Journal of Building Physics最新文献

{"title":"Evaluation of methods for prediction of evaporation from water pools","authors":"M. Shah","doi":"10.1177/17442591211034193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211034193","url":null,"abstract":"Calculation of evaporation is needed in many applications including swimming pools, water reservoirs, nuclear fuel pools, pools for rejection of heat from refrigeration systems, process tanks, etc. Hence accurate methods for prediction of evaporation are needed. Many prediction methods have been published including analytical models and empirical correlations. In the present study, 18 published prediction methods are compared to a very wide-ranging database which includes data from laboratory scale studies, swimming pools, and fuel pools in nuclear power plants. The data are from 25 sources. The range of data includes air temperatures from 6°C to 200°C, water temperatures from 7.1°C to 94.2°C, relative humidity from 0.21% to 98%, and air velocity from 0 to 8.5 m/s. The accuracy of prediction methods is examined for conditions in which natural convection dominates, that in which forced convection dominates, and that in which natural convection is absent. The results are reported and discussed. Recommendations are made for application.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"77 4 1","pages":"629 - 648"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90855133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart wetting of permeable pavements as an evaporative-cooling measure for improving the urban climate during heat waves","authors":"A. Kubilay, A. Ferrari, D. Derome, J. Carmeliet","doi":"10.1177/1744259120968586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259120968586","url":null,"abstract":"An urban microclimate model is used to design a smart wetting protocol for multilayer street pavements in order to maximize the evaporative cooling effect as a mitigation measure for thermal discomfort during heat waves. The microclimate model is built upon a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for solving the turbulent air, heat and moisture flow in the air domain of a street canyon. The CFD model is coupled to a model for heat and moisture transport in porous urban materials and to a radiative exchange model, determining the net solar and thermal radiation on each urban surface. A two-layer pavement system, previously optimized for maximal evaporative cooling applying the principles of capillary pumping and capillary break, is considered to design a smart wetting protocol answering the questions “when,” “how much,” and “how long” a pavement should be artificially wetted. It was found for the current optimized pavement solutions that a daily amount of 6 mm wetting over 10 min in the morning, preferentially between 8:00 and 10:00, guarantees a maximal evaporative cooling for 24 h during a heat wave.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"190 1","pages":"36 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79756799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiential learning in building physics: The icebox challenge","authors":"R. McLeod, C. Hopfe","doi":"10.1177/17442591211017948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211017948","url":null,"abstract":"This pedagogical note presents a novel learning activity (the icebox challenge) that was designed to facilitate deep learning of building physics energy transfer principles through a planning, prediction and analysis process following the Kolb learning cycle. The success of this strategy was evidenced by students relating and collating their knowledge and theoretical ideas and applying them to successfully solve a series of complex and inter-related practical building physics problems.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"391 - 401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87035185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dependence of gas permeation and adsorption on temperature in vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) containing getter materials","authors":"Hideya Yamamoto, D. Ogura","doi":"10.1177/17442591211017154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211017154","url":null,"abstract":"Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) with a glass-fiber core has been considered to be difficult to operate for a long period of time, such as for building applications, because the thermal conductivity rises rapidly as the pressure increases. However, glass-fiber-core VIPs contain a material called a getter that continuously adsorbs permeated gas, and a theoretical model that considers the properties of the getter has not yet been developed. In this paper, the gas-adsorption mechanism by getters was investigated and a long-term-performance prediction model that considers the temperature dependence was proposed. Some gases were not adsorbed by the getter in the VIPs; however, a model was proposed that takes into account the non-absorbed gases by applying partial pressure to the adsorption isotherm in advance. The long-term performance of VIPs with different areas and volumes was compared with the measured values, and the validity of the calculation results was confirmed. These results show that the long-term performance of VIPs of different sizes can be accurately predicted when the getter performance is well understood.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"106 1","pages":"604 - 628"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89169590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of north wall internal surface structure on heat storage-release performance and thermal environment of Chinese solar greenhouse","authors":"Yiming Li, Xiang Yue, Lei Zhao, Huiyun Xu, Xingan Liu, T. Li","doi":"10.1177/17442591211013449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211013449","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese solar greenhouse (CSG) is an energy-saving agricultural building which is used to grow vegetables in winter. The north wall of CSG plays an crucial role in concerning the production yield and quality during the winter months. To improve the thermal performance of north wall, different internal surface structures (ISS) with same materials were compared. Based on the field experiment and the proposed valuation, the dynamic heat storage-release characteristics of the north walls have been analyzed and discussed. The results showed that compared with the flat wall and the striped wall, the alveolate wall has better properties of heat storage and thermal insulation. Moreover, relative humidity in this type of greenhouse is more suitable for growing crops. The alveolate wall can improve indoor thermal environment and reduce the sensitivity to external environment. The obtained results can provide a basis for the scientific construction of the CSG north wall. It has significant potential for the area in high latitude, high altitude and long winter.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"30 1","pages":"507 - 527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84715099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal resistance of masonry walls: a literature review on influence factors, evaluation, and improvement","authors":"M. Ismaiel, Yuxiang Chen, C. Cruz-Noguez, M. Hagel","doi":"10.1177/17442591211009549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211009549","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing the thermal resistance of masonry wall systems is one of the effective ways to reduce energy consumption in the operation of masonry buildings. This increase is also demanded by newer, more stringent energy codes. However, the effective thermal resistance (R-value) of masonry walls is affected by many factors, such as thermal bridging, which occurs in places where highly conductive structural components penetrate insulating materials. Thermal bridging is common when connecting masonry veneers to structural backup walls. Furthermore, quick and precise methods for estimating the R-value are needed for thermal design improvements and code-compliance calculations. This study presents a comprehensive literature review on key factors that influence the overall thermal performance of masonry walls, methods to effectively estimate and measure R-values, and improvements in thermal design. In addition to identifying the main technical and practical challenges and the corresponding progress made on each front, key design considerations, such as code compliance, material properties, insulation types, and location, as well as special ties and shelf angles types, are also discussed. This study summarizes critical information and recommendations that will help improve the thermal design of masonry walls, hence reducing the energy consumption of buildings.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"528 - 567"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77881213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensitivity analysis of the hygrothermal behaviour of homogeneous masonry constructions: Interior insulation, rainwater infiltration and hydrophobic treatment","authors":"Klaas Calle, N. Van Den Bossche","doi":"10.1177/17442591211009937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211009937","url":null,"abstract":"Historical masonry constructions are difficult to mimic in hygrothermal models. The material properties of the walls are often highly uncertain due to the natural origin of the aggregates and the various, manual production processes used through time. Therefore, sensitivity analyses based on probabilistic simulations are powerful tools to indicate the risks on damage in masonry constructions. Damage criteria for relevant pathologies such as frost damage, potential decay of wooden beam heads and mould growth at the interior surface are used. The assessment methods (Scatter plots, Classification trees and Sobol indices) are based on 1D Heat, Air and Moisture simulations, including realistic variations on climate parameters and wall properties. These methodologies are applied to probabilistic simulations in which a potential damage risk is expected in historic masonries. The application of interior insulation, the use of hydrophobic treatments, and the impact of potential water infiltrations through cracks are discussed. In most of these situations a high dependency of each of the damage criteria on the rain intensity, the trend of the moisture retention/liquid conductivity curve and the absorption coefficient is evident, but also additional insights are found. For example, the thermal impact of interior insulation is negligible compared to its reduction of the first phase drying potential towards the interior. For hydrophobic treatments, the risk for damage typically decreases, but in combination with a rain water infiltration rate above approximately 5% of the wind driven rain the risk on mould growth at the interior surface significantly increases.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":"510 - 538"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88078587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energy saving potential of phase change materials-enhanced building envelope considering the six Moroccan climate zones","authors":"Amal Louanate, R. Otmani, K. Kandoussi, M. Boutaous, Daya Abdelmajid","doi":"10.1177/17442591211006444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211006444","url":null,"abstract":"Phase change materials (PCMs) show a good capability in absorbing massive heat when undergoing phase change, which have great potential to be incorporated into building envelopes to enhance indoor thermal comfort by preventing heat penetration into buildings and reducing energy requirements. In this work, a deep analysis of PCM enhanced-walls model has been conducted in six representative climate regions of Morocco: El Jadida, Fez, Marrakesh, Ifrane, and Errachidia. More in detail, numerical simulations were carried out to assess the thermal behavior and energy performance of a residential building integrated with four different PCMs. The results showed that the effectiveness and selection of PCMs strongly depend on local weather where they are applied, characteristics of HVAC systems, PCM layer thickness, and position. Furthermore, with reference to each climate zone, the appropriate PCM leading to the lowest annual energy consumption was identified. The findings show that PCMs are particularly suitable for Mediterranean climates, which a promising annual energy saving of about 41% was obtained. While, the lowest value was recorded in Errachidia city reveals that the integration of PCM has little effect in desert climate zone. As for the other climates considered, values of about 28% to 31% were achieved in the studied house model.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"15 1","pages":"482 - 506"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87990816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical correlation for thermal resistance of 45° sloped-enclosed airspaces with upward heat flow for building applications","authors":"Hamed H Saber","doi":"10.1177/17442591211009922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591211009922","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Assessing the energy performance of building components with enclosed airspaces requires accurate determination of the thermal resistance (<i>R</i>-value) of the airspaces. The <i>R</i>-value of enclosed airspace depends on its size and orientation, direction of heat transfer through the airspace, and temperatures and emissivities of all surfaces that define the airspace. In previous studies, practical correlations were developed to determine the <i>R</i>-values for vertical enclosed airspaces, horizontal enclosed airspaces with upward heat flow and downward heat flow, and 30° and 45° sloped-enclosed airspaces with downward heat flow. However, to the authors’ best knowledge, there is no such practical correlations available to determine the R-values for wide ranges of dimensions and operating conditions for 30° and 45° sloped-enclosed airspaces with upward heat flow. This paper focused on the thermal performance of 45° sloped-enclosed airspaces with upward heat flow, and the predicted <i>R</i>-values were compared with the <i>R</i>-values provided in ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals at different conditions. The dependence of the <i>R</i>-value on the aspect ratio of the enclosed airspaces was also investigated. As well, considerations were given to quantify the potential increase in the <i>R</i>-value of enclosed airspace when a thin sheet having different values of emissivity on both sides was placed in the middle of the airspace. The results showed that depending on the value of the effective emittance and the thickness of the airspace, the <i>R</i>-value could be tripled by incorporating thin a sheet in the middle of the enclosed airspace. Finally, practical correlation were developed to determine the effective <i>R</i>-values of 45° sloped-enclosed airspaces with upward heat flow for wide ranges of aspect ratio, temperature difference across the airspace, mean temperature, and effective emittance. The results showed that the calculated <i>R</i>-values using this correlation were in good agreement with the predicted <i>R</i>-values.</p>","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138531400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLT construction without weather protection requires extensive moisture control","authors":"L. Olsson","doi":"10.1177/1744259121996388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1744259121996388","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how cross-laminated timber (CLT) constructions, including joints, connections and attachment points, are affected by precipitation during construction. The case studies are based on moisture content measurements and material sampling as well as microbiological analysis during the structure’s construction stage. The study does not include remediation control. The field measurements show microbiological growth in all buildings and almost all floor structures that were investigated. Of a total of 200 measuring points analysed, half had mould growth and around a third had moderate or extensive growth. The moisture content measurements for one of the locations with the largest percentage of elevated or high moisture content was at the top of the floor structure in the bottom gap between timbers in the CLT top layer. This is one example of several materials or construction components where there is limited possibility of dry out. Based on the outcome, it would appear difficult, or impossible, to avoid the appearance of microbial growth during construction with CLT without weather protection. Previous studies indicate that microbiological analysis of CLT is extremely rare in both laboratory and field studies, which implies that there are obvious shortcomings in the scientific work. The fact that mould growth is often invisible needs to be disseminated, especially in practical studies. However, there seems to be a good level of awareness in the literature that theoretical studies often conduct mould growth risk evaluations. There do not appear to be any moisture safety assembly methods or solutions for CLT construction that do not have weather protection or a declaration of the critical moisture conditions for CLT products.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":"121 1","pages":"5 - 35"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73465592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}