve assembly tasks. Firstly, a comprehensive workflow for shaft sleeve assembly is formulated, including system initialization, insertion, push, and completion. Our research focuses mainly on the insertion process. Secondly, the core control algorithm adopts a deep reinforcement learning method based on the Actor-Critic architecture. The reward function includes safety reward, step length reward, and step reward. Safety reward ensures assembly security, while step length and step reward enhance assembly efficiency from different perspectives. Finally, real-world experiments on shaft sleeve assembly are conducted, including ablation experiments, parameter tuning experiments on reward function, and comparative experiments with conventional methods. The results of the ablation experiments and parameter tuning experiments indicate that after combining safety reward, step length reward, and step reward, the assembly effect achieves the best, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed reward function. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that our approach not only enhances safety compared to conventional methods but also significantly improves assembly efficiency, indicating the feasibility of this method.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A fast simulation method for thermal management in wire arc additive manufacturing repair of a thin-walled structure 线弧增材制造薄壁结构修复热管理的快速模拟方法
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13427-9
Paul Qvale, Eirik B. Njaastad, Torgeir Bræin, Xiaobo Ren
{"title":"A fast simulation method for thermal management in wire arc additive manufacturing repair of a thin-walled structure","authors":"Paul Qvale, Eirik B. Njaastad, Torgeir Bræin, Xiaobo Ren","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13427-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13427-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ensuring first-time-right on-site repair of critical structures is a key challenge for additive manufacturing (AM)–based repair solutions. Fast thermal simulations are thus needed to plan efficient and error-free AM processes. This paper addresses a fast thermal simulation method for a novel subsea wire arc additive manufacturing (SWAAM) repair procedure. Current commercial finite element (FE) codes for typical welding and AM are computationally expensive and slow. The presented 2D finite difference approach can be used to simulate SWAAM on a damaged plate with around 70 times acceleration compared to real welding times, without the use of parallelization. Although not being able to accurately represent the temperature in close vicinity of the welding torch, the approach shows excellent correspondence with FE simulations and experiments in regions of the plate where the temperature has assumed a distribution that is largely two-dimensional. Compared with FE simulations, the approach is experimentally verified to be accurate to 10 °C within 7 s after the welding torch has passed a point on the plate. Thus, the approach can provide a measure of the global temperature field in a thin-walled structure during repair. The thermal simulation is preceded by a welding path planner, which generates appropriate paths based on slicing of a 3D surface scan of the damage that is to be repaired. Damages to equipment or non-ideal welding conditions are prevented by automatically pausing the welding if the calculated temperature in the path ahead of the welding torch exceeds a predefined interpass temperature limit.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203201","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Adaptive location method for film cooling holes based on the design intent of the turbine blade 基于涡轮叶片设计意图的薄膜冷却孔自适应定位方法
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13456-4
{"title":"Adaptive location method for film cooling holes based on the design intent of the turbine blade","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13456-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13456-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Due to the inevitable deviation of the casting process, the dimensional error of the turbine blade is introduced. As a result, the location datum of the film cooling holes is changed, which has an impact on the machining accuracy. The majority of pertinent studies concentrate on the rigid location approach for the entire blade, which results in a modest relative position error of the blade surface but still fails to give the exact position and axial direction of the film cooling holes of the deformed blade. In this paper, the entire deformation of the blade cross-section curve is divided into a number of deformation combinations of the mean line curve based on the construction method of the blade design intent. The exact location of the film cooling holes in the turbine blade with deviation is therefore efficiently solved by a flexible deformation of the blade that optimises the position and axial direction of the holes. The verification demonstrates that the novel method can significantly reduce both the contour deviation of the blade surface and the location issue of the film cooling holes. After machining experiments, the maximum position deviation of the holes is reduced by approximately 80% compared to the rigid location method of the entire blade, and the average value and standard deviation are also decreased by about 70%.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of energy consumption and carbon emission in EDM 评估电火花成形加工的能耗和碳排放
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13469-z
{"title":"Evaluation of energy consumption and carbon emission in EDM","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13469-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13469-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Green manufacturing is one of the most important development directions in mechanical processing field. Electrical discharge machining (EDM), one of the non-traditional machining, is increasingly used. However, there were hardly any studies on the evaluation of energy consumption and carbon emissions in EDM. In this study, a quantitative assessment model of carbon emission in EDM was built based on the emission factor method. The tool electrode wear, harmless treatment of residual tool electrodes and working fluid, and electrical energy consumed by the equipment were considered in this assessment model. EDM drilling experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The effects of pulse width, pulse interval, and peak current on machining time, surface roughness, energy consumption, and carbon emissions were analyzed. The CNC system, cooling system, and power supply consumed about 95% of the total energy. In small hole EDM drilling, the total carbon emissions from the preparation and waste residue treatment of workpiece and tool electrode were almost negligible due to the small material removal volume. The carbon emissions generated by electrical energy consumption account for about 50% of the total carbon emissions. Carbon emissions can be minimized to 72 g and energy consumption can be reduced to a minimum of 37.48 Wh when processing a small hole with the diameter of 1 mm and the depth of 6 mm by EDM drilling.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A unified ternary-mechanism model for the calibration of cutting force coefficients and prediction of ploughing-based process damping in flank milling process 用于校准切削力系数和预测侧面铣削过程中基于犁的加工阻尼的统一三元机制模型
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13307-2
{"title":"A unified ternary-mechanism model for the calibration of cutting force coefficients and prediction of ploughing-based process damping in flank milling process","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13307-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13307-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Exciting ternary-mechanism model considers the effects of flank shearing, flank ploughing and bottom ploughing and suits for the calibration of cutting force coefficients with a relatively lower axial depth of cuts in which the cutting force proportion of bottom edge gradually increases. Since the vibration velocities are not formulated in the empirical rubbing formulae, the process damping effect in chatter stability can not be modelled. In order to simultaneously guarantee the calibration accuracy of the cutting force coefficients and solve the chatter stability with process damping, a unified ternary-mechanism model is established in this article. First, the ploughing forces corresponding to the flank edge and bottom edge are formulated as the function of the indented area and the corresponding proportion factors based on Hertz contact theory. And the static and dynamic ternary cutting forces are explicitly formulated. Second, with the aid of the static equilibrium equation together with the expression of small disturbance, the dynamic model including ploughing-based process damping is established. Third, a fast procedure to calibrate the real-time cutting force coefficients is also derived based on the inverse process of static cutting force modelling. A series of test platforms are built to verify the correctness of the calibration method and the ploughing-based process damping model. Good consistency between the predicted and experimental results in both static cutting forces and dynamic chatter tests proves that above models have better accuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investigation of interactions between fiber lasers and Si3N4 sheets for drilling square microholes with multi-ring strategy 研究光纤激光器与 Si3N4 片材之间的相互作用,利用多环策略钻凿方形微孔
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13383-4
Shih-Feng Tseng, Guan-Lin Chen, Chien-Yao Huang, Donyau Chiang, Chil-Chyuan Kuo
{"title":"Investigation of interactions between fiber lasers and Si3N4 sheets for drilling square microholes with multi-ring strategy","authors":"Shih-Feng Tseng, Guan-Lin Chen, Chien-Yao Huang, Donyau Chiang, Chil-Chyuan Kuo","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13383-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13383-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A high pulsed fiber laser was utilized to drill square microholes in Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> sheets in an atmospheric environment. Various processing parameters including scan spacing, number of scan passes, and number of multi-ring paths with a multi-ring strategy were adjusted to laser-drill Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> sheets. The geometric characteristics of laser-drilled square microholes with shoulder height, taper angle, and corner radius were measured using a laser scanning microscope. X-ray diffraction was applied to examine the residual stress of the Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> sheets before and after laser drilling. Moreover, the heat-affected zone and element content were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The experimental results exhibited that the optimal shoulder height of the square microhole drilled with the multi-ring strategy was 6.67 ± 0.21 μm, which was approximately 77% lower than that of 29.05 ± 10.95 μm for the square microhole drilled with the single-ring strategy. Moreover, the residual stresses of the original Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> sheet and the square microholes laser-drilled by single-ring and multi-ring strategies were − 181.2 ± 41, 164.5 ± 31.9, and 104.6 ± 7.8 MPa, respectively. The proposed laser drilling technology with the multi-ring strategy can be widely used in the semiconductor industry for probe cards.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"2016 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Multiscale basis modeling of 3D melt-pool morphological variations for manufacturing process monitoring 用于制造过程监控的三维熔池形态变化多尺度基础建模
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13377-2
{"title":"Multiscale basis modeling of 3D melt-pool morphological variations for manufacturing process monitoring","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13377-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13377-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>Laser powder bed fusion is a key technology of additive manufacturing that enables the fabrication of metal parts with complex geometry through a multilayer process. Despite its great promise in design flexibility, wide application of this technology is hindered by a lack of quality assurance in fabrication parts. Melt-pool morphological characteristics are eminent indicators for manufacturing process stability and part quality. However, existing studies on melt-pool morphology focused on key geometric properties (e.g., length, width, size) extracted from melt-pool images for characterizing its variations, and tend to overlook 3D morphological variations of melt pools and ejected spatters. In this paper, we develop a multiscale modeling framework to represent, characterize, and monitor melt-pool variations through 3D morphological features, including multiscale basis function modeling of 3D melt-pool morphology and an iterative search of predominant components for sparse representation of morphological variations in melt-pool images. A case study with real-world experimental data shows that the proposed framework effectively characterizes 3D melt-pool morphological variations and provides salient features for tracking process variations, predicting melt-pool sizes, and detecting spatters. This framework is generally flexible for a wide variety of additive manufacturing (AM)applications such as melt-pool simulation, process monitoring, and anomaly detection.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Review on preparation technology and properties of spherical powders 球形粉末的制备技术和特性综述
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13442-w
Shuo Yu, Yugang Zhao, Guoyong Zhao, Qian Liu, Baicheng Yao, Hao Liu
{"title":"Review on preparation technology and properties of spherical powders","authors":"Shuo Yu, Yugang Zhao, Guoyong Zhao, Qian Liu, Baicheng Yao, Hao Liu","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13442-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13442-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the continuous evolution of additive manufacturing technology, the production of spherical powders has become increasingly vital. Various studies suggest that factors such as the preparation process, powder materials, and sphericity are crucial in determining product performance. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of three widely used preparation technologies for spherical powders: gas atomization (GA), plasma rotating electrode process (PREP), and radio frequency plasma (RFP). Next, we identify the current research gaps in the preparation process for spherical powders and analyze the techniques for controlling particle size, sphericity, and purity during powder production. Finally, we proposed the development trend of spherical powder preparation technology, which provides crucial insights for optimizing the preparation process.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Determination of quality classes for material extrusion additive manufacturing using image processing 利用图像处理确定材料挤压增材制造的质量等级
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13269-5
Alexander Oleff, Benjamin Küster, Ludger Overmeyer
{"title":"Determination of quality classes for material extrusion additive manufacturing using image processing","authors":"Alexander Oleff, Benjamin Küster, Ludger Overmeyer","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13269-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13269-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tools for implementing a systematic quality management are necessary for the use of material extrusion as an additive manufacturing process for products with high quality requirements. Well-defined quality classes are crucial for ensuring that the requirements for a product can be communicated transparently and that the existing properties can be evaluated. Furthermore, there is a lack of capable measurement equipment for the acquisition of process data during the production process. To address these challenges, the present paper introduces an image processing system that determines quality indicators for individual layers in terms of imperfect surface percentages and the number of imperfections. The central element of the hardware is an adaptive darkfield illumination, which leads to high-contrast images. In addition, five types of layer subareas are identified in a segmentation step. Unsupervised machine learning methods are then used to detect imperfections in each layer subarea. In the segmentation, the current layer can be distinguished from irrelevant image background regions with an F-measure of 0.981. For the layer-wise measurement of the quality indicators, relative measurement errors with standard deviations of 25 to 76.1% are found. After evaluating the capabilities of the image processing system, a proposal for limits of quality classes is derived by monitoring several material extrusion processes. For this purpose, three quality classes for each of the five layer subareas are deduced from the process scatter measured by the image processing system. The results are an important contribution to the industrialization of material extrusion in safety–critical areas such as medical technology or the aerospace industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140202998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spindle unit thermal error modeling and compensation based on digital twin 基于数字孪生的主轴单元热误差建模与补偿
IF 3.4 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s00170-024-13445-7
{"title":"Spindle unit thermal error modeling and compensation based on digital twin","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s00170-024-13445-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-024-13445-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Abstract</h3> <p>The thermal error in the spindle unit is substantial and necessitates mitigation. Current models, being predominantly static in nature, have limited efficacy in error control. Integrating digital twin technology for modeling and controlling spindle unit thermal error holds promise in enhancing the machining accuracy of machine tools. Yet, the notion of a digital twin system specifically tailored for spindle unit thermal characteristics remains uncharted territory. To navigate these challenges, this study introduces a novel digital twin system tailored for spindle unit thermal characteristics. This system is poised to revolutionize thermal error modeling and compensation by harnessing the capabilities of digital twin technology. Within this digital twin framework, both the thermal error control model and the analytical thermal characteristic model are seamlessly integrated. The control model is devised as an exponential function, utilizing operational time, inherent time constants, and both initial and equilibrium thermal errors as parameters. Delving deeper, the analytical thermal characteristic model for the spindle system is rooted in a thermal resistance network approach. This leads to a closed-loop thermal characteristic modeling process, culminating in the derivation of a steady-state thermal error. Intricate heat transfer dynamics between spindle components are dissected, and a comprehensive thermal equilibrium equation set is formulated for the spindle unit. This equation set comprehensively accounts for dynamic variations in key parameters such as preload, lubricant viscosity, thermal load intensity, thermal contact resistance, and convective coefficients. To ascertain the time constant, a meticulously designed set of thermal characteristic experiments is executed. Subsequently, the digital twin system embarks on predictive modeling of thermal errors across varied operational conditions. This prediction then forms the foundation for thermal error compensation. With the integration of the present model into the digital twin system, the results are impressive: the absolute average and maximum deviations in thermal elongation, post-error control, stand at approximately 0.40 μm and 1.24 μm, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":50345,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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