Eye & Contact Lens最新文献

{"title":"The Effect of Rebamipide Ophthalmic Solution on Cytokine and Mucin Secretion in Culture of Conjunctival Epithelial Cells From the Cu, Zn-Superoxide Dismutase-1 (SOD-1) Knock-Down Mouse.","authors":"Mamoru Ogawa,&nbsp;Cem Simsek,&nbsp;Takashi Kojima,&nbsp;Taeko Nagata,&nbsp;Ayako Igarashi,&nbsp;Tetsuya Kawakita,&nbsp;Murat Dogru,&nbsp;Jun Shimazaki,&nbsp;Kazuo Tsubota","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000558","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the in vitro effects of 1-mM rebamipide ophthalmic solution on the expression of inflammatory cytokines and MUC5AC in Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) knock-down conjunctival epithelium.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Conjunctival epithelium from C57BL/6 wild-type mice was cultured and treated with rebamipide ophthalmic solution. Using cytometric bead array, we examined the levels of interleukin-(IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor, and IL-12p70 in the culture supernatants. The culture supernatants were obtained from the culture medium of nontreated or SOD-1 knock-down conjunctival epithelium using small interfering RNA (siRNA). In addition, ELISA was performed to ascertain the MUC5AC concentration in the culture medium.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After rebamipide ophthalmic solution was applied, IL-6 concentration in the supernatants of conjunctival epithelial cells treated with and without siRNA showed a significant timewise decrease from 0 to 24 hr (963±42 to 0.07±0.05 pg/mL and 932±168 to 2.2±0.05 pg/mL, respectively) (P<0.001). Compared with baseline values, MUC5AC concentrations significantly increased 24 hr after rebamipide application to the conjunctival cultures-both with and without SOD-1 siRNA treatment (P<0.05 in both cases).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Rebamipide seems to increase MUC5AC levels and suppress inflammation by decreasing IL-6 levels in mouse conjunctival epithelial cell cultures. SOD-1 siRNA-treated mouse conjunctival epithelial cell culture is a practical method for investigating changes in mucosa-associated mucins and proinflammatory cytokines in response to therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"93-98"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2019-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000558","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40447373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Altered Corneal Sensation in Patients With Chronic Migraine.","authors":"Veysel Aykut,&nbsp;Ahmet Elbay,&nbsp;Fehim Esen,&nbsp;Gulsen Kocaman,&nbsp;Emine Savran Elibol,&nbsp;Halit Oguz","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000553","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Migraine is a central sensitization disease characterized by recurrent unilateral headache. The aim of this study was to evaluate corneal sensitivity and associated findings in patients with migraine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we included 58 patients with migraine (52 female and 6 male, mean age: 32.98±8.51 years) and 30 healthy control subjects (27 females and 3 males, mean age: 35.29±8.00 years). Only patients who did not have any eye disease were included in this study. Corneal sensation was evaluated with Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer in five different regions of the cornea.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was no significant difference between the groups for age, sex, and visual acuity. Increased mean sensitivity of the nasal cornea in the patients with migraine was found (55.0 vs. 53.75 mm, P=0.020). There was no significant difference in mean sensitivity for central (57.5 vs. 55 mm, P=0.163), temporal (57.5 vs. 55 mm, P=0.066), superior (52.5 vs. 52.5 mm, P=0.551), and inferior cornea (48.75 vs. 47.5 mm, P=0.818), or mean overall sensation (54.0 vs. 52.75, P=0.14), although there was a trend toward increased sensitivity in the patients with migraine. Among the subgroup of patients with unilateral migraine, mean overall sensation (54.0 vs. 53.0 mm, P=0.049) and temporal sensation (57.5 vs. 55.0 mm, P=0.043) were increased on the affected side.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, we have demonstrated that patients with migraine have increased corneal sensation, especially in the cornea of the affected side. This finding supports the idea that corneal sensation is altered in patients with migraine.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"S400-S403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000553","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40534296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vision-Related Quality of Life in Iranian Patients With Keratoconus: National Eye Institute Vision Function Questionnaire-25.","authors":"Hamideh Mahdaviazad,&nbsp;Shahram Bamdad,&nbsp;Narges Roustaei,&nbsp;Sahar Mohaghegh","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Use of patient-reported outcomes to evaluate the impact of ocular conditions on quality of life (QoL) is rising. Hence, the aims of this study were to determine the impact of keratoconus on QoL, and assess the National Eye Institute of the United States Vision Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) performance in an Iranian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From November 2016 to June 2017, patients with keratoconus definitive diagnosis for more than one year who were being routinely followed at a cornea clinic were recruited. The NEI-VFQ-25 was administered during a face-to-face interview. Ocular examinations comprised best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was logged monocularly and binocularly, anterior segment biomicroscopy, refraction, and corneal topography. Keratoconus severity was graded based on steep keratometric (K) reading values. A group of 30 age- and sex-matched subjects with other ocular diseases (except keratoconus) were selected randomly from the cornea clinic. P<0.05 was considered as significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of participants was 28.7±7.6 years. The lowest NEI-VFQ subscale scores were related to ocular pain, general vision, mental health, and role difficulty. Almost all NEI-VFQ scores in patients were statistically significant less than mean score of the control group. Composite and all subscales NEI-VFQ scores were lower significantly among patients with higher disease duration (≥5 years). Among clinical data, patients with BCVA ≥0.5 in the better eye had significantly lower NEI-VFQ composite score. Severe keratoconus patients (steep K reading ≥52) had lower NEI-VFQ scores in mental health and dependency subscales (P<0.05). The overall and subscales Cronbach α was above 0.7.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Iranian patients with keratoconus had physical, emotional, and social impairment in QoL. The NEI-VFQ-25 might be applicable in further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"S350-S354"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40439945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of the Effectiveness of Multipurpose Solutions on the Bacterial Disinfection of Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses In Vitro.","authors":"Priscila C Correa,&nbsp;Aline C F Lui,&nbsp;Cely B Silva,&nbsp;Carolina P B Gracitelli,&nbsp;Lycia M Mimica,&nbsp;Suzethe M Sasagawa,&nbsp;Adamo L Netto","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To assess the antimicrobial effectiveness of multipurpose solutions in regard to the disinfection of silicone hydrogel contact lenses (CL) using a study of clinical bacterial isolates from ocular material.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three multipurpose solutions (solution A: polyhexamethylene biguanide 0.00025 g/100 mL; solution B: polyquaternary-1 0.001% and myristamidopropyl dimethylamine 0.0006%; and solution C: polyaminopropyl biguanide 0.00013% and polyquaternary 0.0001%) were used as a 3-phase disinfection on silicone hydrogel CL contaminated with bacteria from clinical isolates that were divided into five groups (group 1: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; group 2: Staphylococcus aureus; group 3: Staphylococcus epidermidis; group 4: Streptococcus spp; and group 5: enterobacteria).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No differences were observed between the 24- and 48-hr measurements in any of the samples, and the positivity of microorganisms in T0 was 100% for all solutions; it was 0% in T3. Therefore, only steps T1 (rubbing followed by rinsing) and T2 (rubbing followed by rinsing and immersion of CL into solution) were considered for analysis at the 24-hr measurement time. Throughout the phases, a decrease in the number of bacteria was observed, culminating in the elimination (no recovery) of all microorganisms in the three solutions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>At the end of the proposed process, the tested solutions were effective.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"S24-S28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000428","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39984364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 15-Year Review of Corneal Transplant in Brazil.","authors":"Hirlana Gomes Almeida,&nbsp;Newton Kara-José,&nbsp;Richard Yudi Hida,&nbsp;Newton Kara-Junior","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000554","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To analyze 15-year of corneal transplant in Brazil.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional, retrospective, observational, and analytical study, between available data from the Brazilian Transplant Registry (January 2002-December 2016), collected by the Brazilian Association of Organ Transplantation was performed. The variables analyzed per year were number of corneal transplants, corneal transplants per million people (pmp), corneal transplant teams, and individuals on the waiting list for corneal transplants. Quantitative variables were expressed by their respective values. To verify the relationship of time with the variables, the Spearman correlation test was applied, adopting P<0.05 for rejection of the null hypothesis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evaluation of the data from 2002 to 2016 revealed an increase in number of (1) corneal transplants (4,976-14,534-approximately 292% in 15 years; P<0.0001); (2) corneal transplants pmp (29.4-71.1 pmp; P<0.0001); (3) productivity of corneal transplants teams (40.1-79 transplants by each team per year; P=0.067); (4) effectiveness in meeting the Brazilian population demand for corneal transplants per year (18.2%-57.0%; P<0.0001); (5) potential donors (P<0.0001), effective donors (P<0.0001), and nondonors (P<0.0001). There was a reduction in the number of patients on the waiting list (19,189-10,923; P=0.056).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Despite the progress in the last decade, the number of corneal transplants in Brazil cannot meet the growing population demand. Thus, this study suggests the implementation of more effective public policies of corneal transplants in Brazil, to minimize disparities in national territory, adequately meet the population demand, and reduce the time in waiting lists for corneal transplants.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"S376-S381"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000554","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40556774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food and Drug Administration Efforts to Mitigate Contact Lens Discomfort.","authors":"Denise Hampton,&nbsp;Joffre Angelo Green,&nbsp;Marc Robboy,&nbsp;Malvina Eydelman","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000324","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The premarket review of contact lenses and accessories by the FDA involves the assessment of nonclinical and clinical information in support of clearance or approval of marketing applications. The review process for these medical devices, including attributes, which may contribute to comfort for lens wearers, is summarized, as are mechanisms by which FDA continues to assess and improve recommendations through the review process and through collaboration with external entities.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"2-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000324","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39982252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye disease among a hospital-based population in southeast China.","authors":"Jinyang Li,&nbsp;Ke Zheng,&nbsp;Zifeng Deng,&nbsp;Jingwei Zheng,&nbsp;Huixiang Ma,&nbsp;Li Sun,&nbsp;Wei Chen","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and distribution of associated risk factors among a hospital-based population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, we collected detailed information of clinically defined moderate-to-severe patients with dry eye among a consecutive hospital-based population, including age trend, gender structure, frequency of symptoms, and distribution of associated environmental/occupational risk factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 6,657 consecutive outpatients aged older than 20 years, symptomatic dry eye presented in 635 subjects (9.54%). Five hundred thirty-two of these 635 subjects (7.99%) were clinically diagnosed as defined DED that combined with positive signs. Women (10.41%) were significantly higher than men (5.21%) (P<0.001). Overexposure to visual display terminal was a major risk factor for DED among young men and women (56.2%). Our study also found occupational conditions with the risk of exposure to adverse environment made up over half of all 532 patients with dry eye. The use of contact lenses was closely associated with DED in young women, and history of ocular surgeries might be another factor associated with DED in old people. One hundred sixty-three of 371 female patients with dry eye (43.9%) were associated with hormonal changes. The incidence of meibomian gland dysfunction-related DED increased gradually with age. There were only 10 patients with dry eye (1.9%) associated with Sjögren syndrome, and all of them were women.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Environmental and occupational factors were strongly associated with DED and constituted the major proportion in a hospital-based population. A classification of DED based on the distribution of risk factors was recommended for clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"44-50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32678206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Latest food and drug administration's efforts to improve safe contact lens use.","authors":"Denise Hampton,&nbsp;Michelle E Tarver,&nbsp;Malvina B Eydelman","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000117","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32930459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in ultraviolet transmittance of hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lenses induced by wear.","authors":"Arthur Shedden,&nbsp;Brian Pall","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0000000000000082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000082","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: We acknowledge recent work by Osuagwu et al. to evaluate the ultraviolet (UV) radiation transmittance spectra of different contact lenses and subsequent calculation of a theoretical ocular “protection factor” as the inverse of the transmittance of lens material (1/Tl), where T is the percentage transmittance of UV radiation in a given waveband (UVC, UVB, or UVA) of the UV spectrum for contact lenses. However, we have a public health concern that those less familiar with the science of ultraviolet radiation may be misled by the protection factor concept as proposed in this publication. For example, Table 4 in their publication reports that Air Optix for astigmatism has the highest transmittance of UVB (55.1%) and UVA (65.9%) of the silicone hydrogel contact lenses tested, yet has the highest “protection factor” as displayed in Figure 3. Another example of potentially misleading information is that the proposed protection factor accounts for wavelengths in the UVC spectra, but it is widely reported that UVC is fully absorbed in the upper atmosphere. The authors state that “all lenses also met the ANSI standard of less than 30% transmittance of UVA”; however, this is not consistent with the current version of ANSI Z80.20, which specifies class 2 transmittance of UVA radiation of less than 50%. Also, as the measured transmission of UV radiation through a contact lens is highly dependent on the thickness profile of the lens, it would be important to know how the variability of lens thickness was either controlled for or corrected for, given that both spherical and toric lenses were assessed. Some clarifications in the data as presented may also be warranted. The authors should clarify which specific Freshlook product was included in their research. Table 1 lists Freshlook Spherical lenses (phemfilcon A, 55% water), which contains a UV radiation-blocking monomer, but the text repeatedly refers to the use of FreshLook OneDay, which is a different material (nelfilcon A, 69% water) that does not contain a UV radiation blocker. Additionally, we noted that the first three comparison results presented in Table 2 show identical data, and we suspect that this may be an inadvertent error. We are highly supportive of all research that furthers the science and understanding around UV radiation; however, the ocular protection concept and data as presented may cause confusion. On the specific point where the publication reports that Air Optix for astigmatism has the highest transmittance of UVB (55.1%) and UVA (65.9%) of the silicone hydrogel contact lenses tested, yet has the highest “protection factor” as displayed in Figure 3, we would encourage the authors to further educate the readership of this publication as to the methodology used to conclude those findings.","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0000000000000082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32930462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of corneal decompensation 4 decades after Sputnik intraocular lens implantation.","authors":"Nashila Hirji,&nbsp;Mayank A Nanavaty","doi":"10.1097/ICL.0b013e31829e8f03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31829e8f03","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We report an unusual case of corneal decompensation occurring four decades after complicated cataract extraction with implantation of a Sputnik intraocular lens (IOL) and highlight the clinical and practical issues faced in managing corneal decompensation with a Sputnik IOL.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A 72-year-old woman presented with deterioration of the vision in her left eye, four decades after intracapsular cataract extraction with Sputnik IOL implantation. Ocular examination revealed diffuse corneal edema and thickened vitreous strands in the anterior chamber. Her best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worsened to 6/60 within 3 months. Anterior vitrectomy and inferior iridectomy combined with Desçemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The procedure was successful, with the patient achieving best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6 at 8 months postoperatively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Corneal decompensation after Sputnik IOL implantation can occur four decades later. When the historical preoperative visual acuity is good in such cases, careful anterior vitrectomy with Desçemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty provides good visual rehabilitation.</p>","PeriodicalId":502139,"journal":{"name":"Eye & Contact Lens","volume":" ","pages":"e1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1097/ICL.0b013e31829e8f03","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31796957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}