Journal of Fire Protection Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Resisting Collapse of Steel-faced Sandwich Panel Walls and Ceilings Exposed to Fire:","authors":"G. Cooke","doi":"10.1177/1042391508087839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391508087839","url":null,"abstract":"This article deals with the overall structural stability of sandwich panels used as ceilings and fire walls when exposed to fire on one side. Only panels with flat steel faces are considered. Simple mechanisms of instability are described, load actions are quantified, and practical design guidance is given to ensure stability i.e., resistance to overall collapse. The analysis for ceilings assumes that, after delamination of the fire exposed steel face due to softening of the adhesive, the panel faces act as catenaries, and calculations are made of mid-span deflection and the catenary force needed to resist collapse. This method is being considered in the work of European committee CEN TC 127 with regard to the development of rules for extended applications for construction products. The analysis for internal fire walls takes account of wind pressure. The importance of achieving adequate panel-end restraint is demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"275-290"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391508087839","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Fire on the Residual Mechanical Properties and Structural Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams","authors":"J. Hsu, C. Lin","doi":"10.1177/1042391507077171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507077171","url":null,"abstract":"This article relates to how fire affects residual mechanical properties and structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) beams by combining thermal and structural analyses. Thermal analysis incorporates the finite difference method to model the temperature distribution in a RC beam subjected to heat transfer typical of that in a fire. Using the lumped method, structural analysis is performed to calculate the residual mechanical properties (bending moment, shear strength, and elastic modulus) of RC beams after fire exposure. As no two fires are the same, this novel scheme for predicting residual mechanical properties of fire-exposed RC beams is highly promising in that it eliminates the extensive testing otherwise required when determining fire ratings for structural assemblies.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"245-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391507077171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65323611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the representation of merging behavior at the floor–stair interface in computer simulations of multi-floor building evacuations","authors":"E. Galea, G. Sharp, P. Lawrence","doi":"10.1177/1042391508095092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391508095092","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, the representation of the merging process at the floor- stair interface is examined within a comprehensive evacuation model and trends found in experimental data are compared with model predictions. The analysis suggests that the representation of floor-stair merging within the comprehensive model appears to be consistent with trends observed within several published experiments of the merging process. In particular: (a) The floor flow rate onto the stairs decreases as the stair population density increases. (b) For a given stair population density, the floor population's flow rate onto the stairs can be maximized by connecting the floor to the landing adjacent to the incoming stair. (c) In situations where the floor is connected adjacent to the incoming stair, the merging process appears to be biased in favor of the floor population. It is further conjectured that when the floor is connected opposite the incoming stair, the merging process between the stair and floor streams is almost in balance for high stair population densities, with a slight bias in favor of the floor stream at low population densities. A key practical finding of this analysis is that the speed at which a floor can be emptied onto a stair can be enhanced simply by connecting the floor to the landing at a location adjacent to the incoming stair rather than opposite the stair. Configuring the stair in this way, while reducing the floor emptying time, results in a corresponding decrease in the descent flow rate of those already on the stairs. While this is expected to have a negligible impact on the overall time to evacuate the building, the evacuation time for those higher up in the building is extended while those on the lower flows is reduced. It is thus suggested that in high-rise buildings, floors should be connected to the landing on the opposite side to the incoming stair. Information of this type will allow engineers to better design stair-floor interfaces to meet specific design objectives.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"291-316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391508095092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Performance of Emergency Ventilation Strategies in the Event of Fires in a Road Tunnel — A Case Study","authors":"A. Kashef, N. Bénichou","doi":"10.1177/1042391507080812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507080812","url":null,"abstract":"A study has been conducted at the National Research Council of Canada to evaluate the effectiveness of in-place emergency ventilation strategies to control smoke spread in the event of a fire in the Louis-Hippolyte-La Fontaine road tunnel. Some of these strategies date back to the design of the tunnel in 1964. Following a recent fire, the operating instructions have been revised. A scientific-based numerical and experimental evaluation of these operating instructions is the main objective of this paper. The numerical evaluation uses the fire dynamics simulator (FDS) model to investigate smoke ventilation in tunnels. The experimental evaluation is used to provide the necessary initial and boundary conditions for the numerical solutions. A parametric study is performed, using the FDS model, assuming a heat source of 20 MW in the tunnel. Two fire scenarios, deemed to cover the two main situations likely to occur in the tunnel, are simulated. The parameters examined are the capacity of ventilation fans and th...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"165-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391507080812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scale Modeling of Compartment Fires for Structural Fire Testing","authors":"Ming Wang, J. Perricone, P. Chang, J. Quintiere","doi":"10.1177/1042391508093337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391508093337","url":null,"abstract":"Current design for fire protection subjects an individual structural element to a standard temperature profile that is meant to ensure the element's load-carrying capacity for a predetermined period of time during a fire. While this approach satisfies the structural component's fire resistance requirement, it does not provide an understanding of the behavior of the structure in a fire. To fully understand a structure's behavior in a fire, a full-scale fire experiment is necessary. Scaled experiments offer an economical alternative to full-scale fire experiments. This paper discusses a method for scaling a compartment fire by using the laws of similitude. The profiles of hot gas temperature versus time in such a reduced-scale compartment will be similar to those in a full-scale compartment, which is a necessary condition for conducting reduced-scale structural fire testing. Experimental verification at two different scales are performed to show the validity of the proposed approach. It has been shown that ...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"223-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391508093337","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of the CFAST Zone Model to Ships — Fire Specification Parameters:","authors":"J. B. Hoover","doi":"10.1177/1042391508091342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391508091342","url":null,"abstract":"An analysis of the sensitivity of the Consolidated Fire and Smoke Transport model to several key fire specification parameters has been performed for this paper. Results of simulations of shipboard fires are compared with data from full-scale experiments. It was found that reasonable estimates of the fire inputs, with the exception of the smoke and carbon monoxide production parameters, could be obtained from literature values. The soot parameter was found to be critical for accurate temperature predictions, especially in the upper layer.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"199-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391508091342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approximating the evacuation of the World Trade Center North Tower using computer simulation","authors":"E. Galea, G. Sharp, P. Lawrence, R. Holden","doi":"10.1177/1042391507079343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507079343","url":null,"abstract":"This article concerns an investigation of the full scale evacuation of a building with a configuration similar to that of the World Trade Center (WTC) North Tower using computer simulation. A range of evacuation scenarios is explored in order to better understand the evacuation of the WTC on 11 September 2001. The analysis makes use of response time data derived from a study of published WTC survivor accounts. Geometric details of the building are obtained from architects' plans while the total building population used in the scenarios is based on estimates produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology formal investigation into the evacuation. This paper attempts to approximate the events of 11 September 2001 and pursue several `what if' questions concerning the evacuation. In particular, the study explores the likely outcome had a single staircase survived intact from top to bottom. More generally, this paper explores issues associated with the practical limits of building size that can be expected to be efficiently evacuated using stairs alone.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"85-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391507079343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65323790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting Fire Resistance Performance of Drywall Construction Exposed to Parametric Design Fires — A Review:","authors":"Jonathan Nyman, Hans Gerlich, C. Wade, A. Buchanan","doi":"10.1177/1042391507080811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507080811","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes validation of a cumulative radiant energy method for predicting the time to failure of non load-bearing drywall construction exposed to realistic parametric fires. The validation uses full-scale compartment fire tests and analytical calculations. Three compartment fire tests are carried out in a room 3.6m by 2.4m with different arrangements of fuel load and ventilation, with walls and ceilings constructed from assemblies which have been previously tested in standard fire resistance tests. The analytical calculations use a finite difference heat transfer model developed for predicting the fire performance of cavity construction, in combination with a number of Eurocode parametric fires. We conclude that the cumulative radiant energy method can be used as a valid tool for prediction of insulation failure times of drywall assemblies, during the period of fire exposure where heat transfer is predominantly by radiation. This includes the growth period to flashover, the period of sustained ...","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"117-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391507080811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experience with Fire Suppression Installations for Wood Churches in Sweden","authors":"M. Arvidson","doi":"10.1177/1042391507086431","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507086431","url":null,"abstract":"During the last 100 years, approximately one church per year has been destroyed by fire in Sweden. When a church is lost to fire, invaluable artifacts vanish, both material and immaterial. Churches are important symbols and the cultural-historical value is in most cases very high. The installation of a fire suppression system is often the best measure for improving fire protection. This paper summarizes lessons learned and practical experience from some of the fire suppression installations made in small or intermediate sized wood churches in Sweden during recent years.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"18 1","pages":"141-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391507086431","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrosion of Electronic Components by Hydrogen Fluoride","authors":"A. Kim, G. Crampton","doi":"10.1177/1042391507080810","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1042391507080810","url":null,"abstract":"Generation of hydrogen fluoride (HF) from fire suppression by some gaseous agents is a major concern, because HF causes corrosion. Without proper precautions, the HF corrosion damage to some electronic facilities can be significant. A study has been carried out to evaluate the corrosion effect of HF on electronic equipment. This article describes details of the corrosion study in terms of test results from corrosion damage assessments. Test results show that surface corrosion on the electronic boards is visible when the test specimen is exposed to HF concentrations above 1000 ppm for 1 h. Test results also show that a video card with many attached components is much more vulnerable to HF corrosion damage than other test boards. The functionality of the video card is affected even at a relatively low HF concentration of 500 ppm.","PeriodicalId":50192,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fire Protection Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":"55-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1042391507080810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65324088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}