International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems最新文献

{"title":"Multi-agent stackelberg game for joint optimization of electricity spot and deep peak regulation markets: strategies and implications for system flexibility","authors":"Lefeng Cheng , Kun Wang , Pan Peng , Tao Zou , Pengrong Huang , Mengya Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111041","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid integration of renewable energy sources into power grids has markedly altered the landscape of modern energy systems, amplifying the need for enhanced flexibility in grid operation and regulation. Among the most pressing challenges is the increasing demand for deep peak regulation, necessitating coordinated optimization between electricity spot markets and peak regulation services to ensure system stability and economic efficiency. This paper explores the game-theoretic dynamics between various market participants, specifically power generation enterprises, in the context of joint electricity spot and deep peak regulation markets. We propose a novel multi-agent Stackelberg game model to characterize the strategic bidding behaviors of power generators in these interdependent markets, integrating bi-level optimization techniques and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions to identify equilibrium strategies. The primary contribution of this study lies in being the first to apply a multi-agent Stackelberg game model to electricity spot and peak regulation markets, which unveils the complex strategic interactions between thermal power producers with deep peak-shaving capabilities (leaders) and electricity trading centers (followers). This approach reveals the intricate balance between competition and cooperation, where large generators with cost advantages exert influence over market prices, while smaller units strive to optimize their strategies in response to fluctuating market conditions. Through extensive case study analysis, we demonstrate how market dynamics, influenced by varying peak regulation demand scenarios, significantly affect the profitability and decision-making of different participants. Our findings suggest that during high peak regulation demand, large units leverage their economies of scale to secure substantial profits, while smaller units face increasing competition. In contrast, during low demand periods, the disparity in profits narrows, highlighting the adaptive strategies required by market participants. Additionally, this paper contrasts two market clearing mechanisms—System Marginal Price (SMP) and Pay-as-Bid (PAB)—emphasizing their impact on market efficiency and fairness. The results indicate that while the SMP mechanism exacerbates profit disparities among units, the PAB mechanism effectively reduces peak regulation costs and enhances market transparency, though it may exclude high-cost units from the peak regulation market, undermining system flexibility. Moreover, this study extends beyond quantitative modeling by incorporating a structured analysis of negotiation strategies, reasoning logics, and procedural mechanisms under policy-driven market environments, offering a conceptual framework for understanding how institutional design and regulatory negotiation shape equilibrium outcomes and market adaptability. The paper concludes with a discussion on the broader implications of these findings for the de","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111041"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charging dispatching strategy for electric vehicles considering willingness and status quo bias","authors":"Feixiang Peng ,&nbsp;Wanghao Wu ,&nbsp;Duanchao Li ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Jun Tao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111054","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111054","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of new power systems and electric vehicles (EVs), the mismatch between renewable energy generation and power load is increasing seriously. An appropriate charging strategy for EVs can alleviate the load fluctuation in the power system. In practice, the feasibility of dispatching results is highly related to the EVs’ willingness. However, the willingness factor, reflecting the behavior preference of end users, is hard to build. In this paper, a charging dispatching strategy for EVs considering user willingness and status quo bias (SQB) is proposed to optimize the charging behavior and improve the operational efficiency of the power grid. A user willingness response model is proposed, considering the impact of charging prices and state of charge (SOC). The charging willingness and SQB are used to build user charging satisfaction, reflecting users’ needs and preferences more accurately. Load regulation and renewable energy curtailment are considered in grid dispatching satisfaction building. Thus, a multi-objective optimization model can be established to balance user charging and grid dispatching satisfaction. The results indicate that the proposed dispatching strategy, considering user willingness and SQB, improves user charging satisfaction, optimizes the load dispatching of the grid, and reduces operating costs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111054"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144903902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol impact on concentrating solar systems: Lessons learned from the Plataforma solar de Almería (Spain)","authors":"Jesús Ballestrín ,&nbsp;Noelia Simal ,&nbsp;Elena Carra ,&nbsp;Rafael Monterreal ,&nbsp;Jesús Polo ,&nbsp;Aitor Marzo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111051","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111051","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA) is a unique scientific-technical center in the southeast of Spain thanks to its solar concentrating facilities that are large and varied. The PSA is located in the village of Tabernas (Almería), in one of the few deserts in Europe. The quantity and size of aerosols in the atmosphere negatively influence solar concentrating systems through different processes, making these systems less efficient. The aerosol measurement campaign carried out at PSA since March 2020 indicates frequent haze episodes and that there is a positive correlation on a monthly scale between aerosol concentration and its negative effects on solar concentrating systems. This fact has made it possible to unify all these variables into a common function that can be used in any location. The impact of aerosols on the electrical power production of a thermoelectric solar tower plant is analyzed. The aerosol loading in the atmosphere at this location is greater in the summer months and the negative effects of associated phenomena increase, making this season the least favorable for solar concentrating technologies at PSA. It can be said that there could be an increase of up to 50 % in the LCOE due to the negative effects of aerosols in the production of a solar tower plant at PSA. Similar studies are recommended in future sites for concentrating solar plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111051"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144895768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic characteristics for synchronous operation of two-stage cascaded hydropower plants under different water level feedback modes of regulating reservoir","authors":"Wencheng Guo,&nbsp;Zi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aiming at the problem of maintaining the water balance of cascaded hydropower plants under the limited regulating reservoir capacity, this paper studies the dynamic characteristics for synchronous operation of two-stage cascaded hydropower plants (TSCHP) under different water level feedback (WLF) modes of regulating reservoir. The main innovation lies in systematically revealing the influence mechanism of different WLF modes on the dynamic characteristics of TSCHP and clarifying the interaction between the first-stage hydropower plant (FSHP) and second-stage hydropower plant (SSHP). Firstly, the mathematical model of the TSCHP under different WLF modes of regulating reservoir is established. Secondly, the regulation of governors and WLF controller on dynamic characteristics is analyzed. Then, based on the original model, three contrastive models are designed. The effect mechanism of different WLF modes on dynamic characteristics is revealed. Finally, the interactions between the FSHP and SSHP on dynamic characteristics are studied from the perspective of hydraulic and mechanical parameters. The results indicate that: when the mode of WLF to the FSHP (SSHP) is adopted, the regulation of governor of the FSHP (SSHP) on dynamic characteristics of the TSCHP is more significant than that of governor of the SSHP (FSHP). The WLF controller plays the regulation effect on dynamic characteristics by regulating the dynamic response of water level. The governors regulate the discharge of the FSHP and SSHP by considering the change of water level. The differences of hydraulic and mechanical parameters between the FSHP and SSHP have a significant effect on the dynamic characteristics of the TSCHP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111032"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel fault analysis method considering control states for MMC grid-forming system with renewable energy generation","authors":"Bohao Zhou ,&nbsp;Jiawei He ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Ye Li ,&nbsp;Yan Li ,&nbsp;Runbin Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper analyzes the fault equivalent models of grid-following and grid-forming converters under various fault conditions. A novel fault calculation method for MMC-HVDC grid-forming systems integrated with 100% renewable energy generation is proposed. The proposed method employs chain-loop iteration to address the divergence issues encountered in conventional fault calculation techniques, which typically rely on the numerical solution of the entire system state equations. By decomposing the state assessment and model updates for both grid-forming and grid-following converters into internal iterative calculations, this approach significantly improves convergence performance in fault analysis. The paper also explores the unique fault characteristics of MMC grid-forming systems, providing a theoretical foundation for protection scheme design. Simulation results obtained from PSCAD/EMTDC validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in calculating fault responses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111031"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling, control and stabilization of virtual synchronous generator in future power electronics-dominated power systems: A survey of challenges, advances, and future trends","authors":"Chang Li ,&nbsp;Yaqian Yang ,&nbsp;Xun Mao ,&nbsp;Xinhua Xiong ,&nbsp;Tomislav Dragicevic","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The power system is experiencing a huge transformation from conventional synchronous generation mode to the inverter-interfaced generation mode. Unfortunately, this transformation makes the modern power systems more likely uncertain, fluctuated, and oscillated, which is originated from the underlying reason of uncertainty of renewable energy generation units and inertia-less property as well as weak-damping of power electronics equipment. To those issues, virtual synchronous generator (VSG), which well emulates the external dynamic characteristics of synchronous generator (SG), is ever-increasing replacing SG to be dominated in modern power systems. Nevertheless, the prerequisite of good support of inertia and damping as well as stiffness by VSG is that VSG can maintain stable operation with power grid. Therefore, the potential physical mechanism of instability hidden in VSG-dominated power system (VDPS) is urgent to be explored. Stimulated by those requirements, this research proposes comprehensive and extensive reviews for the modeling, control, and stabilization of VSG in future power electronics-dominated power systems with challenges, advances, and future trends. Particularly, a comprehensive classification on the topics of modeling approaches, control methods, and stabilization of VSG system are extensively discussed. Finally, the future trends, discussions, and conclusions are drawn to provide a comprehensively physical insight for the framework of future VDPS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111001"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fault location method for internal faults of inverter in offshore wind HVDC system based on temporal characteristics of AC current","authors":"Shanshan Yin,&nbsp;Xiaoya Gao,&nbsp;Jun Wang,&nbsp;Tengfei Yuan,&nbsp;Hang Zhang,&nbsp;Jingtao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The LCC inverter is the core equipment in the offshore wind HVDC system. Identifying the fault types and locating the fault locations in the inverter area are crucial for inverter safety. Due to the fault form is complex and diverse, this paper proposes a fault location method based on the temporal characteristics of the three-phase AC minimum current in the HVDC inverter area to identify the fault types and locate the fault locations. Firstly, it is found that there are zero and non-zero characteristics in the temporal characteristics of the AC minimum current, and the temporal characteristics of the AC minimum currents of internal faults have apparent differences. Secondly, based on the inverter topology and the difference of the non-zero conduction width of AC minimum current characteristic quantity in single bridge or double bridge, it is proposed to identify the fault types and locate the fault locations. Thirdly, affected by the waveform, the high-voltage bridge short-circuit to ground fault on the DC side and the high-voltage bridge short-circuit to ground fault on the valve side may be misjudged after the fault location is determined, so it is proposed to correct the fault location using amplitude characteristics of AC current. Finally, the simulation results verify the validity of the proposed fault location method. Moreover, the location method is not affected by the fault occurrence moment, the short circuit ratio, and the signal-to-noise ratio, which verifies the adaptability of the proposed method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111028"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-driven predictive models for wind-induced transmission line interruptions","authors":"Mazin Al-Mahrouqi ,&nbsp;Abdollah Shafieezadeh ,&nbsp;Jieun Hur ,&nbsp;Jae-Wook Jung ,&nbsp;Jeong-Gon Ha ,&nbsp;Daegi Hahm","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.110969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extreme weather events continually challenge transmission line integrity, highlighting the need for accurate vulnerability assessment of power grid components to ensure grid resilience. This paper proposes data-driven predictive models that explore and establish reliable associations between weather, environmental, and line characteristic data and wind-induced transmission line interruptions. To address the challenges of unbalanced datasets and enhance model accuracy, we propose event-based sampling, a new approach that leverages the stochasticity and physics of hazard effects to identify input subspaces most challenging for the machine learning models to classify, thus improving the overall models’ performance. We trained a diverse set of machine learning models to capture the complex underlying patterns of the datasets. Results of extensive testing studies indicate that the XGBoost model performs the best with a high predictive accuracy of 94.2%. In-depth sensitivity studies using Shapley values highlight the significance of wind gust, line length, and mean sea pressure suggesting that these factors play a substantial role in line interruptions. The developed model primarily serves as a data-driven fragility function for comprehensive weather-related risk assessment of transmission infrastructure, enabling long-term planning for line reinforcement and investment strategies. Additionally, the model shows potential for operational applications such as power outage mitigation and resource allocation during extreme weather events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 110969"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Empc-based V2G scheduling strategy for multi-attribute EVs aggregator","authors":"Haoyang Tang ,&nbsp;Zhilu Liu ,&nbsp;Lin Zheng ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zheng ,&nbsp;Hao Hu ,&nbsp;Jinpei Lu ,&nbsp;Zhijian Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vehicle to grid (V2G) technology can mitigate uncertainty in distribution network caused by distributed energy resources. The electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) participating in V2G systems includes diverse electric vehicle (EV) types. Consequently, it is imperative to address the real-time aggregation and control of EVs with differing attributes. This paper proposes a V2G strategy for EVA encompassing charging and swapping stations with multiple attributes of EVs. First, a multi-attribute EVs aggregation model is established based on Markov chains. The batteries in the battery swapping station are considered in this model Second, an economic model predictive control (EMPC) algorithm is proposed to solve the aggregation model. The objective is to minimize the total cost of EVA, which consists of two components: the operating cost and the charging cost. To address potential optimal control issues in the EMPC method, an auxiliary function is developed to determine the optimal control sequence. Third, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, based on real distribution network data, the proposed EMPC method is compared with the distribution network load demand under dual-layer MPC, real-time pricing, and disordered charging strategies. The optimization effect under different levels of user participation is also evaluated. The results show that compared with other strategies, the proposed EMPC algorithm can achieve 4–47.4 % reduction in charging costs, significantly reduce the peak valley difference and variance of load, and improve the load curve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111013"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decentralized coordinated emergency frequency control strategy for renewables-rich power systems based on multi-agent reinforcement learning","authors":"Zhenglong Sun ,&nbsp;Junpeng Han ,&nbsp;Weihan Chen ,&nbsp;Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Yong Liu ,&nbsp;Yoash Levron ,&nbsp;Juri Belikov","doi":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijepes.2025.111035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid growth of renewable energy in the power system and the implementation of high-capacity LCC-HVDC projects, the frequency support capability of the grid is decreasing. Existing centralized single-measurement methods and model-based emergency frequency control (EFC) methods face significant challenges. To fill this gap, this paper proposes a renewables-rich grids EFC method for coordinating LCC-HVDC emergency power support and load shedding. Combined with the system frequency response (SFR) model parameter identification method, the grid frequency regulation capability of different fault conditions is evaluated. A MADRL algorithm with integrated SFR model is developed to overcome the problem of inaccurate assessment of centralized action values in the MADRL algorithm used for EFC, and a decentralized and cooperative EFC strategy is realized. The effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulating the modified IEEE 39 bus system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50326,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","volume":"171 ","pages":"Article 111035"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144889429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}