Journal of Aapos最新文献

{"title":"A pilot, randomized clinical trial of dichoptic 3D movies versus dichoptic 2D movies for treatment of childhood intermittent exotropia","authors":"Reed M. Jost MS ,&nbsp;Kartik Kumar MD ,&nbsp;Lori M. Dao MD ,&nbsp;Becky Luu OD ,&nbsp;Anastasia A. Alex MD ,&nbsp;Brooke A. Koritala BS, BA ,&nbsp;Krista R. Kelly PhD ,&nbsp;Yi-Zhong Wang PhD ,&nbsp;Eileen E. Birch PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Surgical and nonsurgical treatments of childhood intermittent exotropia (IXT) often have unsatisfactory results due to poor sensory status. Dichoptic 3D movies may offer a novel treatment designed to reduce suppression, encourage fusion, and engage stereoacuity. Our aim was to assess whether 3D movies are superior to 2D sham movies treatment in treating children with IXT.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this masked, pilot randomized clinical trial, 41 children aged 3-13 years with spontaneously manifested IXT (triple office distance control score ≥3.00; mean, 3.64 ± 0.72) were assigned to watch dichoptic 3D animated movies or 2D sham movies (3 movies/week, ∼5 hours) for 4 weeks. After completing their treatment assignment, children returned to the masked pediatric eye specialist to reassess IXT control and ocular alignment, with change in triple office distance control score as the primary outcome. Distance and near stereoacuity were also assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After 4 weeks of treatment, the 3D movie group showed a significant improvement in mean triple office distance control score (1.39 ± 1.00; <em>P</em> = 0.0002; n = 14); the 2D sham movie group did not (0.62 ± 1.36; <em>P</em> = 0.11; n = 14). The 3D movie group had significantly more improvement in distance control than the sham group (<em>P</em> = 0.049), but near control, ocular alignment, and stereoacuity did not change for either group.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In our study cohort, at-home dichoptic 3D animated movie treatment significantly improved IXT triple office distance control scores after 4 weeks, indicating that it might provide an alternative nonsurgical treatment for childhood intermittent exotropia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104698"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-stage versus two-stage surgical correction of blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome: a retrospective comparative study","authors":"Islam Y. Swaify MD,&nbsp;Rania A. El Essawy MD,&nbsp;Rana A. Abdelfattah MD,&nbsp;Sameh H. Abdelbaky MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104688","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104688","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To compare the surgical outcomes of one-stage and two-stage correction of blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) in children &lt;3 years of age.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective comparative study included children &lt;3 years with BPES who underwent surgical correction at Cairo University. Medial canthoplasty was performed using the Y-V, C-U, or five-flap technique, while ptosis was corrected by frontalis suspension using polytetrafluoroethylene sling. Patients were divided into one-stage and two-stage groups. Surgical outcomes were assessed based on horizontal palpebral fissure length (HPFL), interpalpebral fissure height (IPFH), inner intercanthal distance (IICD) and IICD/HPFL ratio.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Twenty-four patients were included: 11 in the one-stage group and 13 in the two-stage group. Both groups showed significant postoperative improvements in HPFL, IPFH, IICD and IICD/HPFL (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.005), with no statistically significant difference between them. The two-stage group had a higher proportion of patients with good blepharophimosis outcome (46% vs 27%), whereas the one-stage group showed a higher proportion of good ptosis outcomes (64% vs 46%); however, these differences were not statistically significant. Complications were minimal and comparable between both groups.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Outcomes of one- and two-stage approaches were comparable in our cohort. One-stage correction may be preferable in patients with severe ptosis, although two-stage repair may better address severe blepharophimosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104688"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-strabismus surgery endophthalmitis without evident scleral perforation due to Haemophilus influenzae in a pediatric patient with neurofibromatosis type 1","authors":"Nancy Arias-González MD ,&nbsp;Lauren Kiryakoza MD ,&nbsp;Lesly Sahagun-Anguiano MD ,&nbsp;Davina A. Malek MD ,&nbsp;Hong-Uyen Hua MD ,&nbsp;Zenia Aguilera MD ,&nbsp;Catherin I. Negron MBA ,&nbsp;Audina M. Berrocal MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Post–strabismus surgery endophthalmitis (PSSE) is a rare but significant complication, which is most commonly associated with medial rectus recession. We report a case of PSSE in a child who had completed chemotherapy 1 year prior to surgery. Despite vaccination, <em>Haemophilus influenzae</em> was cultured from the vitreous. Although infrequent, scleral perforation during surgery can occur without immediate detection. PSSE is typically caused by <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Streptococcus pneumoniae</em>, and <em>H. influenzae</em>, common pathogens found in the respiratory tract of children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104678"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145711906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endoscopic and surgical evaluation of epiphora in children with Down syndrome","authors":"Jutaro Nakamura MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Mizuki Asano MD ,&nbsp;Tomoko Ohno MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Satoshi Goto MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Nobuhisa Mizuki MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Nozomi Matsumura MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To examine the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of patients with Down syndrome (DS) presenting with primary epiphora.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The medical records of children with DS referred to a tertiary academic children’s hospital between 2013 and 2023 were reviewed, and 63 patients with primary epiphora were included in our analysis. Clinical characteristics, diagnostic findings, and surgical intervention outcomes were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Forty-two patients (67%) had epiphora since birth, and 12 patients (19%) developed symptoms after the first year of life. Of the 40 patients who underwent lacrimal syringing, 28 (70%) showed passage, and 12 showed obstruction. Surgical intervention was performed in 18 patients. Either office-based probing under local anesthesia or endoluminal lacrimal duct recanalization (ELDR) with stent intubation under general anesthesia was performed. In the 18 patients who underwent surgery, surgical outcomes were as follows: complete resolution of symptoms in 7 patients, partial resolution in 10 patients, and failure in 1 patient. Dacryoendoscopy revealed dense white fibrous tissue obstructing the mucosal surface of the nasolacrimal duct in several cases, indicating chronic inflammatory changes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Dacryoendoscopic findings revealed not only stenotic lacrimal passages due to developmental anomalies of the lacrimal drainage system but also fibrous obstruction secondary to chronic inflammation. Surgical intervention limited to probing or ELDR resulted in only partial symptom improvement in two-thirds of patients, without achieving complete resolution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predictors of nonsurgical consecutive exotropia following accommodative esotropia","authors":"Hala ElHilali MD,&nbsp;Ahmed Awadein MD,&nbsp;Rokaya Radwan MD,&nbsp;Jylan Gouda MD,&nbsp;Heba M. Fouad MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To identify the incidence of and risk factors for development of spontaneous consecutive exotropia during management of fully accommodative esotropia with optical correction.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The medical records of patients who presented with an initial diagnosis of fully accommodative esotropia and converted to exotropia during their management were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with a minimum of 3 years’ follow-up were included. The following data were extracted from the record: age of onset, refractive error, glasses prescription, angles of deviation, visual acuity, and stereoacuity.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 178 children with fully accommodative esotropia were identified. Mean age of esotropia onset was 2.3 ±1.4 years; of initial glasses prescription, 2.9 ± 1.5 years. We calculated the mean spherical equivalent by averaging the values of both eyes for each patient. Mean spherical equivalent of both eyes was +4.3 ± 1.8 D. The mean follow-up was 6.9 ± 3.7 years. Consecutive exotropia developed in 31 children (17.4%) at a mean of 3.5 ± 3.6 years after prescription of spectacles. Children who developed consecutive exotropia had a higher initial spherical error (<em>P</em> = 0.02), higher initial cylindrical error (<em>P</em> = 0.01), and higher prevalence of neurological problems (<em>P</em> = 0.01) on multivariable analysis. Higher prevalence of amblyopia (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) and vertical deviation (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001) were detected in the spontaneous exodeviation group on univariate analysis only. There was no statistically significant difference between spontaneous exotropia following accommodative esotropia and accommodative esotropia groups as a whole in terms of age of onset, the age of initiation of spectacles, angles of deviation, stereoacuity, or the time of initiation of reduction of hyperopic prescription.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>High hyperopia (≥5 D), high astigmatic errors (≥1.5 D), and presence of neurological problems are risk factors for development of spontaneous exotropia among accommodative esotropia patients. Long-term follow-up is recommended for patients who have identifiable risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104695"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145589944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optic nerve hypoplasia/dysplasia in Coffin-Siris syndrome: a case series","authors":"Sidratul Rahman MD ,&nbsp;Vincent Sun MD ,&nbsp;Christine Saint-Martin MD ,&nbsp;Daniela Toffoli MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report 4 patients with Coffin-Siris syndrome (CSS), all exhibiting midline brain abnormalities and all showing either optic nerve hypoplasia or dysplasia. Each of the patients has a unique pathogenic variant in CSS-related genes, including <em>SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCE1</em>, and <em>ARID2</em>, all of which encode components of the BRG1/BRM-associated factor chromatin remodeling complex. The diversity of mutations highlights the molecular heterogeneity of CSS and its potential link to shared developmental pathways affecting the optic nerve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104682"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of optic pathway glioma in NF1: a systematic review and meta-analysis focused on MRI surveillance","authors":"Michail Angelos Gkikas MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Anna Nikolaidou MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Athanasia Sandali MD ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Benekos MD, MSc ,&nbsp;Ioannis Tsinopoulos MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Lampros Lamprogiannis MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) are among the most frequent central nervous system tumors in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), yet their prevalence has not been systematically synthesized. Pooled prevalence estimates are important to inform clinical surveillance practices, particularly given the critical role of early symptom detection in preserving vision and the debate regarding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) surveillance in asymptomatic patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OPG in children (&lt;18 years) with NF1 based on pooled data in the literature and describe its variability.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The databases of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched without language or date restrictions. Eligible studies reported OPG prevalence in patients with NF1 &lt;18 years of age. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed quality. Studies meeting minimum methodological quality were included in our meta-analysis, and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 38 studies encompassing 6,314 patients were included in the qualitative synthesis; 27 studies (5,485 patients) were subject to meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of optic pathway gliomas was 17% (95% CI, 14%-20%), with low certainty according to GRADE. Subgroup analysis found no significant association in reported rates across MRI surveillance strategies, and a focused meta-regression directly comparing routine and symptom-based approaches showed similar results. Analyses by continent, sample size, and quality score revealed no significant differences.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Our results provide the first pooled evidence prevalence estimate of OPG in children and adolescents with NF1 and highlight the importance of close monitoring, reinforcing guidelines that favor a symptom-based MRI approach and suggesting no clear advantage of routine imaging.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104701"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145642302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors influencing the timing of complete retinal vascularization in infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity","authors":"Jeffrey Kuziel MD,&nbsp;Margaret Strampe MD,&nbsp;Joel VandeLune,&nbsp;Christian Zirbes,&nbsp;Scott Larson MD,&nbsp;Alina Dumitrescu MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Premature infants screened for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) reach complete retinal vascularization at various postmenstrual ages (PMAs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors that affect the age at which the infant eyes reach retinal vascular maturity.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We reviewed patients screened for ROP at our institution between December 13, 2007, and December 30, 2020. Data extracted included demographics, gestational age (GA) and birth weight (BW), ROP examinations, age and weight at retinal maturity, surgical procedures, ventilation status, antibiotic treatment, positive blood cultures, blood transfusions, and central line placement.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 1,971 patients were analyzed. The mean GA at birth was 28 weeks, and the mean BW was 1,096 g. Mean PMA for retinal maturity was 44.90 weeks. Mean PMA at retinal maturity was higher for infants born at an earlier GA (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Additionally, infants who underwent nonocular surgery reached retinal maturity at significantly high PMA (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Infants with stage 1 ROP or greater had a significantly longer time from birth to retinal maturity (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001) and those with stage 2 or 3 disease reached retinal maturity at even older chronological ages (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001). Chronological age at retinal maturity was also higher for children with positive blood cultures or who received transfusions ≥5 units (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.0001).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Postmenstrual age at retinal maturity and chronological age at retinal maturity both vary widely among infants at risk of ROP, and are associated with a variety of ocular and systemic clinical predictors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104659"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145259820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple, bilateral choroidal macrovessels with visible pulsations in an infant with trisomy 18","authors":"Richard D. House BA ,&nbsp;Weiliang Wang MD ,&nbsp;Megan X. Law MD ,&nbsp;Michael P. Kelly FOPS ,&nbsp;S. Grace Prakalapakorn MD, MPH","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104676","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104676","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present a novel finding of multiple, bilateral prominent choroidal macrovessels with pulsations visible on funduscopic examination and confirmed by optical coherence tomography in a 9-day-old infant with trisomy 18.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145368869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining key factors on the road to leadership positions among pediatric ophthalmology faculty","authors":"Josephine Rudd Zhong Manis BS ,&nbsp;Brenton T. Bicknell BS ,&nbsp;Haley Chishom BS ,&nbsp;Yejin Heo BS ,&nbsp;Lance Dzubinski BS ,&nbsp;Alvina Liang BS ,&nbsp;Taylor Aaserud BS ,&nbsp;Shayan Massoumi BS ,&nbsp;Thanushri Srikantha BS ,&nbsp;Robert Tauscher MD ,&nbsp;Steven E. Brooks MD","doi":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To identify key factors associated with attaining leadership positions among US academic pediatric ophthalmologists, with a focus on gender, fellowship training, years of practice, research productivity, and variables related to their academic institutions.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This cross-sectional study reviewed publicly available data accessed through institutional websites. Faculty-specific variables included gender, years since residency graduation, academic rank, leadership roles, and research productivity (eg, H-index, number of publications). Institutional variables included public/private designation and location within US census regions. Research metrics were derived from Scopus. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s χ², the Fischer exact test, and the <em>t</em> test were used for statistical analysis, with significance at <em>P</em> &lt; 0.05.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 125 US-based ophthalmology programs, 517 pediatric ophthalmology faculty were characterized. Women comprised 54.6% of faculty. Academic rank and H-index were strongly associated with leadership positions (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001 and <em>P</em> = 0.008, resp.) in multivariable analysis, whereas years since fellowship completion, gender, number of fellowships, and advanced degrees were not. Women full professors had fewer years since fellowship than men (24 vs 36 years [<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001]). Female leadership distribution mirrored faculty averages by region.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Academic rank and research productivity by H-Index are critical factors for achieving leadership roles for academic pediatric ophthalmologists, whereas years since fellowship graduation was not. Underrepresentation of women in full professor and senior leadership roles may reflect a lag in promotions corresponding to the increasing presence of women in pediatric ophthalmology in recent decades.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50261,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Aapos","volume":"29 6","pages":"Article 104689"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145566214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}