Population Studies最新文献

{"title":"Forgone income and motherhood: What do recent British data tell u?","authors":"Hugh Davies,&nbsp;Heather Joshi,&nbsp;Romana Peronaci","doi":"10.1080/713779094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713779094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Children affect women s opportunities in the labour markets of most advanced countries in three ways: an immediate effect on employment, and effects on longer term earning power and pension coverage. This paper quantifies these impacts on women s lifetime income for hypothetical illustrative British cases. New results, based on data collected during the 1990s, are compared with estimates from 1980. Although childrearing and employment have increasingly been combined over the period, the estimated loss of gross earnings associated with motherhood remains substantial. It still amounts to around half potential earnings post childbirth for less qualified sections of the British female labour force, but has become smaller for highly qualified women. The paper examines the effect of the tax/benefit system on the costs, and makes some assumptions about the distribution of net costs between mothers and fathers. It also shows how far motherhood jeopardizes financial security in old age, particularly for the least qualified.</p>","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"293-305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713779094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34983133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comment on \"Recent European fertility patterns: Fitting curves to distorted distributions\" by T. Chandola, D. A. Coleman and R. W. Hiorns.","authors":"Jos Antonio Ortega Osona,&nbsp;Hans-Peter Kohler","doi":"10.1080/713779092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713779092","url":null,"abstract":"We see that in this case the intuition of Chandola et al. (1999: 326) of a correspondence between ab/c and the modal age is unwarranted. As a matter of fact it is even counter intuitive. The a parameter is just an intensity parameter which should not affect the modal age. This is also shown by the analytical solution. The c parameter reflects mean age at childbearing, and there should be a direct relationship between mean and modal ages, as the analytical solution shows. Surprisingly, the formula of Chandola et al. suggests an inverse relationship. We do not know whether their result is erroneous or is the outcome of the covariance between the estimated parameters. What interpretation can then be given to the b parameter? The simplest interpretation comes from the analytical variance of the fertility schedule, σ2, which is given by:","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"347-349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713779092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34983134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intergenerational exchanges in Vietnam: Family size, sex composition, and the location of children.","authors":"John Knodel,&nbsp;Jed Friedman,&nbsp;Truong Si Anh,&nbsp;Bui The Cuong","doi":"10.1080/713779067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713779067","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines variations in intergenerational support by family size, family composition, and location of children in Vietnam. Results from two regional surveys confirm the central role of children in assisting elderly parents but relationships with family size depend on the type of support considered. Co-residence with married children varies little with family size but incidence of material support, and the numbers providing it, increases with the number of children. Non-co-resident sons and daughters differ minimally in providing material and social support. In the north, co-residence with married children is limited largely to sons while in the south more flexibility is evident. While having a son increases the chance of co-residence, having more than one son has no additional effect. Although future elderly will have smaller family sizes this is unlikely to have a major adverse impact on their well-being except possibly for northern elders without sons.","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"89-104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713779067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34983137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social inequalities in cancer survival.","authors":"Øystein Kravdal","doi":"10.1080/713779066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713779066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Social differentials in survival from twelve common types of cancer were assessed by estimating a mixed additive-multiplicative hazard model on the basis of individual register and census data for the whole Norwegian population. The excess all-cause mortality among cancer patients compared with similar persons without a cancer diagnosis was significantly related to education, occupation, and income. Excess mortality was, on the whole, about 15 per cent lower for men or women who had completed a post-secondary education than for those with only compulsory schooling, taking into account age, period and registered differences in tumour characteristics and stage at the time of diagnosis. The data do not provide clear indications of whether differences in host factors, such as co-morbidities and immune functions, or differences in treatment and care are primarily responsible for these inequalities in cancer survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713779066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34983138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of marriage change in Chinese rural society in transition: A study of a northern Chinese village.","authors":"Weiguo Zhang","doi":"10.1080/713779064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713779064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This analysis uses data from an intensive village study to investigate the impacts of institutional reforms on marriage in rural China. The study finds that age at marriage has been declining significantly both for men and women. The 'exchange marriage' and the 'mercenary marriage' have re-emerged. An increasing proportion of marriages occur between men and women in nearby villages, though there is no significant increase in village endogamy. Both bride price and dowry have increased significantly, and the ratio of value of dowry to bride price has undergone a dramatic equalization. The young, including young women, have much more decision making power regarding their marriages. Changes in marriage are the consequences of both change in the socio-economic environment brought about by deliberate rural reforms, and strategic or tactical responses of rural Chinese to the rapidly changing context in which they live and work.</p>","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"57-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713779064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34982533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A reply to J. Antonio Ortega Osona and H-P Kohler.","authors":"T Chandola,&nbsp;D A Coleman,&nbsp;R W Hiorns","doi":"10.1080/713779095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/713779095","url":null,"abstract":"interesting cases of ‘distorted’ distributions where these identities did not hold true, as illustrated for example in our Figure 11a. The authors claim that we have omitted one parameter by mistake in our parameterization of the mixture model. This omission was a necessary step. It was taken in order to remove a redundancy and achieve a parsimonious model, which proved effective for the populations we were considering. Indeed, there may be good reasons why the component populations in a mixture in particular populations should not differ in total fertility. Nevertheless, we have been aware for some time that there is some advantage in considering a more general model with an additional parameter for other populations. Our work on this will be the subject of a future report. The authors are in error in their assertion about our use of the modal age. On page 326 of our paper we did not state that there was a correspondence between ab/c and the modal age. It is clear from the title and legend of our Figure 10 on page 326, and from the text, that the correspondence to which we referred was not with modal age but with the value of the age-specific fertility rate at the mode. Indeed in their first paragraph the authors explicitly state this and quote us correctly as showing a high correlation between ab/c and the modal age-specific fertility rate.","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/713779095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34983132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographic Research in Britain 1936-1986.","authors":"E Grebenik","doi":"10.1080/0032472031000145876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145876","url":null,"abstract":"Any discussion of developments in demographic research in Britain during the last 50 years must begin with an account of the state of the art during the 1930s if the preoccupations of research workers and the availability of resources at the beginning of the period are to be fully understood. For most of the nineteenth century the main focus of interest in population studies was on mortality. This is not surprising, because at that time mortality was regarded as the principal factor which determined the growth of population. Much more information was collected at the registration of a death than at that of a birth or a marriage. William Farr, the creator of our system of vital statistics, was primarily interested in mortality. In Humphreys's edition of Farr's collected writings1, 20 pages are devoted to marriage, 23 to births, and no fewer than 396 to mortality and life tables. Farr and his successors provided Britain with one of the most comprehensive systems of mortality statistics at the time. His studies of the relation between mortality and social factors, and the work of his successors on occupational mortality and on differences between the mortality of different social classes made Britain the leading country for research on this subject. Techniques of mortality measurement and life table construction had been perfected by the end of the nineteenth century, and although improvements in medicine resulted in more accurate statistics of causes of death being collected, the development of mortality during the nineteenth century was reasonably well documented and understood. By contrast, much less was known about marriage or fertility. Between the beginnings of vital registration in 1837, and the Population (Statistics) Act of 1938, practically the only information collected at the registration of a birth was that relating to the rank or occupation of the father. And, whereas in the study of mortality, the modern demographer's armamentarium of techniques, such as standardization and life table methods, was well developed, the analysis of births and fertility tended to be carried on in terms of crude birth rates only, until well into the present century. By the end of the century, however, those concerned with population began to take a much greater interest in fertility. The crude birth rate had begun to fall during the 1870s, and discoveries in the biology of heredity resulted in the emergence of the eugenic movement and a preoccupation with the quality as well as the quantity of the population. In an extremely percipient paper published in 18952, the economist Edwin Cannan pointed out that population growth in England and Wales might well cease during the twentieth century, an abrupt change from the previous century when a continuously increasing population was regarded as being almost a law of nature. Concern about population quality was intensified by disquiet about immigration from Eastern Europe, whose inhabitants were believed to be of ","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"3-30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0032472031000145876","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34946557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Problem of Fertility 1936-1986.","authors":"Maurice Kirk","doi":"10.1080/0032472031000145886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145886","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"31-48"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0032472031000145886","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34946552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Birth Control Practice in Great Britain: A Review of the Evidence from Cross-Sectional Surveys.","authors":"C M Langford","doi":"10.1080/0032472031000145896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145896","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"49-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0032472031000145896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34946556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unemployment: Family Circumstances and Childhood Correlates Among Young People in Britain.","authors":"Oriel Sullivan,&nbsp;Jane Falkingham","doi":"10.1080/0032472031000145926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000145926","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":501679,"journal":{"name":"Population Studies","volume":" ","pages":"115-132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"1991-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/0032472031000145926","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34946564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}