Interpretation最新文献

{"title":"Identifying Ice Wedges in Ground Penetrating Radar data from the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Fox Alaska","authors":"Presley Greer, Shuhab D. Khan, Edgar A. Bering","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0057.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0057.1","url":null,"abstract":"The warming of Alaska’s permafrost has been leading to thawing within its discontinuous permafrost. This can cause ice wedges to melt resulting in thermokarst formations such as sink holes and landslides which are causing damage to Alaskan infrastructure. To avoid developing further infrastructure in areas containing ice wedges, it is necessary to improve methods of detecting subsurface ground ice. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a nonintrusive remote sensing method of locating and characterizing permafrost and other subsurface features that are not evident on a cut face or surface. When applied to the detection of ice wedges at the CRREL (Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory) permafrost tunnel in Fox, Alaska, a few identifying features were observed which corresponded with prior research. We first used GPR reflections of areas along the tunnel walls holding known ice wedges to verify the identifying features of an ice wedge within GPR data. We utilized these reflections as test data to identify possible ice wedges in locations where they were not observed on the tunnel walls.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"21 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140658602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and spatial characterization of a thermogenic, fault-controlled gas hydrate bearing system, Woolsey Mound, Gulf of Mexico","authors":"Saiful Alam, Camelia C. Knapp, James Knapp, A. Simonetti","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0049.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0049.1","url":null,"abstract":"Woolsey Mound, located at Mississippi Canyon Lease Block 118 (MC118), is the site of the Gulf of Mexico hydrate research consortium’s seafloor observatory where gas hydrates outcrop at the seafloor. The presence of gas hydrates in the mound was confirmed directly by coring and indirectly by 3-D seismic reflection data. Craters, pockmarks, chemosynthetic communities, and authigenic carbonates populate the seafloor at Woolsey Mound. Each crater is characterized by a network of shallow crestal faults that connect the hydrate mound to the underlying allochthonous salt body. We characterized the temporal and spatial evolution of gas hydrates at Woolsey Mound under natural perturbations using four collocated 3-D seismic reflection datasets that span over 14 years. Data acquisition differences embedded in the datasets arising from variation in geometry, sample rate, and phase, were minimized using the ‘cross-equalization’ method. Our results indicate that hydrate formation and dissociation vary both temporally and spatially in close connection to the shallow crestal faults. Evidence of gas hydrate dissociation was observed over a period of three years (2000-2003) where major dissociation occurred along the southern portion of the crestal fault in the southeast crater. The dissociation is less prominent in the southwest crater. Evidence of methane venting was observed between 2000 and 2010, which is mostly concentrated in the southeast crater. The residual amplitude anomalies observed between 2000 and 2014 in the mound were mostly positive, implying the methane venting had increased significantly. The positive anomalies were correlated with the methane seepage recorded in 2011. Our results show the evolution of a fault-controlled gas hydrate system in the northern Gulf of Mexico which would aid in assessing its impact on the seafloor.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"68 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140655816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From technical conference to journal paper","authors":"V. Egorov","doi":"10.1190/int-2024-0417-fe.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2024-0417-fe.1","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p> </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"7 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140660183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UNCERTAINTY ASSESSMENT IN UNSUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING METHODS FOR DEEPWATER CHANNEL SEISMIC FACIES USING OUTCROP-DERIVED 3D MODELS AND SYNTHETIC SEISMIC DATA","authors":"Karelia La Marca, H. Bedle, L. Stright, Kurt Marfurt","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0094.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0094.1","url":null,"abstract":"Unsupervised machine learning (ML) techniques have been widely applied to analyze seismic reflection data, including the identification of seismic facies and structural features. However, interpreting the resulting clusters often relies on geoscientists’ expertise, necessitating a robustness assessment of these methods. To evaluate their reliability, synthetic data generated from an actual outcrop model were employed to demonstrate how two unsupervised methods, Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Generative Topographic Maps (GTM), cluster deepwater channel-related seismic facies and then measure the associated error. Six seismic attributes, comprising RMS amplitude, instantaneous envelope, peak magnitude, and spectral decomposition frequencies at 20, 40, and 55 Hz, served as input variables. Geobodies were assigned to each cluster formed, and error in facies clustering was quantified by comparing the actual 3D model with the facies grouped by machine learning methods on a voxel-by-voxel basis. This allowed for error quantification and the computation of metrics such as F1 score and accuracy through correlation matrices. Key findings revealed that (1) GTM and SOM exhibited similar performance, with a clustering configuration of 81 for GTM slightly outperforming others. (2) Error rates were approximately 2% for the predominant facies (background shale) but significantly higher for individual channel-related facies, suggesting that channel clusters might represent multiple facies. (3) Resolution and imbalanced data distribution impacted seismic facies predictability, resulting in nonuniqueness in cluster generation. (4) Using synthetic seismic data proved valuable for experimenting with different unsupervised ML, highlighting the need for assessing uncertainty in these methods, given their implications for crucial economic decisions reliant on reservoir interpretation, modeling, and volumetric estimations.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140659617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation method of sandy conglomerate reservoir heterogeneity based on the combined weighted TOPSIS model","authors":"Xiaoyu Ju, Xiaodong Zhao, Chunai Ma, Jiaming Qin, Boyu Zhou, Sichong Jiang, Xuebing Ji, Rong Xi, Yaxuan Zhang","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0069.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0069.1","url":null,"abstract":"At present, single parameters for characterizing reservoir heterogeneity are commonly used in oilfield exploration and development, such as the permeability coefficient of variation, permeability inrush coefficient, and extreme difference, which have problems such as characterization blind spots. The heterogeneity of thick-bedded sand and conglomerate reservoirs is affected by various factors due to their thick layer characteristics, and it is difficult to effectively evaluate the heterogeneity of thick-bedded sand and conglomerate reservoirs with a single parameter. According to the characteristics of the thick sandy conglomerate reservoir, a comprehensive index calculation method of heterogeneity based on the combination weighting TOPSIS evaluation model was proposed to comprehensively evaluate the heterogeneity of the sandy conglomerate reservoir by synthesizing the parameters affecting the heterogeneity of the reservoir, such as porosity, permeability, thickness of sand layer, effective thickness coefficient, permeability variation coefficient, permeability rush coefficient, permeability contrast and mudstone content. This approach is conducive to the normalized evaluation of complex reservoirs, and the quantitative characterization is more accurate and comprehensive. Based on the former classification scheme and the geological characteristics of the study area, the evaluation criteria of the heterogeneity of the sandstone conglomerate reservoir are determined according to the comprehensive heterogeneity index. The research shows that the objective weights of each indicator parameter of reservoir heterogeneity can be reasonably calculated by improving the CRITIC weighting method, and the combined weights reflecting the importance of the indicators can be obtained by modifying the objective weights through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The calculated heterogeneous comprehensive index can be used to quantitatively characterize the heterogeneity of sand conglomerate reservoirs and solve the problems existing in conventional single parameters. The heterogeneous synthetic index has a good correlation with conventional parameters and has a good positive correlation with productivity. The weaker the heterogeneity is, the higher the productivity.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"77 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A computational topology-based method for extracting fault surfaces","authors":"Cheng Zhou, Ruoshui Zhou, Hanpeng Cai, Xingmiao Yao, Guang Hu, Cun Yang","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0067.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0067.1","url":null,"abstract":"Fault surface extraction is a crucial step in seismic interpretation, which can help structural interpretation and structural modeling. A key focus of fault surface extraction research is to extract as entire fault surfaces as possible, rather than just fault segments, which is more challenging in some complex fault situations. To address this challenge, we propose a fault surface extraction method based on computational topology to extract as entire fault surfaces as possible from a fault attribute and effectively handle some complex fault situations, such as intersecting faults. From a given seed point on the target fault, we utilize the idea of regional growth to search for high-confidence points on the target fault, called fault control points, under the constraints of the fault attribute and the calculated fault orientations. Through these fault control points, we extract the fault boundary and process the fault attribute so that only the target fault is included. Furthermore, we employ an operation in computational topology, collapse, to extract the target fault from the processed fault attribute using the fault boundary as a constraint. By incorporating fault orientation information and using a relatively large search distance during control point search, our method enables the integration of segmented faults and facilitates the handling of complex fault situations such as intersecting faults. The collapse operation ensures that the extracted fault surfaces align with the fault attribute, correspond to the actual fault locations in seismic data, and enhances fault continuity. Additionally, we present an automatic method for picking seed points to realize the extraction of all faults in the research data. We test our method on several field data sets and the experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness. In some complex fault situations, such as intersecting faults, our method performs well and shows a significant improvement over the compared method.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"69 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140708600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of horsetail faults in extensional regime using physical experiments for the Linnan Sag","authors":"Hongyuan Xu, Haigang Lao, Guang Li, Guiyu Dong, Shiqiang Xia","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0033.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0033.1","url":null,"abstract":"Horsetail faults and rotational faults, which maintain slight differences, are all important identity markers for strike-slip movement. However, it is difficult to explain why horsetail faults also appear in the extensional regime. Using the Linnan Sag as the reference, the physical experiments are conducted to reproduce the formation processes of horsetail faults in the extensional regime. The characteristics of these horsetail faults include: (1) horsetail faults are the product of strain superposition during two phases of non-coaxial extension; (2) pre-existing faults generated in the initial stage may reactivate by the combined elongation of dip-slip motion, followed by oblique-slip faulting at the middle-late stage, thus becoming the principal fault of the horsetail faults; this initial distance is obviously less (∼46%) than its distance during the middle-late stage; (3) a large number of new dip-slip faults appear at the tip of the principal fault in the middle–late stage, spatially connecting with the principal fault to form the horsetail faults; (4) other pre-existing faults that intersect the principal fault are not necessary for forming the horsetail faults, but their presence may make the principal fault prone to segmentation. Therefore, although horsetail faults in the extensional and strike-slip regimes are similar in shape, their formation conditions and fault properties are very different. Understanding the characteristics of the horsetail faults in the extension regime contribute to the further study related to the oil and gas migration and accumulation in the Petroliferous basin.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"503 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140719404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural Interpretation of the Basement beneath the Southern Desert of Iraq based on Aeromagnetic Data.","authors":"H. Al-Bahadily, J. Fairhead, A. Al-Rahim","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0116.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0116.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Southern Desert of Iraq is located on the stable part of the Arabian Platform. The area has a considerable thickness of Phanerozoic sediments overlying a basement. The basement has neither been seismically imaged nor drilled. Accordingly, magnetic method can help identify and map deep structure of the basement. The aeromagnetic data are used to determine the structure and approximate depth of the basement. We have used the combined results of the Tilt derivative and Phase Preserving Dynamic Range Compression (PPDRC) methods to qualitatively delineate the main basement structures and then used the Source Parameter Imaging (SPI), Tilt-depth and finite SPI (FSPI) methods to determine basement depths. The qualitative interpretation of the Tilt derivative and PPDRC methods identifies three N-S to NE-SW trending linear negative anomalies that could represent extensional grabens in the basement surface. These grabens divide the basement into three blocks, the NW block, central block, and SE block. The magnetic anomalies over the basement blocks suggest the NW and Central blocks are cut by a set of N-S to NNW-SSE and NE-SW faults. Depth estimation methods over the uplifted blocks have minimum depths of between 4 km to 5 km, while over the graben the depths range from 7 km to in excess of 12 km. The FSPI method, unlike the SPI and TD methods that use an infinite depth source body, gives depths generally deeper by up to 1.1 km if the assumed Curie point depth is at 21 km. A more realistic Curie point depth of 32 km is used in the final interpretation model. These inferred basement blocks, grabens and sub-basin structures agree in a general way with the regional structures associated with the Arabian Peninsula and could provide an important framework for developing future hydrocarbon exploration strategies of the Southern Desert.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140716786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A precise and refined identification method for carbonate bioreefs and prograding bodies guided by knowledge graph.","authors":"Cun Yang, Xiang-Ye Zhang, He Meng, Yue-Ming Ye, Xiang-Yu Guo, Yue Dong, Xingmiao Yao","doi":"10.1190/int-2023-0032.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2023-0032.1","url":null,"abstract":"Carbonate bioreefs formations serve as crucial hydrocarbon reservoirs, and their accurate identification bears significant implications for oil and gas exploration. Moreover, the precise and refined delineation of prograding body structures aids in the comprehensive analysis of stratigraphic geological configurations. We propose the Knowledge Graph and Geological Strata Interpolation Constraints (KGGSIC) model for the intricate identification of carbonate bioreefs and prograding bodies structures. Furthermore, we assess the KGGSIC-Unet architecture we propose on Dengying Formation Sections 3-4 carbonate bioreefs and prograding bodies in the Moxi area of the Sichuan Basin. Experimental results indicate that the KGGSIC enhances the predictive performance of the U-Net and realizes the precise and refined segmentation of carbonate bioreefs and prograding bodies structures. Additionally, through a meticulous geological study of the area, we synthesize the two-dimensional profile identification results to achieve the precise and refined identification of carbonate bioreefs and prograding bodies.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"2008 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140718460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oil-source correlation in the Yangjiang Uplift, South China Sea: A comparative analysis of mathematical and fingerprint methods","authors":"Junjun You, Hui Li, Mingzhu Lei, Yi Liu, Jiang Li","doi":"10.1190/int-2022-0117.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1190/int-2022-0117.1","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, significant exploration breakthroughs have been achieved in the Yangjiang Uplift. However, the source of crude oil is ambiguous, and the prevailing view suggests a remote hydrocarbon supply. To clarify the source of the crude oil in the Yangjiang Uplift, 30 source rocks and 15 crude oil samples collected from the Wenchang A Sag and Yangjiang Uplift were subjected to Rock-Eval pyrolysis, maceral analysis, vitrinite reflectance, biomarker analysis, among other experiments. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) were performed. The results indicate that source rocks in the Yangjiang Uplift exhibit robust hydrocarbon-generating potential, with S1 + S2 values ranging between 0.04–140.5 mg/g (averaging: 13.54 mg/g), indicative of reaching the oil generation period. Using 13 biomarker compounds, two types of biomarkers were selected to compare the sources of the crude oils: Pristane/Phytane (Pr/Ph), representing the depositional environment, and tricyclic terpanes, representing the source input. The crude oil in the Yangjiang Uplift can be divided into two types: one with high values of bicadinane-T (T)/C30 hopane and ΣC30-4 methyl sterane/ΣC29 regular sterane and another with a low ratio of (C19tricyclic terpane + C20tricyclic terpane)/C23tricyclic terpane according to the charting method. The investigated crude oil was mixed with the source rocks of the Wenchang A Sag and the Yangjiang Uplift. Furthermore, owing to differences in the mixing ratios, the crude oil in the study area exhibited two distinct characteristics. Type A is characterized by a higher proportion of Wenchang A sag crude oil in the mixture, whereas type B is characterized by a higher proportion of local crude oil. This study established that the Yangjiang Uplift boasts large petroleum resources.","PeriodicalId":502519,"journal":{"name":"Interpretation","volume":"214 S674","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140730693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}