Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki最新文献

{"title":"Effect of crocin on antioxidant gene expression, fibrinolytic parameters, redox status and blood biochemistry in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.","authors":"Ioannis Margaritis,&nbsp;Katerina Angelopoulou,&nbsp;Sophia Lavrentiadou,&nbsp;Ilias C Mavrovouniotis,&nbsp;Maria Tsantarliotou,&nbsp;Ioannis Taitzoglou,&nbsp;Alexandros Theodoridis,&nbsp;Aristidis Veskoukis,&nbsp;Efthalia Kerasioti,&nbsp;Dimitrios Kouretas,&nbsp;Ioannis Zervos","doi":"10.1186/s40709-020-00114-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-020-00114-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes is regarded as an epidemiological threat for the twenty-first century. Phytochemicals with known pharmaceutical properties have gained interest in the field of alleviating secondary complications of diseases. Such a substance is crocin, a basic constituent of saffron (<i>Crocus sativus</i>). The present study aimed at examining the beneficial effects of per os crocin administration on the antioxidant status, blood biochemical profile, hepatic gene expression and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity (PAI-1) in the liver, kidney and plasma (an important marker of pre-diabetic status and major factor of thrombosis in diabetes) of healthy rats, as well as of rats with nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Diabetes disrupted the oxidation-antioxidation balance, while crocin improved the antioxidant state in the liver by significantly affecting SOD1 gene expression and/or by restoring SOD and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. In the kidney, crocin improved hydrogen peroxide decomposing activity and TAC. In blood, hepatic transaminases ALT and AST decreased significantly, while there was a trend of decrease regarding blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The expression of PAI-1 gene was affected in the liver by the dose of 50 mg kg^-1.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Crocin treatment contributed in restoring some parameters after diabetes induction, primarily by affecting significantly hepatic transaminases ALT and AST, SOD1 and PAI-1 gene expression and nephric H₂O₂ decomposing activity. In conclusion, crocin did contribute to the alleviation of some complications of diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2020-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-020-00114-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37729430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial Announcement.","authors":"","doi":"10.1186/s40709-020-00113-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-020-00113-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2020-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-020-00113-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37678166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Histologic evaluation of femoral nerve demyelinating and axonal neuropathy in Wistar rats due to alendronate intake: a randomised study.","authors":"Papamitsou Theodora,&nbsp;Papakoulas Apostolos,&nbsp;Papaliagkas Vasileios,&nbsp;Karachrysafi Sofia,&nbsp;Dietrich Eva-Maria,&nbsp;Sioga Antonia","doi":"10.1186/s40709-020-0112-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-020-0112-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bisphosphonates (BPs) are forceful inhibitors of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Long-term BP use is associated with multiple rare but severe adverse effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible effects of BPs in the structure of femoral nerve. Specimens from the femoral nerve of ten female 12-month old Wistar rats were used as control group and ten female 12-month old Wistar rats to which Alendronate (Fosamax, Merck) was administered per os for 13 weeks, were used as research group. Samples were observed under a Transmission Electron Microscope. G ratio measurements and statistical analysis with SPSS program were also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The control group showed no major changes of the nerve's histologic image, with the exception of some spots of thickness of the nerve myelin sheath. The research group showed major morphological changes which varied from partial disorganization or thickening of the myelin to severe myelin thickening and axon strangulation. A statistically significant difference of the G ratio between the two groups was observed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reported values (found in literature) for the morphologic measurements of the femoral nerve in Wistar rats are not complying with the ones we found in our study. There was a significant reduction of all three variables (the mean axon like diameter, the myelin thickness, G ratio) studied in the femoral nerve of the research group in contrast to control group. Our study demonstrates a possible correlation between alendronate administration and femoral nerve's function, nevertheless due to the small specimen further research is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2020-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-020-0112-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37678167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolic engineering of <i>Escherichia coli</i> for the utilization of ethanol.","authors":"Yujin Cao, Hui Mu, Jing Guo, Hui Liu, Rubing Zhang, Wei Liu, Mo Xian, Huizhou Liu","doi":"10.1186/s40709-020-0111-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40709-020-0111-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The fuel ethanol industry has made tremendous progress in the last decades. Ethanol can be obtained by fermentation using a variety of biomass materials as the feedstocks. However, few studies have been conducted on ethanol utilization by microorganisms. The price of petroleum-derived ethanol, easily made by the hydrolysis of ethylene, is even lower than that of bioethanol. If ethanol can be metabolized by microorganisms to produce value-added chemicals, it will open a new door for the utilization of inexpensive ethanol resources.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We constructed an engineered <i>Escherichia coli</i> strain which could utilize ethanol as the sole carbon source. The alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase from <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> was introduced into <i>E. coli</i> and the recombinant strain acquired the ability to grow on ethanol. Cell growth continued when ethanol was supplied after glucose starvation and 2.24 g L^-1 of ethanol was further consumed during the shake-flasks fermentation process. Then ethanol was further used for the production of mevalonic acid by heterologously expressing its biosynthetic pathway. Deuterium-labeled ethanol-D6 as the feedstock confirmed that mevalonic acid was synthesized from ethanol.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study demonstrated the possibility of using ethanol as the carbon source by engineered <i>E. coli</i> strains. It can serve as the basis for the construction of more robust strains in the future though the catabolic capacity of ethanol should be further improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6975068/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37588297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications of salep collection for the conservation of the Elder-flowered orchid (<i>Dactylorhiza sambucina</i>) in Epirus, Greece.","authors":"Martha Charitonidou,&nbsp;Kalliopi Stara,&nbsp;Konstantinos Kougioumoutzis,&nbsp;John M Halley","doi":"10.1186/s40709-019-0110-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-019-0110-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In Epirus, Greece, orchids have been traditionally harvested for the production of salep, a beverage made from their tubers. Over-collection of orchids for salep is believed to be a growing threat to wild species, yet very little research has concentrated on orchid populations in the wild. Here, we studied the impact of salep collection on population demographic parameters and uniformity of distribution patterns of the Elder-flowered orchid, <i>Dactylorhiza sambucina</i>, the most commonly collected orchid in northern Greece.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We carried out fieldwork in four meadows where salep harvesting occurs, and conducted interviews in villages close to these sites. Fieldwork focused on the demographic parameters of orchid populations and on the characteristics of their habitat (natural-anthropogenic). We also measured population size and distribution, extent and multi-scale density, comparing distributions to Poisson and fractal models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to interviews, salep collection by the local community has decreased, contrary to collection by people outside the community, which is increasing. Interviewees did not believe that orchid abundance was higher in the past; they claim that it can be very variable. None of the participants seemed aware of the legislation to conserve orchids. Demographic parameters did not seem to be strongly dependent on whether it was a harvested and non-harvested sites and population density was greatest in the site of highest collection pressure.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings show that salep collection is still ongoing in Epirus. Our interview results and our population study indicate that current levels of collection are not significantly affecting the abundance of the Elder-flowered orchid in Epirus subalpine meadows. However, the expanding commercial collection could reach levels that threaten the species. There is a need for a longer-term monitoring of these orchid populations, and a more effective modeling of the species' response to different harvesting pressures.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-019-0110-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37505025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Saliva proteomics updates in biomedicine.","authors":"Katerina R Katsani,&nbsp;Dimitra Sakellari","doi":"10.1186/s40709-019-0109-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-019-0109-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the years of personalized (or precision) medicine the 'omics' methodologies in biomedical sciences-genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics-are helping researchers to detect quantifiable biological characteristics, or biomarkers, that will best define the human physiology and pathologies. Proteomics use high throughput and high efficiency approaches with the support of bioinformatic tools in order to identify and quantify the total protein content of cells, tissues or biological fluids. Saliva receives a lot of attention as a rich biological specimen that offers a number of practical and physiological advantages over blood and other biological fluids in monitoring human health. The aim of this review is to present the latest advances in saliva proteomics for biomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-019-0109-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37502920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of differentially expressed genes between the ovaries from pregnant and nonpregnant goats using RNA-Seq.","authors":"Qing Quan,&nbsp;Qi Zheng,&nbsp;Yinghui Ling,&nbsp;Fugui Fang,&nbsp;Mingxing Chu,&nbsp;Xiaorong Zhang,&nbsp;Yong Liu,&nbsp;Wenyong Li","doi":"10.1186/s40709-019-0095-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-019-0095-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A multitude of genes tightly regulate ovarian follicular development and hormone secretion. These complex and coordinated biological processes are altered during pregnancy. In order to further understand the regulatory role of these genes during pregnancy, it is important to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the ovaries of pregnant and nonpregnant mammals. To detect the genes associated with the development of pregnancy in goats, DEGs from the ovaries from pregnant and nonpregnant Anhui white goats (pAWGs and nAWGs, respectively) were analyzed using RNA sequencing technology (RNA-Seq).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 13,676,394 and 13,549,560 clean reads were generated from pAWGs and nAWGs, respectively, and 1724 DEGs were identified between the two libraries. Compared with nAWGs, 1033 genes were upregulated and 691 genes were downregulated in pAWGs, including <i>PGR</i>, <i>PRLR</i>, <i>STAR</i> and <i>CYP19A1</i>, which play important roles in goat reproduction. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched for 49 functional GO terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed that 397 DEGs were significantly enriched in 13 pathways, including \"cell cycle\", \"cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction\" and \"steroid biosynthesis\", suggesting that the genes may be associated with cell cycle regulation, follicular development and hormone secretion to regulate the reproduction process. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR was used to verify the reliability of the RNA-Seq data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The data obtained in this work enrich the genetic resources of goat and provide a further understanding of the complex molecular regulatory mechanisms occurring during the development of pregnancy and reproduction in goats. The DEGs screened in this study may play an important role in follicular development and hormone secretion and they would provide scientific basis for related research in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-019-0095-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37236067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic simulation-based meta-analytical framework for prediction of physiological biomarkers in alopecia.","authors":"Syed Aun Muhammad,&nbsp;Nighat Fatima,&nbsp;Rehan Zafar Paracha,&nbsp;Amjad Ali,&nbsp;Jake Y Chen","doi":"10.1186/s40709-019-0094-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-019-0094-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Alopecia or hair loss is a complex polygenetic and psychologically devastating disease affecting millions of men and women globally. Since the gene annotation and environmental knowledge is limited for alopecia, a systematic analysis for the identification of candidate biomarkers is required that could provide potential therapeutic targets for hair loss therapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We designed an interactive framework to perform a meta-analytical study based on differential expression analysis, systems biology, and functional proteomic investigations. We analyzed eight publicly available microarray datasets and found 12 potential candidate biomarkers including three extracellular proteins from the list of differentially expressed genes with a <i>p</i>-value < 0.05. After expression profiling and functional analysis, we studied protein-protein interactions and observed functional associations of source proteins including WIF1, SPON1, LYZ, GPRC5B, PTPRE, ZFP36L2, HBB, PHF15, LMCD1, KRT35 and VAV3 with target proteins including APCDD1, WNT1, WNT3A, SHH, ESRI, TGFB1, and APP. Pathway analysis of these molecules revealed their role in major physiological reactions including protein metabolism, signal transduction, WNT, BMP, EDA, NOTCH and SHH pathways. These pathways regulate hair growth, hair follicle differentiation, pigmentation, and morphogenesis. We studied the regulatory role of β-catenin, Nf-kappa B, cytokines and retinoic acid in the development of hair growth. Therefore, the differential expression of these significant proteins would affect the normal level and could cause aberrations in hair growth.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our integrative approach helps to prioritize the biomarkers that ultimately lessen the economic burden of experimental studies. It will also be valuable to discover mutants in genomic data in order to increase the identification of new biomarkers for similar problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-019-0094-x","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37335258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraspecific morphological variation of the sperm storing organ in two hermaphroditic land snail species.","authors":"Alexandra Staikou,&nbsp;Evripidis Koemtzopoulos","doi":"10.1186/s40709-019-0093-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-019-0093-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Postcopulatory sexual selection is very important in species with reproductive strategies that involve multiple mating and prolonged sperm storage. The sperm storage organ has been hypothesized to evolve in response to different levels of sperm competition in several species while population density has been considered as a factor that approximates sperm competition risk and intensity in the field. Apart from population density, local microclimatic conditions may also play a role in determining sperm competition levels in natural populations of land snails by affecting their chances of encountering mates. The goal of this study was to investigate the variation of the structure of the sperm storage organ in the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snails <i>Helix lucorum</i> and <i>Cepaea vindobonensis</i> occurring sympatrically in two sites which differed in habitat humidity. The populations of both species from the two sites, also differed in density and in duration of reproductive period. Multiple samples were taken from each population in order to test for temporal variation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In both species, the spermatheca consisted of a simple fertilization chamber and a variable number of lateral tubules. The length of the spermatheca showed no temporal or spatial differentiation nor did it show any correlation with snail size. The number of tubules in <i>Helix lucorum</i> ranged from five to sixteen and in <i>Cepaea vindobonensis</i> from one to eight and in both species a significant difference of this trait between the two study sites was detected. In <i>Cepaea vindobonensis</i>, the difference in tubule number led to difference of the total tubule length which reflects sperm storage capacity of the spermatheca but this was not the case with <i>H. lucorum</i> in which no increase in total tubule length was detected.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Intraspecific variation in the spermatheca was observed in both snail species studied. The variation observed was independent of snail size, and reproduction status, while the two species responded differently to higher sperm competition levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-019-0093-y","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36985849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune cell counts and signaling in body fluids of cows vaccinated against <i>Clostridium difficile</i>.","authors":"Christiane Schmautz,&nbsp;Nadine Müller,&nbsp;Marlene Auer,&nbsp;Ines Ballweg,&nbsp;Michael W Pfaffl,&nbsp;Heike Kliem","doi":"10.1186/s40709-018-0092-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40709-018-0092-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>New treatment options are needed to prevent relapses following failed antibiotic therapies of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> infections (CDI) in humans. The concomitant therapy with an anti-<i>C. difficile</i> IgA containing whey protein concentrate can support the sustainable recovery of CDI patients. For 31 weeks, nine dairy cows were continuously vaccinated with several anti-<i>C. difficile</i> vaccines by certain routes of administration to produce anti-<i>C. difficile</i> IgA enriched milk. The study aimed at finding decisive differences between low responder (LR) and high responder (HR) cows (> 8.0 µg ml^-1 total milk <i>C. difficile</i> specific IgA) concerning their immune response to vaccination on cellular and molecular biological levels.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of total and differential cell counting (DCC) in blood and milk and the outcomes of the gene expression analysis of selected immune factors were assessed relating to the usage of two vaccine batches for injection (<i>MucoCD</i>-<i>I</i> batch A and B), marking two immunization (IM) periods, and compared to a control group (Ctr). The <i>MucoCD</i>-<i>I</i> batch A caused short-term leukopenia followed by leukocytosis in the blood of LR and HR. The total somatic cell counts in milk were not altered by the treatment. The DCC revealed that the leukocytes of the treated groups were partly impaired by the treatment. The gene expression analysis exposed cumulative and sustainable differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between LR and HR for the genes encoding for <i>lactoferrin</i>, <i>CXCL8</i>, <i>IL1β</i>, <i>IL2</i>, <i>IL6</i>, <i>IL12β</i>, <i>IFNγ</i>, <i>CD4</i> and <i>CD163</i>. The regulation of the epithelial IgA cell receptor <i>PIGR</i> was not impaired by the IM. In contrast to the vaccination with <i>MucoCD</i>-<i>I</i> batch A, the second IM period with <i>MucoCD</i>-<i>I</i> batch B resulted in mitigation and synchronization of the treated groups' immune responses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The inversely regulated cytokines in the blood and milk cells of the treated groups led to a variously directed, local T cell response resulting in their different production intensities of <i>C. difficile</i> specific IgA in milk.</p>","PeriodicalId":50251,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s40709-018-0092-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36787313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}