Journal of Building Physics最新文献

{"title":"A review of complex window-glazing systems for building energy saving and daylight comfort: Glazing technologies and their building performance prediction","authors":"Xue Li, Yupeng Wu","doi":"10.1177/17442591241269182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241269182","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing energy consumption and detrimental CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> emissions contributing to global warming underscore the urgent necessity for energy conservation, especially within buildings. Among different building components, fenestration plays a pivotal role as it accounts for the majority of heat transfer across the building envelope. This emphasises the significance of window-glazing technologies in enhancing their thermal performance. Furthermore, window-glazing systems can lead to overheating issues, particularly in summer, and glare issues, especially in winter. These challenges have spurred the development of various advanced glazing systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these advanced glazing technologies based on their functionalities and working principles, with a focus on parameters such as U-value, solar heat gain coefficient and visible transmittance. Among these technologies, vacuum and aerogel glazing systems exhibit superior thermal insulation properties, with U-values below 1 W/m<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> K, making them suitable for heating-dominated climates. Smart window systems, such as electrochromic windows, are ideal for cooling-dominated climates due to their low solar heat gain coefficient (0.09–0.47) and visible transmittance (0.02–0.62). Photovoltaic window systems not only provide effective thermal insulation and solar shading but also produce additional power for on-site use. Some of these glazing systems feature complex structures, which present challenges when integrating them into existing building simulation software to assess their impact on building performance. Therefore, this paper also examines techniques for conducting energy and daylight performance simulations for buildings that make use of complex window systems. Ultimately, the authors propose an approach to characterise the thermal, optical and electrical properties of a complex photovoltaic window system within existing building simulation software, such as EnergyPlus. This approach facilitates a thorough investigation into the effects of complex window systems on building energy efficiency and indoor comfort.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142251205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wind environment and pollutant dispersion around high-rise buildings with different void space structures","authors":"Linyu Meng, Botong Li, Xinhui Si, Chenguang Cao","doi":"10.1177/17442591241267815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241267815","url":null,"abstract":"In modern cities, the designs of high-rise buildings are no longer limited to a simple hexahedron. Void spaces emerge where designers add terraces into the building, setting up leisure areas, wind turbines, fresh air systems, etc. As void space structures have a significant impact on the wind environment and pollutant dispersion around high-rise buildings, this study conducts computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations on six high-rise building models with different void region structures. The findings show that both the position and size of void space structures have significant impacts on the wind environment and pollutant dispersion around high-rise buildings. A wall in the wind path in the void space can reduce the wind force and can lower the pollutant concentration on the leeward side. Therefore, it is deemed advisable to set up a leisure area or sky garden in the leeward of this layer of this structure. In addition, when the void space is located just in the middle of the void region layer, pollutants can easily accumulate on the leeward side. Therefore, a fresh air system should be installed at the leeward side to remove pollutants and wind turbines can be installed in voids with high wind speed to use wind power.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Definition, estimation and decoupling of the overall uncertainty of the outdoor air temperature measurement surrounding a building envelope","authors":"Catalina Giraldo-Soto, Aitor Erkoreka, Laurent Mora, Amaia Uriarte, Pablo Eguía-Oller, Christopher Gorse","doi":"10.1177/17442591241269195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241269195","url":null,"abstract":"Outdoor air temperature represents a fundamental physical variable that needs to be considered when characterising the energy behaviour of buildings and its subsystems. Research, for both simulation and monitoring, usually assumes that the outdoor air temperature is homogeneous around the building envelope, and when measured, it is common to have a unique measurement representing this hypothetical homogeneous outdoor air temperature. Furthermore, the uncertainty associated with this measurement (when given by the research study) is normally limited to the accuracy of the sensor given by the manufacturer. This research aims to define and quantify the overall uncertainty of this hypothetical homogeneous outdoor air temperature measurement. It is well known that there is considerable variability in outdoor air temperature around the building and measurements are dependent on the physical location of outdoor air temperature sensors. In this research work, this existing spatial variability has been defined as a random error of the hypothetical homogeneous outdoor air temperature measurement, which in turn has been defined as the average temperature of several sensors located randomly around the building envelope. Then, some of these random error sources which induce spatial variability would be the cardinal orientation of the sensor, the incidence of solar radiation, the outdoor air temperature stratification, the speed and variations of the wind and the shadows of neighbouring elements, among others. In addition, the uncertainty associated with the systematic errors of this hypothetical homogeneous outdoor air temperature measurement has been defined as the Temperature Sensor Uncertainty [Formula: see text] where this uncertainty is associated with the sensor’s accuracy. Based on these hypotheses, a detailed statistical procedure has been developed to estimate the overall Temperature Uncertainty [Formula: see text]) of this hypothetical homogeneous outdoor air temperature measurement and the Temperature Sensor Uncertainty [Formula: see text]. Finally, an uncertainty decoupling method has also been developed that permits the uncertainty associated with random errors (Temperature’s Spatial Uncertainty [Formula: see text]) to be estimated, based on [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] values. The method has been implemented for measuring the outdoor air temperature surrounding an in-use tertiary building envelope, for which an exterior monitoring system has been designed and randomly installed. The results show that the overall Temperature Uncertainty [Formula: see text] for the whole monitored period is equal to ±2.22°C. The most notable result is that the uncertainty associated with random errors of measurement (Temperature’s Spatial Uncertainty [Formula: see text]) represents more than 99% of the overall uncertainty; while the Temperature Sensor Uncertainty [Formula: see text], which is the one commonly used as the overall uncertainty for the ","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygrothermal risk assessment tool for brick walls in a changing climate","authors":"Kaat Janssens, Isabeau Vandemeulebroucke, Valentina Marincioni, Nathan Van Den Bossche","doi":"10.1177/17442591241266484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241266484","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the heritage value of historical buildings, external facades can often not be modified. Therefore, in heritage buildings interior insulation is often considered when undergoing an energy renovation. However, interior retrofitting drastically changes the hygrothermal behaviour of a wall and can potentially cause moisture-related problems. Besides an interior retrofit, a changing climate might also trigger some of these damage mechanisms as parameters such as temperature and precipitation will change over time. Hygrothermal models can provide relevant insights into the risk of deterioration associated with these damage phenomena. However, these Heat, Air and Moisture (HAM) tools are commercially available but rarely used in the building industry to study deterioration risks. Translating research into practical tools and guidelines is a challenge across the whole field of building renovation. This paper aims to tackle that challenge, by means of creating a hygrothermal risk assessment tool based on 48,384 HAM-simulations for the climate of Brussels, Belgium. Seven different performance criteria are addressed and discussed: freeze-thaw damage, mould growth, wood rot, corrosion, moisture accumulation, salt efflorescence and bio-colonisation. Subsequent to a sensitivity analysis, the study further explains how these results can be translated into practice, providing building practitioners the most suitable insights and recommendations. The development of an interactive web tool to assess hygrothermal risks is demonstrated and its use and benefits are further elaborated.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142176810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous heat, moisture, and salt transfer in porous building materials considering osmosis flow: Part 1: Theoretical modeling based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics","authors":"N. Takatori, Daisuke Ogura, S. Wakiya","doi":"10.1177/17442591241266835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241266835","url":null,"abstract":"Salt weathering is a common deterioration phenomenon that affects outdoor cultural properties, and it is important to precisely predict the heat, moisture, and salt transfer in porous materials to suppress salt weathering. Osmosis and osmotic pressure were considered in the field of soil research, especially in clay research, but not in the field of outdoor cultural properties and building materials, which are the main target of salt weathering. Osmosis in clay is supposed to be caused by its surface charge. However, it has been suggested that sandstones and bricks that constitute cultural properties and buildings also have surface charge as clay. Thus, osmosis and osmotic pressure can occur in building materials, which may lead to materials degradation. In this study, we derive basic equations, based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics, for the simultaneous heat, dry air, water vapor, liquid water, cation, and anion transfer in building materials by considering osmosis. This equation was compared with existing model for heat and moisture transfer equations as well as models that considered the salt transfer. Based on the previous research for osmosis in clay, we summarized conditions under which osmosis occurs in building materials and presented an outlook for modeling the physical properties of materials related to osmosis.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous heat, moisture, and salt transfer in porous building materials considering osmosis flow: Part 1: Theoretical modeling based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics","authors":"N. Takatori, Daisuke Ogura, S. Wakiya","doi":"10.1177/17442591241266835","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241266835","url":null,"abstract":"Salt weathering is a common deterioration phenomenon that affects outdoor cultural properties, and it is important to precisely predict the heat, moisture, and salt transfer in porous materials to suppress salt weathering. Osmosis and osmotic pressure were considered in the field of soil research, especially in clay research, but not in the field of outdoor cultural properties and building materials, which are the main target of salt weathering. Osmosis in clay is supposed to be caused by its surface charge. However, it has been suggested that sandstones and bricks that constitute cultural properties and buildings also have surface charge as clay. Thus, osmosis and osmotic pressure can occur in building materials, which may lead to materials degradation. In this study, we derive basic equations, based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics, for the simultaneous heat, dry air, water vapor, liquid water, cation, and anion transfer in building materials by considering osmosis. This equation was compared with existing model for heat and moisture transfer equations as well as models that considered the salt transfer. Based on the previous research for osmosis in clay, we summarized conditions under which osmosis occurs in building materials and presented an outlook for modeling the physical properties of materials related to osmosis.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141920066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hygrothermal assessment of three bio-based insulation systems for internal retrofitting solid masonry walls","authors":"N. Jensen, E. B. Møller, Kurt Kielsgaard Hansen, Carsten Rode","doi":"10.1177/17442591241265503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241265503","url":null,"abstract":"The present project investigated the hygrothermal performance and risk of mould growth in solid masonry walls retrofitted internally with three diffusion-open bio-based insulation materials (two loose-fill cellulose and one hemp fibre), installed in test containers with controlled indoor climate. Focus was on bio-based insulation materials, as these are upcoming due to necessary CO2 reductions and because the hygroscopic properties of bio-based materials are different from traditional insulation materials like mineral wool therefore, some manufacturers claim a vapour barrier is unnecessary, even in relatively cold climates. The project was a large experimental study in two reefer containers with reconfigured facades, in which solid masonry walls with embedded wooden elements were constructed. The study focused on the conditions in the masonry/insulation interface and in the embedded wooden elements. The effect of hydrophobization and different indoor moisture loads were also investigated. Moreover, the bio-based insulation systems were compared with a wall insulated with the traditional mineral wool and vapour barrier system. Relative humidity and temperature were measured at several locations in the test walls for 1 year and 9 months. Measurements show that exposed masonry walls retrofitted internally with diffusion-open bio-based insulation materials resulted in unacceptably high moisture levels (>80% RH over longer periods). Lower moisture levels were observed when the internal insulation was combined with hydrophobization against wind-driven rain, but unacceptably high moisture levels still occurred (60%–70% in summer and 95%–100% in winter in the interface). Hydrophobization reduced the moisture levels in the interface and embedded wooden elements only in walls facing southwest, which is the direction with the most wind-driven rain. Mould growth tests showed no growth in the interface in walls insulated with cellulose insulation (mycometer surface value <25). Meanwhile growth was found in all four walls insulated with hemp fibre matts (mycometer surface value >400).","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141928158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved mesoscopic meteorological modeling of the urban climate for building physics applications","authors":"Dominik Strebel, D. Derome, A. Kubilay, J. Carmeliet","doi":"10.1177/17442591241266553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241266553","url":null,"abstract":"Meteorological mesoscale models with different urban parametrization are used to predict the local urban climate at 250 m resolution. The authors propose a hybrid machine learning approach to improve the mesoscale prediction accuracy using measured air temperature data from a sensor network and remove simulation bias. The simulation of the urban climate of Zurich during a hot summer is used as case study showing the improvements of the simulation accuracy. Based on the hybrid model results, a cumulative heat exposure index is proposed to map local hotspots in the city and assess the difference of cooling loads between rural and urban environments. Furthermore, intra-urban microclimatic differences of a typical mid-latitude city are explored to highlight the benefits of detailed simulations for building physics purposes.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141926294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of building design strategies to enhance energy efficiency and thermal comfort: Case study in Morocco’s climate zones","authors":"A. Lachir, Abdelhamid Noufid","doi":"10.1177/17442591241266608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241266608","url":null,"abstract":"Energy efficiency in the context of building design is a significant concern in Morocco. This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of how various design variables can impact both energy consumption and thermal comfort in the Moroccan context. Rather than isolating individual design variables, we investigate synergistic combinations of these variables. To achieve this, we develop multiple building design scenarios, each employing different combinations of design options, focusing on building orientation, window-to-wall ratio, building envelope construction, and window shading. We use EnergyPlus to conduct energy simulations for all scenarios under the hypothesis of air-conditioned houses and free-running houses with and without natural ventilation. Our results reveal that building design has the potential to significantly enhance energy efficiency and thermal comfort, but not for the same design strategies. In comparison to the most energy-efficient design scenario, the least favorable design scenario can lead to an increase in energy consumption between 237% in Agadir and 130% in Ifrane. Meanwhile, design scenarios favoring comfort can increase the number of comfortable hours by 85% in Agadir and 59% in Ifrane. We identify optimal building design scenarios that simultaneously offer the highest comfort levels with the lowest energy requirements. The findings provide valuable guidance for architects, allowing them to design high-performance buildings in all climate zones in Morocco.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141929300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of machine learning methods for identifying the 15 CIE standard skies","authors":"Emmanuel I Aghimien, Danny HW Li, Ernest KW Tsang, Favour D Agbajor","doi":"10.1177/17442591241266836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17442591241266836","url":null,"abstract":"For energy-efficient building designs, the solar irradiance and daylight illuminance derived from the CIE standard skies are useful. Over time, the sky luminance distributions have been used to identify these standard skies, but these are sparingly measured. Thus, the use of available climatic variables has become a viable alternative. Nevertheless, it is necessary to determine if these climatic variables could correctly identify these skies. This study addresses the lack of luminance distribution measurement by classifying the standard skies using measured climatic data in Hong Kong. The classification approach was improved by using the machine learning (ML) method. For comparative analysis, five popular ML classification algorithms i.e., decision tree (DT), k-nearest neigbhour (KNN), light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) were used. The findings show that accuracies of 68.1, 73.1, 74.3, 74.5, and 75.4% were obtained for the DT, KNN, SVM, LGBM, and RF models, respectively. Similarly, the F1 scores were 66.6, 70.2, 71.8, 72.1 and 72.9%, for the DT, KNN, SVM, LGBM, and RF models. The result shows that the RF model gave the best performance while DT performed the least. Also, the obtained accuracies and F1 scores show that all models would classify the standard skies with reasonable accuracy. Furthermore, feature importance was done, and it was found that K<jats:sub>d</jats:sub>, T<jats:sub>v</jats:sub>, K<jats:sub>t</jats:sub>, α, sun, and cld are the most important input parameters for sky classification. Lastly, vertical solar irradiance ( G<jats:sub>VT</jats:sub>) and illuminance ( G<jats:sub>VL</jats:sub>) were estimated using the skies predicted by the proposed models. Upon predictions, it was observed that the G<jats:sub>VT</jats:sub> ranged from 14.7 to 24.6% while the G<jats:sub>VL</jats:sub> from 13.8 to 19.9%. Generally, most of the predictions were less than 20%, which shows good predictions were obtained from the models.","PeriodicalId":50249,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Building Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141945552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}