International Journal of Sediment Research最新文献

{"title":"Hydrodynamic effects of riparian vegetation in an anabranching-confined transition reach in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River","authors":"Jiayi Ma,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li,&nbsp;Yunshuo Cheng,&nbsp;Yuchi You,&nbsp;Weiwei Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In alluvial river systems, riparian vegetation extensively colonizes unstable bars, substantially influencing hydrodynamic characteristics and morphodynamic processes. Nonetheless, its effects on water level variation, velocity distribution, and flow diversion ratios in compound anabranching-confined river systems remain unclear. This study presents a numerical sensitivity analysis of a compound channel segment in the middle Yarlung Tsangpo River in the Tibetan Plateau. Using TELEMAC-2D, we simulated hydrodynamic processes under different vegetation scenarios (2.5–10.0 m heights, 1.5–6.0 m planting spacings), based on field observations and remote sensing images. Main results are summarized: (i) Riparian vegetation significantly elevates water levels, with the effect attenuating downstream. During a 100-yr flood, vegetated bars increased the upstream-downstream water level difference 1.71 m (unvegetated condition) to 2.44 m. (ii) Vegetation alters the cross-sectional velocity distribution and may drive cross-sectional evolution toward narrow-deep “V/W” forms. This modulation is positively correlated with upstream inflow. In a 100-yr flood, main channel velocity rose by up to 1.4 m/s, while bar velocities dropped by up to 1.3 m/s. (iii) Flow resistance controls shift from spacing-dominated under low discharges to height-dominated at high discharges. (iv) The bar flow diversion ratio shows sigmoidal growth with discharge. This study clarifies riparian vegetation's role in affecting transitional high-altitude river hydraulics and provides a foundation for balancing ecological restoration with alpine river management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 561-576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TOC","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/S1001-6279(26)00044-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/S1001-6279(26)00044-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages ii-iii"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the mechanisms of cross-shore sediment transport through interpretable machine learning with limited laboratory data","authors":"Weikai Tan,&nbsp;Caihao Yuan,&nbsp;Yuan Xu,&nbsp;Alessandro Stocchino","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cross-shore sediment transport, a key driver of coastal morphodynamic evolution, remains challenging to model due to the simultaneous contributions of multiple factors, which collectively result in a highly nonlinear dynamic. While previous studies have successfully estimated net cross-shore transport rates, their applicability remains limited to specific hydrodynamic and sediment conditions. This work explores the use of interpretable machine learning (ML) methods for this purpose. To this end, we evaluate six models with varying capacity using the SANTOSS dataset. LightGBM and Gaussian Process Regression achieve the best performance, owing to their ability to capture nonlinear processes. The explainability of LightGBM is analyzed using game theory-based Shapley values for both overall and interaction effects of factors across five distinct scenarios. Overall Shapley values quantify individual factor contributions, while interaction values reveal pairwise synergies. The model consistently identifies the dominant factors under diverse conditions and assigns low importance to irrelevant ones. The interaction Shapley values accurately capture key factors’ couplings, demonstrating the potential of interpretable ML to uncover underlying physical mechanisms of cross-shore sediment transport even with limited data. Thus, ML serves not only as a predictive tool but also as a method to explore the processes governing cross-shore sediment transport.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 644-660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analytical and experimental study on sediment wash-off from urban road surface under rainfall runoff","authors":"Taotao Zhang,&nbsp;Bin Luan,&nbsp;Yang Xiao,&nbsp;Chi Zhang,&nbsp;Jingxiu Wu,&nbsp;Chen Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately modeling sediment wash-off from urban roads is critical for stormwater pollution control but remains challenging due to the limited physical basis of existing transport models. This study addresses this gap by developing a new physically based transport model that integrates the “control layer” theory with a newly defined “detachment coefficient (<em>c</em>) ” to explicitly represent raindrop-driven sediment detachment into the surface runoff water layer. The model was rigorously tested through a comprehensive set of laboratory experiments, systematically varying key factors: particle size (13.2–524.8 μm), rainfall intensity (20–78 mm/h), surface slope (2%–4%), and initial sediment load (10–100 g/m²). Results demonstrate that the model accurately reproduces the temporal dynamics of sediment concentration and transport rate at the outlet, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency exceeding 0.9 for all test conditions. The detachment coefficient <em>c</em> exhibits an inverse exponential relationship with particle size, decreasing sharply for finer particles and stabilizing for particles larger than approximately 150 μm. Furthermore, the depth of the control layer decreased with increasing rainfall intensity and slope. These results quantify the dominance of raindrop impact in the wash-off process and provide a mechanistic explanation for the preferential transport of fine particles. By successfully extending the control-layer concept from solute to sediment transport and introducing a quantifiable detachment parameter, this work provides a more predictive and physically sound framework for advancing urban stormwater quality modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 614-625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic superiority of biological over structural soil and water conservation measures: A cost-benefit analysis in the Taham watershed, Iran","authors":"Roghayeh Mohamadlou,&nbsp;Saeed Najafi,&nbsp;Hossein Kheirfam,&nbsp;Morteza Molaei","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Watershed management and engineering, emphasizing soil erosion and sediment yield management, typically employs two primary structural and biological approaches. Despite indications that the biological approach may be more favorable in many scenarios, there has been a notable global tendency toward the structural approach. This disparity in preference has not been thoroughly studied or systematically documented. Accordingly, this research quantifies and compares the economic benefits of the structural and biological approaches in the form of the construction of 578 check dams, and the scenario of implementation of enclosure and pit-seeding, respectively, within the Taham watershed of Zanjan Province, Iran, over a 40-year period (2011–2051). To that end, the cost-benefit ratio of both approaches was calculated based on the costs of implementing those measures and the benefits derived from sediment and nutrient trapping (organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in check dams, as well as the soil erosion control and sediment prevention in the biological measures scenario. Results revealed that, even excluding numerous indirect benefits of the biological approach and the costs of the structural approach, the biological approach indicates nearly sixteen times the economic efficiency of the structural approach. These findings emphasize the importance of watershed management practices that prioritize soil conservation and runoff prevention through maximum rainfall infiltration, highlighting the critical role of biological measures and the need to reduce overreliance on structural solutions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 605-613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediment-mediated eutrophication in coastal lagoons: A systematic review of benthic nutrient fluxes and management implications","authors":"Akilou Amadou Socohou,&nbsp;Metogbe Belfrid Djihouessi,&nbsp;Beatrix Amen Tigo,&nbsp;Romaric Christian Marc Hekpazo,&nbsp;Julien Adounpke,&nbsp;Martin Pépin Aina","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow coastal lagoons are among the ecosystems most vulnerable to eutrophication; their sediments, which act as nutrient reservoirs under oxic conditions, become diffuse sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in hypoxic conditions, prolonging the eutrophic state despite reduced external inputs. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA-ScR, searched Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar; 82 publications were selected after double screening, and quantitative data from 26 lagoon/estuary ecosystems across four continents were analyzed. The meta-synthesis of 327 benthic flux measurements shows a median of 1.9 mmol·m⁻²·d⁻¹ for phosphorus in lagoons (approximately × 2 of shallow lakes) and 3.8 mmol·m⁻²·d⁻¹ in tropical environments, revealing a high thermal and redox sensitivity of P–Fe locks. For nitrogen, the median net flux reaches 11 mmol·m⁻²·d⁻¹; 85% of positive fluxes come from NH₄⁺ efflux (DNRA dominant in eutrophic contexts), while 34% of cases indicate a sink via N₂ production (denitrification/anammox). Analysis of the controlling factors identifies background oxygen as the main lever, followed by organic load, NO₃⁻ availability, bioturbation, salinity and temperature, which together explain 82% of the variance in PO₄³⁻ and NH₄⁺ fluxes. On this basis, effective management of eutrophic lagoons rests on two inseparable pillars: (i) sustainable reduction of external inputs (a prerequisite) and (ii) treatment of internal stocks (targeted dredging, reactive capping, oxygenation/mixing) in a diagnostic-dependent and adaptive framework, complemented by nature-based solutions to stabilize gains. This summary highlights the operational importance of sediments in eutrophication trajectories and provides orders of magnitude and levers to guide the restoration of coastal lagoons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 661-673"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of roots and canopy of Medicago sativa L. on soil and water conservation for steep spoil heaps","authors":"Baoyang Sun,&nbsp;Jianming Li,&nbsp;Jinquan Huang,&nbsp;Wenfeng Ding,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Tong,&nbsp;Changwei Zhang,&nbsp;Jigen Liu,&nbsp;Wensheng Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spoil heaps are vulnerable to intense rainfall, and the understanding of the impact of vegetation on runoff and sediment production is limited. Models of spoil heaps with dimensions of 3.46 m × 2.00 m × 0.60 m (with a 30° slope and 10% gravel content in the entire soil profile) were constructed. Three planting densities of grass (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L. 20 cm × 20 cm, 15 cm × 15 cm, and 10 cm × 10 cm) were established, with a bare slope (BS) as the control. A rainfall simulator was used to investigate how planting densities of two treatments of intact grass (IG) with an average height of the canopy of 38.07 ± 15.52 cm and only roots (OR) influenced runoff and sediment production under rainfall intensities of 0.8, 1.2, and 1.8 mm/min. Compared with the BS plots, the runoff generation times (RGTs) of the IG and OR treatments decreased by 18.34%–79.73%. Compared with BS, the IG canopy can reduce the runoff rates (RRs) by 6.02%–82.71% (except for 1.8 mm/min rainfall intensity and 20 cm × 20 cm density conditions) under different rainfall intensities, and the reduction benefit increased with increasing vegetation density. However, the RRs of the OR plots increased by 6.02%–70.68% compared to those of the BS plots (except for MS10 with a rainfall intensity of 0.8 mm/min). The grass canopy under different planting densities can reduce the soil loss rate (SLR) by 24.74%–98.53%. The SLRs of the OR treatment decreased by 64.28%–87.51% at a rainfall intensity of 0.8 mm/min. However, the SLRs increased by 2.03%–84.72% under heavy rainfall conditions (1.2 and 1.8 mm/min). Compared with the IG treatment, the sediment production from the OR treatment under the same runoff conditions increased, ranging from 81.10% to 364.91%. The contribution to soil and water conservation of different density grass canopies was generally positive, which is contrary to the root systems except at the rainfall intensity of 0.8 mm/min. Rainfall intensity was the primary factor contributing to soil and water conservation effectiveness (53% and 65%), followed by vegetation components (30% and 25%).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 577-590"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating monthly suspended sediment load of the Brahmaputra River by integrating machine learning models with unsupervised outlier detection","authors":"Md Abdur Rahim,&nbsp;Shuang Liu,&nbsp;Kaiheng Hu,&nbsp;Hao Li,&nbsp;Zhang Min,&nbsp;Ram Proshad,&nbsp;Mahfuzur Rahman,&nbsp;Md Anwarul Abedin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.05.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.05.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Suspended sediment load (<em>SSL</em>) modeling is crucial in hydrology and river engineering for infrastructure design, river basin management, flood mitigation, and channel change studies. Monitoring <em>SSL</em> often is costly and labor-intensive, especially in the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, a complex braided river with a nonlinear relation between discharge and sediment. In this study, the potential of six standalone machine learning (ML) models—Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Elastic Network (EN) Regression, Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (GBRT), and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB)—is investigated for estimating <em>SSL</em> by integrating antecedent hydro-sediment information and utilizing the Isolation Forest data outlier detection technique, which influences model robustness and accuracy. Monthly observed <em>SSL</em>, discharge (<em>Q</em>), and ERA5 reanalysis rainfall (<em>R</em>) data from 1976 to 2023 were used to calibrate and validate the model. Various input scenarios were developed by combining <em>SSL</em>, discharge, and rainfall with different temporal lags. The results reveal that discharge is the best predictor for modeling <em>SSL</em> (Pearson correlation coefficient, <em>r</em> = 0.72), and the most effective input combination is the discharge and rainfall in the current month and two previous months, and the <em>SSL</em> in the two previous months (<em>Q</em>_<em>t</em>, <em>Q</em>_<em>t-1</em>, <em>Q</em>_<em>t-2</em>, <em>R</em>_<em>t</em>, <em>R</em>_<em>t-1</em>, <em>R</em>_<em>t-2</em>, <em>SSL</em>_<em>t-1</em>, <em>SSL</em>_<em>t-2</em>). All applied models yield good performance (Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency, <em>NSE</em> ranging from 0.71 to 0.82), except SVR (<em>NSE</em> = 0.68), which showed relatively weak performance, while XGB outperformed the other methods (<em>NSE</em> = 0.82). A Taylor diagram and reliability analyses also confirmed XGB’s superiority in estimating <em>SSL</em>. Using outlier detection, the results show performance improvements of 9.76% for XGB, 7.59% for GBRT, 7.41% for RF, 6.67% for AdaBoost, 5.48% for EN, and 4.41% for SVR, indicating that outliers significantly impacted the models. The current study identified the best ML model for <em>SSL</em> estimation at Badadurabad, Bangladesh, and showed how to use antecedent hydro-sediment data to estimate the current sediment load more easily and affordably in braided rivers with weak hydro-sediment coupling, supporting sustainable sediment management in similar rivers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 626-643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediment trapping efficiency and grain size distribution: Influence of cascading check dam systems on the debris flow movement process","authors":"Jinshui Wang,&nbsp;Jiangang Chen,&nbsp;Chenyuan Wang,&nbsp;Dandan Li,&nbsp;Ziqin Tao,&nbsp;Haitao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Debris flow disasters frequently occur worldwide and cause huge losses. Check dams are one of the most effective geotechnical engineering measures to mitigate debris flow hazards. However, the effects on sediment trapping efficiency and particle sorting function are unclear due to the design parameters of cascading check dams, such as dam location, number, and spacing. This limits the overall ability of cascading dam systems to effectively intercept sediment and regulate grain size distributions. In this study, flume experiments were conducted to investigate the sediment trapping efficiency of four cascading dam systems comprising closed- and open-type check dams, and then to analyse the grain size distribution characteristics of sediment deposited in dam reservoirs. The results indicated that the total trapping efficiency of the cascading check dam system ranges from 45% to 85%, and the grain size distribution parameter (<em>μ</em>, indicating fine-particle content) decreases as the number of open-type dams increases. Due to differences in interception role of cascading dam combinations, upstream open-type dam trap more coarse particles and discharge finer particles into the downstream, while the downstream closed-type dams intercept both coarse and fine particles. Therefore, designing cascading dam systems with progressively smaller openings downstream is recommended to trap coarse sediment in upstream reservoirs while directing fines to downstream dams. Finally, we propose and validate a suitable equation for calculating the sediment trapping ratio across different cascading dam series, demonstrating its accuracy and applicability compared to previous findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 591-604"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bed shear stress estimation of shallow and wide flows over sandy beds in transitionally rough regime at threshold conditions using velocity characteristics","authors":"Reza Shahmohammadi,&nbsp;Jueyi Sui,&nbsp;Hossein Afzalimehr","doi":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijsrc.2026.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimating bed shear stress (BSS) is essential to determine the critical shear stress under incipient motion conditions of sediments which typically occur within transitionally rough regime for sandy beds. Considering most of the studies have focused on fully rough regime, this study aims to cover knowledge gaps of the velocity-based methods of BSS estimation in transitionally rough regime of shallow and wide flows over sand particles of 0.43–1.94 mm, at three different water depths of 99–140 mm. In this specific conditions, the existing research gaps in applicability of applying quadratic stress law, possibility of using boundary layer characteristics method (BLCM), determination the values of the virtual bed level (Δ<em>z</em>) and roughness length (<em>z</em>₀) for the log-fit method and innovatively development of a water surface velocity approach were explored. The velocity profiles were best described by logarithmic trendlines, outperforming the power law and validated using the parabolic law. Water surface and average flow velocity approaches yielded average absolute percentage change relative to the Reynolds method (AAPC-RSS) of 13% and 17%, which improved to 4% when grouped by shear Reynolds number. Applying the Darcy-Weisbach equation gave 11% AAPC-RSS, reduced to 9% with sidewall correction for average flow velocity approach. Log-fit methods applied to the wall-shear layer or to the combined with intermediate layer yielded ∼30% AAPC-RSS with Δ<em>z</em> = 0 and von Kármán constant of <em>κ</em> = 0.4. The one-point log-fit method, with <em>z</em>₀ = 0.034<em>D</em>₅₀, achieved 8% AAPC-RSS, and 11% for <em>z</em>₀ = 0.11<em>ν</em>/<em>u</em>_<em>∗</em> + 0.03<em>k</em>_<em>s</em>. For the BLCM, empirical constant of <em>C</em> = 4.3 (range 4.2–4.6) was identified, providing an AAPC-RSS of 21%. Overall, water surface and average flow velocity approaches were practical and accurate. The log-fit method though underestimated, remained robust, while the log-fit one-point approach was effective for limited data but was measurement-error-sensitive, and BLCM recommended for full available profiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50290,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Sediment Research","volume":"41 4","pages":"Pages 535-560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148640716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}