Cannabis最新文献_第2页

Using Smartphone Technology to Track Real-Time Changes in Anxiety/Depression Symptomatology Among Florida Cannabis Users 使用智能手机技术跟踪佛罗里达州大麻使用者焦虑/抑郁症状的实时变化

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000223

R. N. Pipitone, Benjamin Banai, Jessica Walters, Tyler Dautrich, Kelly Schuller, Martha S. Rosenthal

{"title":"Using Smartphone Technology to Track Real-Time Changes in Anxiety/Depression Symptomatology Among Florida Cannabis Users","authors":"R. N. Pipitone, Benjamin Banai, Jessica Walters, Tyler Dautrich, Kelly Schuller, Martha S. Rosenthal","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000223","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Recent scientific attention has focused on the therapeutic effectiveness of cannabis use on a variety of physical and mental ailments. The present study uses smartphone technology to assess self-reported experiences of Florida cannabis users to understand how cannabis may impact anxiety and depression symptomatology. Method: Several hundred Releaf AppTM users from the state of Florida provided anonymous, real-time reports of their symptoms of anxiety and/or depression immediately before and after cannabis use sessions. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to analyze the data at the symptom and user level. Results: Results showed that for the majority of users, cannabis use was associated with a significant decrease in depression and anxiety symptomatology. While symptom type, doses per session, consumption method, and CBD levels were significant predictors of relief change, their effect sizes were small and should be interpreted with caution. At the user level, those who had positive relief outcomes in anxiety reported more doses and sessions, and those in the depression group reported more sessions. Conclusions: Our results generally support the therapeutic effectiveness of cannabis against depression/anxiety symptomatology. Future work should include standardized statistics and effect size estimates for a better understanding of each variable’s practical contribution to this area of study.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140229002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000208

Mariah Walker, Stephanie Lake, José Tempero, Kaye Ong, Philippe Lucas

{"title":"Age-related Patterns of Medical Cannabis Use: A Survey of Authorized Patients in Canada","authors":"Mariah Walker, Stephanie Lake, José Tempero, Kaye Ong, Philippe Lucas","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000208","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: An increasing number of Canadians are registering as authorized users of medical cannabis. Older patients comprise a growing subset of this population; however, relatively little information exists around age-related patterns of medical cannabis use. Methods: The Canadian Cannabis Patient Survey (CCPS) is a large cross-sectional survey of authorized medical cannabis patients in Canada. This publication summarizes the results of the CCPS 2021, with a focus on age-related outcomes and the elderly sub-population. Results: The survey was completed by 2,697 patients. The mean age of participants was 54.3 years of age and the proportion of female respondents was 49.1%. Among older patients, pain was the most common symptom, while anxiety was the most common symptom reported by younger patients. Older patients exhibited a significant preference for oral administration over inhalation of medical cannabis when compared to younger patients, respectively (p>0.05). Among patients taking prescription opioids, most of whom were older patients, 54% reported a decrease in use concurrent with medical cannabis. Conclusions: Older patients comprise a growing subset of medical cannabis patients, which is also reflected in CCPS participants over time. This patient population exhibits different patterns of use compared to their younger counterparts, preferring high CBD orally ingested formulations, which they use primarily to treat pain-related illnesses/symptoms. Overall, study participants reported that cannabis had a high degree of efficacy in alleviating their illness/symptoms, and many reported a reduction in their use of prescription opioids, alcohol, tobacco, and other substances.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140232243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Expectations of How Acute Cannabis Use Affects Gambling Experiences and Behaviors 对急性吸食大麻如何影响赌博经历和行为的预期

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000231

E. H. Smith, Abby McPhail, Marcos Lerma, Rory A. Pfund, James Whelan

{"title":"Expectations of How Acute Cannabis Use Affects Gambling Experiences and Behaviors","authors":"E. H. Smith, Abby McPhail, Marcos Lerma, Rory A. Pfund, James Whelan","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000231","url":null,"abstract":"Emerging research shows that many individuals commonly consume cannabis while gambling. However, individuals’ expectations for how cannabis consumption will impact their gambling behavior remain unknown. Participants who gambled weekly (N = 472) were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed assessments of gambling behaviors, cannabis consumption, and expectations about the influence of cannabis on gambling. Almost all participants (94%) screened positive for problem gambling. Over half of participants (55%) reported lifetime cannabis consumption, and almost all those participants (99%) reported gambling under the influence of cannabis (GUIC) in the past month. Most participants agreed with positive expectations of gambling; they expected that they would feel calmer when under the influence of cannabis (61.4%), that gambling would be more enjoyable (61.0%), and that their gambling skills would increase when GUIC (60.6%). At the same time, most participants also agreed with negative expectations of GUIC. They expected cannabis use would make them more careless (56.4%), more anxious (54.8%), and less able to concentrate (53.7%) while gambling. Negative cannabis expectancies were significantly associated with the severity of cannabis consumption. Both positive and negative cannabis expectancies were significantly associated with gambling problems and time spent gambling under the influence of cannabis. These findings indicate that expectations may influence the decision to consume cannabis and gamble simultaneously. This study contributes to the need for addressing cannabis expectations during treatment of gambling problems.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140233433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Changes in Parent-Student Text Message and Phone Call Communication During the Transition to College as Predictors of Cannabis and Simultaneous Use During the First Year 升入大学期间家长与学生短信和电话沟通的变化是第一年吸食大麻和同时吸食大麻的预测因素

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000227

Reed Morgan, Bradley M. Trager, Sarah Boyle, Layla Rainosek, Joseph LaBrie

{"title":"Changes in Parent-Student Text Message and Phone Call Communication During the Transition to College as Predictors of Cannabis and Simultaneous Use During the First Year","authors":"Reed Morgan, Bradley M. Trager, Sarah Boyle, Layla Rainosek, Joseph LaBrie","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000227","url":null,"abstract":"Parent communication can be protective against cannabis use among young adults. However, changes in parent-student communication frequency naturally occur during the transition from high school to college. Recent research suggests declines in parent-student communication frequency predict increased drinking and consequences during the first year of college, yet these effects on other risky behaviors are unknown. The current study investigated whether post-matriculation changes in frequency of texting/calling with parents predict cannabis use and simultaneous use of cannabis and alcohol, and whether pre-matriculation cannabis and simultaneous use predict changes in communication. First-year students (N = 287, 61.3% female, 50.9% White) reported cannabis and simultaneous use pre- and post-matriculation (T1 & T3) and changes in frequency of texting/calling their mother/father per day (T2). Negative binomial hurdle models examined whether T2 changes in communication frequency predicted T3 cannabis and simultaneous use, and logistic regression models examined whether T1 cannabis and simultaneous use predicted T2 changes in communication frequency. Results revealed that increasing (vs. decreasing) frequency of calling with mothers and texting with fathers was protective against cannabis use, whereas increasing frequency of calling with fathers was associated with greater risk of use. Changes in communication did not significantly predict simultaneous use, nor did pre-matriculation cannabis or simultaneous use predict changes in either mode of communication with parents during the college transition. These findings highlight that changes in mother and father communication may be both beneficial and detrimental to cannabis use depending on the parent and mode of communication. Implications for these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140256967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

General and Domain-Specific Perceived Risk Demonstrate Unique Associations with Cannabis Use, Negative Outcomes, and Motivation to Change among Undergraduate Students 一般和特定领域的风险感知与大学生吸食大麻、负面结果和改变动机有独特的联系

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000194

Kirstyn N Smith-LeCavalier, Paige Morris, Mary E Larimer, Julia Buckner, Katherine Walukevich-Dienst

{"title":"General and Domain-Specific Perceived Risk Demonstrate Unique Associations with Cannabis Use, Negative Outcomes, and Motivation to Change among Undergraduate Students","authors":"Kirstyn N Smith-LeCavalier, Paige Morris, Mary E Larimer, Julia Buckner, Katherine Walukevich-Dienst","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000194","url":null,"abstract":"College student cannabis use is at an all-time high. Although frequent heavy cannabis use is related to cannabis problems, perceived risk of cannabis use is rapidly decreasing. Yet, it is unknown whether specific domains of risk perceptions (general and domain-specific risk, risk to others and personal risk) are related to more cannabis use or related problems. Thus, among 130 undergraduates who reported past-month cannabis use, the present study conducted secondary analyses to test whether, for both perceived risk to others and perceived personal risk: (1) general perceived risk was associated with cannabis-related outcomes (i.e., use, negative consequences, cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptoms, motivation to change), (2) seven specific domains of perceived risk were related to cannabis outcomes, and (3) domain-specific perceived risk was related to cannabis use frequency. General perceived risk to others was negatively associated with cannabis use frequency whereas general perceived personal risk was positively associated with cannabis-related negative consequences, CUD symptoms, and importance and readiness to change. Greater legal and withdrawal/dependence risks were uniquely related to several outcomes (e.g., CUD symptoms). Participants who used cannabis frequently perceived more personal risk in most risk domains and less general risk to others than those who used infrequently. Findings suggest personal risk is an important component to consider when assessing perceived risk of cannabis use and focusing on both general and domain-specific risks may provide valuable insight for future prevention and intervention efforts.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140441355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cannabis And College Students: Self-Perceived Mental Health Prior to, During, and After the Pandemic 大麻与大学生：大流行之前、期间和之后自我感觉良好的心理健康状况

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000186

Sean Himebaugh, Deanna Romero, Thomas Clobes

{"title":"Cannabis And College Students: Self-Perceived Mental Health Prior to, During, and After the Pandemic","authors":"Sean Himebaugh, Deanna Romero, Thomas Clobes","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000186","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: College students demonstrated changes in levels of mental wellbeing as they and the world experienced new levels of stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As access to healthcare became limited, students turned to alternative methods of coping, which included cannabis use. Objective: To determine if an association between cannabis use and self-perceived mental wellbeing during the pandemic among college students exists. Method: A paired samples t-Test was used to compare self-reported mental wellbeing at different times during the pandemic, a one-way ANOVA to compare self-reported mental health between respondents' cannabis use status, and a Tukey-Kramer post-hoc analysis was used to determine between group significance. All data collected were from participants at a single time point (retrospective self-report during April 2022). Results: Of 103 self-reported college students, the most significant differences in mental wellbeing were reported prior to and during the pandemic. Consistent significant differences were observed between each of the college student groups derived from those students who entirely avoided cannabis use or cessation of use (highest rating), p = .018, as compared to those who initiated cannabis use prior to and during the pandemic (lowest rating) p = .045. Post pandemic mental wellbeing demonstrated a higher level of mental wellbeing among those who had some exposure to cannabis compared to those who avoided cannabis entirely. Conclusions: It cannot be concluded that mental wellbeing was lower due to cannabis use. However, it is possible those with lower self-perceived mental wellbeing turned to cannabis use.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139795889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cannabis And College Students: Self-Perceived Mental Health Prior to, During, and After the Pandemic 大麻与大学生：大流行之前、期间和之后自我感觉良好的心理健康状况

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000186

Sean Himebaugh, Deanna Romero, Thomas Clobes

{"title":"Cannabis And College Students: Self-Perceived Mental Health Prior to, During, and After the Pandemic","authors":"Sean Himebaugh, Deanna Romero, Thomas Clobes","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2024/000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2024/000186","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: College students demonstrated changes in levels of mental wellbeing as they and the world experienced new levels of stress and anxiety due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As access to healthcare became limited, students turned to alternative methods of coping, which included cannabis use. Objective: To determine if an association between cannabis use and self-perceived mental wellbeing during the pandemic among college students exists. Method: A paired samples t-Test was used to compare self-reported mental wellbeing at different times during the pandemic, a one-way ANOVA to compare self-reported mental health between respondents' cannabis use status, and a Tukey-Kramer post-hoc analysis was used to determine between group significance. All data collected were from participants at a single time point (retrospective self-report during April 2022). Results: Of 103 self-reported college students, the most significant differences in mental wellbeing were reported prior to and during the pandemic. Consistent significant differences were observed between each of the college student groups derived from those students who entirely avoided cannabis use or cessation of use (highest rating), p = .018, as compared to those who initiated cannabis use prior to and during the pandemic (lowest rating) p = .045. Post pandemic mental wellbeing demonstrated a higher level of mental wellbeing among those who had some exposure to cannabis compared to those who avoided cannabis entirely. Conclusions: It cannot be concluded that mental wellbeing was lower due to cannabis use. However, it is possible those with lower self-perceived mental wellbeing turned to cannabis use.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139855734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cannabis Use and Academic Performance in College Students: The Role of Procrastination 大学生吸食大麻与学习成绩：拖延症的作用

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000215

Christopher Mullin, Anita Cservenka

引用次数: 0

Examining the Relation Between Social Anxiety and Cannabis Problems Among College Students Through Coping-Related Expectancies and Motives 通过与应对相关的期望和动机来研究大学生社交焦虑与大麻问题之间的关系

Cannabis Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000189

Katherine Berry, Nicholas Livingston, EmmaJo Briles, Alison Looby

{"title":"Examining the Relation Between Social Anxiety and Cannabis Problems Among College Students Through Coping-Related Expectancies and Motives","authors":"Katherine Berry, Nicholas Livingston, EmmaJo Briles, Alison Looby","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2023/000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2023/000189","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: College students high in social anxiety are at increased risk for cannabis-related problems. This may be particularly true when they hold strong coping-related expectancies and motives for cannabis. However, few studies have examined these constructs together in accordance with the motivational model, which posits that substance use is proximally influenced by motives and more distally influenced by expectancies. Thus, the current study examined whether the relation between social anxiety and cannabis-related problems was indirectly explained through coping-related expectancies, motives, and cannabis use. Method: Past-month cannabis users (N = 660; 71.6% female, 47.3% white non-Hispanic) from seven U.S. universities completed an online survey assessing social anxiety, and cannabis use frequency, problems, expectancies, and motives. A saturated path model examined social anxiety as a predictor of cannabis problems via coping-related expectancies and motives, and cannabis frequency. Results: There was a positive indirect effect of social anxiety on cannabis problems through cognitive and behavioral impairment expectancies, depression coping motives, and cannabis use. Social anxiety also indirectly positively related to cannabis problems via social and sexual facilitation expectancies, social anxiety coping motives, and cannabis use. Further, social anxiety indirectly positively related to cannabis problems through relaxation and tension reduction expectancies, both depression and social anxiety coping motives, and cannabis use. These indirect effects were invariant by sex assigned at birth. Conclusions: Results support using a theory-informed model of coping-related cannabis cognitions to understand the relation between social anxiety and cannabis problems. Interventions that modify coping-related cognitions may reduce cannabis-related problems in college students high in social anxiety.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139386712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Influence on Anxiety and Avoidant Coping on Probable Cannabis Use Disorder 焦虑和回避应对对可能的大麻使用障碍的影响

Cannabis Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000192

Alexis Blessing, Patricia Russell, Madison Stout, Juan Barrera-Barker, Sandra Morissette

{"title":"The Influence on Anxiety and Avoidant Coping on Probable Cannabis Use Disorder","authors":"Alexis Blessing, Patricia Russell, Madison Stout, Juan Barrera-Barker, Sandra Morissette","doi":"10.26828/cannabis/2023/000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26828/cannabis/2023/000192","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Individuals with anxiety frequently use cannabis to cope and are at greater risk for developing probable cannabis use disorder (CUD). Previous literature suggests avoidant coping styles are associated with higher anxiety levels and risk for problematic cannabis use, while action-oriented coping is associated with lower anxiety and problematic cannabis use. No studies have examined whether anxiety and action- oriented coping or avoidant coping interact to influence risk for CUD, which was the aim of the present study. Method: College students were recruited as part of a cross-sectional study on cannabis use. Participants (N = 371; 72.2% female) completed the Depression Anxiety and Stress Subscale (DASS-21), Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R), and the Brief-COPE (B-COPE). Results: The data were analyzed using logistic moderation analysis. After controlling for gender, anxiety was a positive significant predictor of probable CUD, but action-oriented coping and avoidant coping were not. The interaction between anxiety and avoidant coping on probable CUD was significant, indicating that participants with high avoidant coping (regardless of high or low anxiety) and those with high anxiety (even with low avoidant coping) were more likely to have probable CUD than those with both low anxiety and low avoidant coping. No significant interaction was observed with action-oriented coping. Conclusions: Results suggest that avoidant coping, but not action-oriented coping, influences the relationship between anxiety and risk for probable CUD. Findings emphasize the importance of targeting both anxiety and avoidant coping when considering risk for probable CUD.","PeriodicalId":502578,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139174940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0