International Journal of Sediment Research最新文献

{"title":"Mechanisms of debris-flow volume growth by eroding highly-consolidated landslide dams","authors":"Pu Li ,&nbsp;Kaiheng Hu ,&nbsp;Lan Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Erosion of landslide dams by a natural debris flow as it travels down a sloping channel can dramatically increase flow size and destructive potential. Most research on the erosion of landslide dams focuses on those newly formed due to recent earthquakes or heavy rainfall. In this study, the debris-flow erosion of so-called highly-consolidated landslide dams (HCLDs) that are typically remnants of ancient earthquakes or rainfall events is investigated by using satellite image interpretation, field measurements, and mechanism analysis. Several HCLDs were identified in two catchments in Zhouqu and Ganluo counties in Gansu and Sichuan province, China, where two high-magnitude debris-flow events occurred in 2010 and 2020, respectively. The existence of HCLDs resulting in wide and narrow reaches alternatively alters the boundary conditions of debris flows and significantly affects the flow erosion and deposition processes. It is observed that the flow discharge increased notably after passing through or during narrowing sections of the channels and the estimated discharge amplification coefficients are approximately 3.3 and 2.7, respectively. The two cases demonstrate that rapid erosion through narrowing sections and subsequent headward erosion play a key role in the debris-flow volume growth by eroding HCLDs. Additionally, other mechanisms such as deposition of erodible material upstream of the dam, localized vortexes in converging and diverging sections, and collisional stresses within the debris flows can further contribute to the erosion of HCLDs and the amplification of debris-flow magnitude. Recognizing these hazardous effects of HCLDs on increasing debris-flow volume is helpful for making non-structural and engineering countermeasures against similar debris flow disasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 222-240"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of different types of sediment-filled check dam systems on runoff erosion dynamics in a Loess Plateau watershed","authors":"Ganggang Ke,&nbsp;Shengdong Cheng,&nbsp;Zhanbin Li,&nbsp;Tian Wang,&nbsp;Heng Wu,&nbsp;Yunzhe Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Check dams, as one of the most representative soil and water conservation measures in the Loess Plateau region, primarily impact hydrological and hydrodynamic processes by regulating flows of water and sediment. Constrained by reservoir capacity, sediment accumulation within check dam systems affects their ability to intercept water and sediment. However, there has been limited research on the regulatory role of sediment-filled check dams on watershed hydrodynamics. This study focused on small watersheds in loess hilly gully areas and applied the MIKE SHE model to simulate hydrodynamic processes under different scenarios of filled check dam systems. The regulatory effect of different filled check dam system types on watershed hydrodynamics in the study area was analyzed. The results indicate that after sedimentation in various types of check dams, the peak flow can be reduced by 59.68%–68.66%, the flood duration can be extended by 42.74%–375.81%, and the runoff erosion power can be reduced by 62.92%–85.35%. The reduction in flood volume diminishes with increasing sedimentation, reaching a minimum of 2.42%. Moreover, there are varying degrees of reduction in runoff erosion dynamics in the main channels. These findings provide theoretical support for identifying the regulatory potential of sediment-filled check dam systems on hydrodynamic processes in small watersheds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 322-332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of InVEST-SDR model to evaluate soil erosion and sedimentation in the closer catchment of a proposed tropical reservoir in Sri Lanka","authors":"Hulan Badde Gedara Dilshan Madubhashana Padminda Ekanayaka ,&nbsp;Nimal Shantha Abeysingha ,&nbsp;Tusita Amarasekara ,&nbsp;Ram Lakhan Ray ,&nbsp;Dinithi Kusalani Samarathunga","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil erosion is a significant environmental threat, impacting water quality and the siltation of the productive capacity of reservoirs. To prioritize soil conservation areas for sustainable land management, quantitative spatial assessment of soil erosion is essential, particularly in the catchment of a reservoir. The current study aims to evaluate the soil erosion severity and sediment generation in the closer catchment of a proposed reservoir, the lower Malwathu Oya Reservoir in Sri Lanka. Erosion modeling has proven cost-effective in assessing the spatial distribution of soil erosion severity. This current study utilized the Integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs sediment delivery ratio (InVEST-SDR) model to analyze the spatial distribution of soil erosion and sediment export. A digital elevation model (30 m × 30 m), 22 years of rainfall data, land use and land cover data, soil map, and cropping factors were used as model inputs. The results revealed an average annual soil loss ranging from 0 to 15.55 t/(ha·y) in the catchment and a mean annual sediment export of 0.016 t/(ha·y). Erosion severity was classified into four hazard classes, i.e., insignificant (&lt;0.5 t/(ha·y)), weak (0.5–3 t/(ha·y)), considerable (3–12 t/(ha·y)), and severe (12 &lt; t/(ha·y)). A critical 0.12% area was identified as a considerable soil erosion hazard area, necessitating urgent measures for erosion control. High-risk areas were at Galpottegama, Asirikgama, Puleliya, Navodagama, and Thuppitiyawa Grama Niladari. These findings provide valuable insight for formulating and implementing soil conservation practices in the catchment to reduce the siltation of the proposed lower Malwathu Oya reservoir. The study is an example of using InVEST-SDR to evaluate the sedimentation of a proposed reservoir.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 253-268"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediment nitrogen form occurrence associated with its ecological risk in the Yangtze River Delta plain-river network","authors":"Xinghua He ,&nbsp;Zihan Zhao ,&nbsp;Yanqin Zhang ,&nbsp;Zucong Cai ,&nbsp;Yanhua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yangtze River Delta, renowned for its intricate waterway system and fertile soil, is a crucial ecological zone in China. However, anthropogenic activities have led to significant changes in sediment nitrogen (N) forms and associated ecological risks in this region. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the occurrence of various N forms in the sediment of the Yangtze River Delta plain-river network through field sampling and laboratory analysis and to assess their ecological implications. The results revealed that the concentration of total N in river water (TN_w) ranged from 1.24 to 5.96 mg/L, decreasing from northwest to southeast. The nitrate in river water (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mo>–</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) was the major species of TN_w, accounting for 67.97% of the total. The average values of TN, total carbon (TC), and total sulfur (TS) in the sediment were 1.97, 18.36, and 1.35 mg/g, respectively. The predominant N fractions in the sediment were residual nitrogen (RN) (72.42%) and hydrolyzable nitrogen (HN) (22.44%). The ammonia in river water (<span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NH</mtext><mn>4</mn><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo>–</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) was significantly affected by the sediment N (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Residential density (RD) and industrial density (ID) were significantly positively correlated with the concentration of TN_w (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.01), and ID was significantly positively correlated with increased RN (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05), which suggests that industrial wastewater may be a source of RN. The risk assessment revealed that 36% of the sediment samples were above the moderate TN pollution level. Furthermore, 94% of the sediment was contaminated with organic matter, with 66.7% specifically affected by organic N contamination. High riverine RN and <span><math><mrow><msubsup><mtext>NO</mtext><mn>3</mn><mo>−</mo></msubsup><mo>–</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>w</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> contents indicate serious ecological pollution risks in the complex river network area in the Yangtze River Delta. This study provides valuable insight into N cycling and associated ecological risks in the Yangtze River Delta plain-river network, which is crucial for developing effective management strategies to safeguard the ecological health of this vital region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 312-321"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-dimensional numerical modeling of sediment transport in a highly turbid estuary with pronounced seasonal variations","authors":"Thi-Kim-Anh Do ,&nbsp;Nicolas Huybrechts ,&nbsp;Isabel Jálon-Rojas ,&nbsp;Pablo Tassi ,&nbsp;Aldo Sottolichio","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simulating sediment dynamics in a large and energetic estuary system remains challenging, primarily due to the spatial and temporal complexities of the interaction between flow and sediment transport, especially for sand-mud mixtures. This study uses a three-dimensional (3D) numerical model, based on the open TELEMAC system, to investigate the dynamics of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Gironde Estuary, a complex estuarine environment characterized by an estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) and significant variations in river discharge. The main contributions of this study include addressing the challenges of coupling bed friction with sediment transport of the sand-mud mixture for feedback on bed roughness and bottom depth changes and the ability of the model to capture the migration of ETM from high to low flow. Additionally, the current study analyzes the ability of the model to capture the migration of ETM from high to low flow, and it utilizes a calibration strategy that minimizes parameters by using <em>in situ</em> data and encompassing hydro–morpho-sedimentary interactions. A sensitivity analysis was done using different settling velocity approaches and sediment classes to establish an optimal model configuration and the uncertainty associated with the reduced model parameterization is discussed. The model satisfactorily reproduces the hydrodynamic features, particularly when the hydro-sedimentary feedbacks are taken into account, the seasonal trend of SSC, spring-neap variations, and the development of a well-defined ETM. The selection of a specific formulation for the settling velocity influences the location and magnitude of ETM. The van Leussen formula not only predicts a broad movement of ETM from high to low river flow, but also predicts high turbidity for extended periods during low river flow. Conversely, two empirical formulas from Le Hir and Defontaine predicted the highest turbidity during neap tides but sediment losses during prolonged simulations. The results of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of sediment dynamics in the Gironde Estuary, providing valuable information for future estuarine modeling and management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 333-347"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relation between bank erosion and bed incision in the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River undergoing channel degradation","authors":"Junqiang Xia ,&nbsp;Yifei Cheng ,&nbsp;Meirong Zhou ,&nbsp;Xin Yu ,&nbsp;Xiangzhou Xu ,&nbsp;Koen Blanckaert ,&nbsp;Zhengbing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A general increase in the bankfull width and depth is found in downstream reaches because of upstream damming, especially in the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River (LYR), but the magnitude of bank erosion and its relation with bed incision remain little explored. Here based on long-term measured cross-sectional profiles (1999–2020), a quantitative method is proposed to estimate the bank erosion volume in the braided reach of the Lower Yellow River, with the contribution of bank erosion to the channel scour volume further determined. A quantitative relation was developed and calibrated between bank erosion width and bed incision depth, using the sediment continuity equation and measured data. The results indicate that: (i) significant bank erosion and bed incision processes are prevalent in the braided reach and its sub-reaches, with the bankfull widths increasing by 317–511 m and the bankfull depths increasing by 1.9–2.4 m in these reaches after the operation of the Xiaolangdi (XLD) Reservoir in 1999. Bank erosion has been dominant over bank accretion at more than 71% of the sections in the braided reach, with the most active bank deformation detected in the middle sub-reach. (ii) The cumulative bank erosion volumes temporally increased and spatially decreased, with the value of 1.80×10⁸ m³ in the upper sub-reach (R1), 1.52×10⁸ m³ in the middle sub-reach (R2), 1.08×10⁸ m³ in the lower sub-reach (R3), and 4.40×10⁸ m³ in the whole braided reach during the period of 1999–2020. Bank erosion contributed 33% of the cumulative channel scour volume in the braided reach, with a close relation developed between cumulative bank erosion volume and the previous 5-year average incoming sediment coefficient during flood seasons. (iii) A close inverse relation exists between bank erosion and bed incision in the whole braided reach and its sub-reaches, with the coefficients of determination greater than 0.90, which indicated that bank erosion hindered the process of bed incision. If there was no bank erosion after 1999, the cumulative bed incision depth would increase by at least 0.7 m in each reach. Furthermore, a similar quantitative relation was also applied to calculate the cumulative bed incision depth and bank erosion width in the braided reach during the period of 1960–1964 (the first stage after operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir). Quite high accuracy was achieved in this analysis, with the coefficient of determination being equal to 0.96.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 241-252"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particle size and settling velocity of bed and suspended sediments for mud-sand beds","authors":"Leo van Rijn ,&nbsp;Luitze Perk ,&nbsp;Bas van Maren ,&nbsp;Andy Manning","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The particle size and the settling velocity of sediments are key parameters in sediment transport studies. However, it remains surprisingly difficult to determine particle size and settling velocity distribution of fine-grained sediments (mud-sand). A large range of methodologies exist to measure either the particle size distribution or to measure the settling velocity. An important influential parameter is the shape of fine-grained sediments, with clay minerals being shaped as plates rather than as spheres. Furthermore, the settling velocity of fine particles is influenced by turbulent shear and flocculation processes. Sometimes, the sediment samples are pre-treated (destroying inter-particle bonds) to measure the primary particle sizes involved while in other cases samples are not pre-treated in order to represent the effect of flocs. As a result, a large uncertainty exists in the way particle size and settling velocity should be measured. A range of methodologies (sedimentation, video camera, and laser-diffraction) to measure the settling velocity and particle size distribution in the field and in the laboratory is used and compared. The labour-intensive sedimentation methods measure a particle size distribution which can be used for sedimentation studies. The particle size distribution measured by the most commonly applied laser diffraction method is representative of the plate diameter of the clay particles, but the corresponding settling velocity is not correct. This difference can be explained by the shape of the clay particles through a derivation of the settling velocity of non-spherical particles resulting in a simple relationship to convert the particle size measured by laser diffraction to a representative particle size to be used in sedimentation studies. A comparison of the settling velocity measured by an <em>in situ</em> settling method and by a video camera method shows good agreement for high concentrations (&gt; 2000 mg/L) but deviating results for low concentrations (&lt; 500 mg/L).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 369-382"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1001-6279(24)00113-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1001-6279(24)00113-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"39 6","pages":"Pages ii-iii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of emergent vegetation on three-dimensional turbulent flow properties and bed morphology in a partially vegetated channel","authors":"Pritam Kumar,&nbsp;Anurag Sharma","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study aimed to explore three-dimensional turbulent flow properties and bed morphology in a partially vegetated channel with sand bed conditions. Presence of flexible vegetation in the river and its interaction with the flow are of great significance in understanding the momentum and mass transport in the flow. Experiments were conducted in a straight, tilting rectangular flume with staggered emergent vegetation covering half of the channel width. The results show that the presence of vegetation diverts streamwise velocity from the vegetated side to the non-vegetated side. The study reveals that the presence of vegetation leads to an increase in turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds shear stress at the transition area between the vegetated and non-vegetated sides of the channel. This increase is attributed to higher transverse flow and momentum exchange in the transition area between the vegetated and non-vegetated sides. In the vegetated side, the vegetation serves as an obstruction, reducing turbulent intensity, turbulent kinetic energy, and Reynolds shear stress compared to the transition area between the vegetated and non-vegetated sides. This reduction in turbulence supports the stability of bed materials and promotes sediment deposition. The presence of vegetation significantly alters the secondary current in the channel. Scour depth along the non-vegetated side was higher than the vegetated side, mainly because the flow concentrated in the centre and non-vegetated side of the channel. The investigation determines that the existence of vegetation on the vegetated side effectively protects against bed erosion and sediment transport. Understanding the impact of emergent flexible vegetation on flow properties and sediment transport can inform decisions about vegetation layouts in river ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 286-311"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of submerged vegetation on hydraulic resistance of ice-covered flows","authors":"Sanaz Sediqi,&nbsp;Jueyi Sui,&nbsp;Guowei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the hydraulic resistance is vital for river engineering projects that include the installation of in-stream infrastructure, such as bridge abutments, which directly impact flow dynamics and sediment transport. In this study, based on laboratory experiments in a large-scale flume, the hydraulic resistance of flow has been investigated, considering the combined effects of submerged vegetation, ice cover, and bed sediment. The bed and ice cover shear stress, vegetative drag, and the composite Manning's roughness coefficient under various conditions have been calculated and discussed. An empirical model that indicates the relationship between the composite Manning's roughness coefficient of the channel and the roughness coefficients of the bed, ice cover, and vegetation has been developed. Results indicated that the presence of an ice cover leads to a noticeable increase in the channel bed shear stress, with a greater contribution of the shear stress in vegetated beds under ice-covered flow conditions, accounting for up to 60% of the total shear stress compared to that under open flow conditions with vegetated beds. Compared to the square arrangement of vegetation elements in the bed, the presence of vegetation arranged in a staggered pattern in the bed results in a decrease in the bed shear stress but an increase in the vegetation drag force. Findings emphasize the importance of vegetation density as the primary factor influencing the drag coefficient. Notably, the drag force exceeds the shear force in all experimental scenarios, accounting for 85% of the total resistance force. Furthermore, Manning's roughness coefficient for the vegetation patch exhibits higher values than that for the ice cover. A clear correlation exists between Manning's coefficients and the Froude number; the higher the flow Froude number, the less the Manning's roughness coefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"40 2","pages":"Pages 348-368"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}