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The Impact of Structural Pattern Types on the Electrochemical Performance of Ultra-Thick NMC 622 Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries 结构图案类型对锂离子电池用超厚 NMC 622电极电化学性能的影响
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020058
P. Zhu, Benjamin Ebert, P. Smyrek, Wilhelm Pfleging
{"title":"The Impact of Structural Pattern Types on the Electrochemical Performance of Ultra-Thick NMC 622 Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"P. Zhu, Benjamin Ebert, P. Smyrek, Wilhelm Pfleging","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020058","url":null,"abstract":"An increase in the energy density on the cell level while maintaining a high power density can be realized by combining thick-film electrodes and the 3D battery concept. The effect of laser structuring using different pattern types on the electrochemical performance was studied. For this purpose, LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) thick-film cathodes were prepared with a PVDF binder and were afterward structured using ultrafast laser ablation. Eight different pattern types were realized, which are lines, grids, holes, hexagonal structures, and their respective combinations. In addition, the mass loss caused by laser ablation was kept the same regardless of the pattern type. The laser-structured electrodes were assembled in coin cells and subsequently electrochemically characterized. It was found that when discharging the cells for durations of less than 2 h, a significant, positive impact of laser patterning on the electrochemical cell performance was observed. For example, when discharging was performed for one hour, cells containing laser-patterned electrodes with different structure types exhibited a specific capacity increase of up to 70 mAh/g in contrast to the reference ones. Although cells with a hole-patterned electrode exhibited a minimum capacity increase in the rate capability analysis, the combination of holes with lines, grids, or hexagons led to further capacity increases. In addition, long-term cycle analyses demonstrated the benefits of laser patterning on the cell lifetime, while cyclic voltammetry highlighted an increase in the Li-ion diffusion kinetics in cells containing hexagonal-patterned electrodes.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139794098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of Structural Pattern Types on the Electrochemical Performance of Ultra-Thick NMC 622 Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries 结构图案类型对锂离子电池用超厚 NMC 622电极电化学性能的影响
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020058
P. Zhu, Benjamin Ebert, P. Smyrek, Wilhelm Pfleging
{"title":"The Impact of Structural Pattern Types on the Electrochemical Performance of Ultra-Thick NMC 622 Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries","authors":"P. Zhu, Benjamin Ebert, P. Smyrek, Wilhelm Pfleging","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020058","url":null,"abstract":"An increase in the energy density on the cell level while maintaining a high power density can be realized by combining thick-film electrodes and the 3D battery concept. The effect of laser structuring using different pattern types on the electrochemical performance was studied. For this purpose, LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC 622) thick-film cathodes were prepared with a PVDF binder and were afterward structured using ultrafast laser ablation. Eight different pattern types were realized, which are lines, grids, holes, hexagonal structures, and their respective combinations. In addition, the mass loss caused by laser ablation was kept the same regardless of the pattern type. The laser-structured electrodes were assembled in coin cells and subsequently electrochemically characterized. It was found that when discharging the cells for durations of less than 2 h, a significant, positive impact of laser patterning on the electrochemical cell performance was observed. For example, when discharging was performed for one hour, cells containing laser-patterned electrodes with different structure types exhibited a specific capacity increase of up to 70 mAh/g in contrast to the reference ones. Although cells with a hole-patterned electrode exhibited a minimum capacity increase in the rate capability analysis, the combination of holes with lines, grids, or hexagons led to further capacity increases. In addition, long-term cycle analyses demonstrated the benefits of laser patterning on the cell lifetime, while cyclic voltammetry highlighted an increase in the Li-ion diffusion kinetics in cells containing hexagonal-patterned electrodes.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"11 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139853720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Phosphorus-Containing Polymer Electrolytes for Li Batteries 用于锂电池的含磷聚合物电解质
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020056
N. Varan, P. Mergheş, N. Pleşu, L. Macarie, G. Ilia, V. Simulescu
{"title":"Phosphorus-Containing Polymer Electrolytes for Li Batteries","authors":"N. Varan, P. Mergheş, N. Pleşu, L. Macarie, G. Ilia, V. Simulescu","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020056","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion polymer batteries, also known as lithium-polymer, abbreviated Li-po, are one of the main research topics nowadays in the field of energy storage. This review focuses on the use of the phosphorus containing compounds in Li-po batteries, such as polyphosphonates and polyphosphazenes. Li-po batteries are mini-devices, capable of providing power for any portable gadget. From a constructive point of view, Li-po batteries contain an anode (carbon), a cathode (metal oxide), and a polymer electrolyte, which could be liquid electrolytes or solid electrolytes. In general, a divider is used to keep the anode and cathode from touching each other directly. Since liquid electrolytes have a generally high ionic conductivity, they are frequently employed in Li-ion batteries. In the last decade, the research in this field has also focused on solving safety issues, such as the leakage of electrolytes and risk of ignition due to volatile and flammable organic solvents. The research topics in the field of Li-po remain focused on solving safety problems and improving performance.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"2014 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139807162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the State of Usability for Lithium–Ion Batteries 锂离子电池的可用性现状
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020057
Christopher Wett, Jörg Lampe, Jan Haß, Thomas Seeger, Bugra Turan
{"title":"On the State of Usability for Lithium–Ion Batteries","authors":"Christopher Wett, Jörg Lampe, Jan Haß, Thomas Seeger, Bugra Turan","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020057","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium–ion batteries are well established as traction batteries for electric vehicles. This has led to a growing market for second-life batteries that can be used in applications like home energy storage systems. Moreover, the recyclability and safe handling of aged or damaged cells and packs has become more important. While there are several indicators, like state of health (SOH), state of power (SOP), or state of safety (SOS), which describe the state of a battery before its defined end of life (EOL), there is no consistent classification methodology by which to describe the usability of a cell or pack after its EOL is reached. The proposed state of usability (SOU) provides a new indicator that accounts for the usability for second life, recyclability, and possible required safety handling of a lithium–ion battery after its first intended life cycle. This work presents a decision tree method, which in turn leads to five discrete usability levels enabling a fast and rough determination of the SOU for practical use. Further, a calculation methodology for reasonable continuous regions of the SOU is proposed. Both methods are based on a literature-based rating of all of the relevant defect and aging mechanisms displayed in a risk matrix. Finally, some experimental methods that can be used for SOU determination are proposed. The developed methodology and the hands-on approach using a decision tree are well-suited for real world application in recycling companies and battery test laboratories.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139866574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On the State of Usability for Lithium–Ion Batteries 锂离子电池的可用性现状
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020057
Christopher Wett, Jörg Lampe, Jan Haß, Thomas Seeger, Bugra Turan
{"title":"On the State of Usability for Lithium–Ion Batteries","authors":"Christopher Wett, Jörg Lampe, Jan Haß, Thomas Seeger, Bugra Turan","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020057","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium–ion batteries are well established as traction batteries for electric vehicles. This has led to a growing market for second-life batteries that can be used in applications like home energy storage systems. Moreover, the recyclability and safe handling of aged or damaged cells and packs has become more important. While there are several indicators, like state of health (SOH), state of power (SOP), or state of safety (SOS), which describe the state of a battery before its defined end of life (EOL), there is no consistent classification methodology by which to describe the usability of a cell or pack after its EOL is reached. The proposed state of usability (SOU) provides a new indicator that accounts for the usability for second life, recyclability, and possible required safety handling of a lithium–ion battery after its first intended life cycle. This work presents a decision tree method, which in turn leads to five discrete usability levels enabling a fast and rough determination of the SOU for practical use. Further, a calculation methodology for reasonable continuous regions of the SOU is proposed. Both methods are based on a literature-based rating of all of the relevant defect and aging mechanisms displayed in a risk matrix. Finally, some experimental methods that can be used for SOU determination are proposed. The developed methodology and the hands-on approach using a decision tree are well-suited for real world application in recycling companies and battery test laboratories.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"156 20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139806644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Phosphorus-Containing Polymer Electrolytes for Li Batteries 用于锂电池的含磷聚合物电解质
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-04 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020056
N. Varan, P. Mergheş, N. Pleşu, L. Macarie, G. Ilia, V. Simulescu
{"title":"Phosphorus-Containing Polymer Electrolytes for Li Batteries","authors":"N. Varan, P. Mergheş, N. Pleşu, L. Macarie, G. Ilia, V. Simulescu","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020056","url":null,"abstract":"Lithium-ion polymer batteries, also known as lithium-polymer, abbreviated Li-po, are one of the main research topics nowadays in the field of energy storage. This review focuses on the use of the phosphorus containing compounds in Li-po batteries, such as polyphosphonates and polyphosphazenes. Li-po batteries are mini-devices, capable of providing power for any portable gadget. From a constructive point of view, Li-po batteries contain an anode (carbon), a cathode (metal oxide), and a polymer electrolyte, which could be liquid electrolytes or solid electrolytes. In general, a divider is used to keep the anode and cathode from touching each other directly. Since liquid electrolytes have a generally high ionic conductivity, they are frequently employed in Li-ion batteries. In the last decade, the research in this field has also focused on solving safety issues, such as the leakage of electrolytes and risk of ignition due to volatile and flammable organic solvents. The research topics in the field of Li-po remain focused on solving safety problems and improving performance.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"16 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139867123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of the Arrangement of the Cells/Modules of a Traction Battery on the Spread of Fire in Case of Thermal Runaway 牵引电池的电池/模块排列对热失控情况下火势蔓延的影响
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020055
Ana Olona, Luis Castejón
{"title":"Influence of the Arrangement of the Cells/Modules of a Traction Battery on the Spread of Fire in Case of Thermal Runaway","authors":"Ana Olona, Luis Castejón","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020055","url":null,"abstract":"When designing the battery of an electric vehicle, different parameters must be considered to obtain the safest arrangement of the battery/modules/cells from the mechanical and thermal points of view. In this study, the thermal runaway propagation mechanism of lithium-ion cells is analyzed as a function of their arrangement within a battery pack in case of a fire propagation of a battery pack in which a thermal runaway has occurred. The objective is to identify which cell/module arrangement is most critical within the battery pack, using microscopic analysis of the structure and chemical composition of the most damaged cells, both horizontally and vertically, of a battery belonging to a burnt vehicle. And their final condition was compared with the condition of new cells of the same type. In this way, the structure and chemical composition of the cathode, anode, and separator after thermal runaway were compared. This research was carried out to obtain information to understand the mechanical properties of lithium-ion cells and their behavior after thermal runaway heating leading to the propagation of a fire. Through the analysis carried out, it is concluded that cells placed in a vertical arrangement have worse behavior than cells in a horizontal arrangement. Regarding the safety of the battery, the results of this study will allow us to determine which arrangement and structure of the cells in the battery pack is safer against thermal runaway due to thermal failure.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"58 3-4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139868399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Influence of the Arrangement of the Cells/Modules of a Traction Battery on the Spread of Fire in Case of Thermal Runaway 牵引电池的电池/模块排列对热失控情况下火势蔓延的影响
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020055
Ana Olona, Luis Castejón
{"title":"Influence of the Arrangement of the Cells/Modules of a Traction Battery on the Spread of Fire in Case of Thermal Runaway","authors":"Ana Olona, Luis Castejón","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020055","url":null,"abstract":"When designing the battery of an electric vehicle, different parameters must be considered to obtain the safest arrangement of the battery/modules/cells from the mechanical and thermal points of view. In this study, the thermal runaway propagation mechanism of lithium-ion cells is analyzed as a function of their arrangement within a battery pack in case of a fire propagation of a battery pack in which a thermal runaway has occurred. The objective is to identify which cell/module arrangement is most critical within the battery pack, using microscopic analysis of the structure and chemical composition of the most damaged cells, both horizontally and vertically, of a battery belonging to a burnt vehicle. And their final condition was compared with the condition of new cells of the same type. In this way, the structure and chemical composition of the cathode, anode, and separator after thermal runaway were compared. This research was carried out to obtain information to understand the mechanical properties of lithium-ion cells and their behavior after thermal runaway heating leading to the propagation of a fire. Through the analysis carried out, it is concluded that cells placed in a vertical arrangement have worse behavior than cells in a horizontal arrangement. Regarding the safety of the battery, the results of this study will allow us to determine which arrangement and structure of the cells in the battery pack is safer against thermal runaway due to thermal failure.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"39 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139808656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tuning of Ionic Liquid–Solvent Electrolytes for High-Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Review 为高压电化学双电层电容器调谐离子液体-溶剂电解质：综述
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020054
Yan Wang, Kaiyuan Xue, Changzeng Yan, Yuehui Li, Xingyun Zhang, Kailimai Su, Pengjun Ma, Shanhong Wan, Junwei Lang
{"title":"Tuning of Ionic Liquid–Solvent Electrolytes for High-Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Review","authors":"Yan Wang, Kaiyuan Xue, Changzeng Yan, Yuehui Li, Xingyun Zhang, Kailimai Su, Pengjun Ma, Shanhong Wan, Junwei Lang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020054","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) possess extremely high-power density and a long cycle lifespan, but they have been long constrained by a low energy density. Since the electrochemical stability of electrolytes is essential to the operating voltage of EDLCs, and thus to their energy density, the tuning of electrolyte components towards a high-voltage window has been a research focus for a long time. Organic electrolytes based on ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as the most commercially promising owing to their moderate operating voltage and excellent conductivity. Despite impressive progress, the working voltage of IL–solvent electrolytes needs to be improved to meet the growing demand. In this review, the recent progress in the tuning of IL- based organic electrolyte components for higher-voltage EDLCs is comprehensively summarized and the advantages and limitations of these innovative components are outlined. Furthermore, future trends of IL–solvent electrolytes in this field are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"113 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139809541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tuning of Ionic Liquid–Solvent Electrolytes for High-Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Review 为高压电化学双电层电容器调谐离子液体-溶剂电解质：综述
Batteries Pub Date : 2024-02-02 DOI: 10.3390/batteries10020054
Yan Wang, Kaiyuan Xue, Changzeng Yan, Yuehui Li, Xingyun Zhang, Kailimai Su, Pengjun Ma, Shanhong Wan, Junwei Lang
{"title":"Tuning of Ionic Liquid–Solvent Electrolytes for High-Voltage Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors: A Review","authors":"Yan Wang, Kaiyuan Xue, Changzeng Yan, Yuehui Li, Xingyun Zhang, Kailimai Su, Pengjun Ma, Shanhong Wan, Junwei Lang","doi":"10.3390/batteries10020054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020054","url":null,"abstract":"Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) possess extremely high-power density and a long cycle lifespan, but they have been long constrained by a low energy density. Since the electrochemical stability of electrolytes is essential to the operating voltage of EDLCs, and thus to their energy density, the tuning of electrolyte components towards a high-voltage window has been a research focus for a long time. Organic electrolytes based on ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as the most commercially promising owing to their moderate operating voltage and excellent conductivity. Despite impressive progress, the working voltage of IL–solvent electrolytes needs to be improved to meet the growing demand. In this review, the recent progress in the tuning of IL- based organic electrolyte components for higher-voltage EDLCs is comprehensively summarized and the advantages and limitations of these innovative components are outlined. Furthermore, future trends of IL–solvent electrolytes in this field are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":502356,"journal":{"name":"Batteries","volume":"2 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139869383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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