medRxiv - Anesthesia最新文献

{"title":"Preoperative activation of the Renin–Angiotensin system and myocardial injury in noncardiac surgery: Post Hoc Analysis of the SPACE randomised controlled Trial","authors":"Ana Gutierrez del Arroyo, Tom. E. F. Abbott, Akshaykumar Patel, Salma Begum, Priyanthi Dias, David Brealey, Rupert M. Pearse, Vikas Kapil, Gareth L. Ackland, the SPACE trial investigators","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.22.24304763","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.22.24304763","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Background</strong> Hypertension therapy in older adults is often suboptimal, in part due to inadequate suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). We hypothesised that distinct endotypes of RAAS activation before noncardiac surgery are associated with increased risk of myocardial injury.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140312007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A signal processing tool for extracting features from arterial blood pressure and photoplethysmography waveforms","authors":"Ravi Pal, Akos Rudas, Kim Sungsoo, Jeffrey Chiang, Maxime Cannesson","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.14.24304307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.14.24304307","url":null,"abstract":"Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms contain valuable clinical information and play a crucial role in cardiovascular health monitoring, medical research, and managing medical conditions. The features extracted from PPG waveforms have various clinical applications ranging from blood pressure monitoring to nociception monitoring, while features from ABP waveforms can be used to calculate cardiac output and predict hypertension or hypotension. In recent years, many machine learning models have been proposed to utilize both PPG and ABP waveform features for these healthcare applications. However, the lack of standardized tools for extracting features from these waveforms could potentially affect their clinical effectiveness. In this paper, we propose an automatic signal processing tool for extracting features from ABP and PPG waveforms. Additionally, we generated a PPG feature library from a large perioperative dataset comprising 17,327 patients using the proposed tool. This PPG feature library can be used to explore the potential of these extracted features to develop machine learning models for non-invasive blood pressure estimation.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140149128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced and more advanced revascularization in STEMI patients: which is better?","authors":"Yahui Li, Chunxia Zhao, Ling Zhou, Xindi Yue, Dao Wen Wang, Feng Wang","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.11.24304135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.11.24304135","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To compare the long-term prognosis of patients who experienced acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and underwent either late percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within a period of 2 days to less than 1 week or more advanced PCI within 1 week to less than 1 month. Methods We enrolled 198 patients from Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, between June 2019 and August 2022. These patients had experienced acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and underwent either late PCI or more advanced PCI. Long-term follow-up was conducted through outpatient clinic visits or telephone interviews. The study endpoints included all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and New York Heart Association class IV heart failure. We utilized the Kaplan-Meier method to illustrate the cumulative incidence of endpoint events in both patient groups. Statistical significance in survival differences was assessed using the log-rank test. Additionally, the Cox proportional risk model was employed to analyze whether the timing of late revascularization procedures had an impact on the long-term prognosis of the patients. Results Among the 198 patients included in the study, 108 underwent late PCI, while 90 underwent more advanced PCI. The majority were male (73.74%), with an average age of 62 ± 13 years. The follow-up period averaged 20 (15, 28) months, and all patients successfully completed the follow-up process. Analysis based on the Kaplan-Meier method revealed that the incidence of all-cause death [11.1% vs. 5.6%, P=0.165], nonfatal myocardial infarction [7.4% vs. 7.8%, P=0.922], New York Heart Association class IV heart failure [2.8% vs. 3.3%, P&gt;0.999], and the composite endpoint [18.5% vs. 14.4%, P=0.444] were not statistically significant between the late PCI and more advanced PCI groups. After adjusting for factors like left ventricular ejection fraction, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, ?-blockers, and statins, the results still indicated no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of rates for all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction, New York Heart Association class IV heart failure, and composite endpoints (P=0.05). Conclusion This study's 20 (15, 28) months follow-up suggests that patients experiencing acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction have a comparable prognosis regardless of whether they underwent late or more advanced PCI.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140129447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graph connection Laplacian allows for enhanced outcomes of consumer camera based photoplethysmography imaging","authors":"Stefan Borik, Hau-Tieng Wu, Kirk H. Shelley, Aymen A. Alian","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.07.24303826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.07.24303826","url":null,"abstract":"Object: This work aims to introduce a novel method to mitigate the global phase deviation inherent in photoplethysmography imaging (PPGI) due to hemodynamics. Method: We model the facial vascular network captured by a consumer camera as a two-dimensional manifold, where the complex dynamics of the vascular tree lead to intricate phase variations across skin sites. Utilizing PPGI, we sample the vector field on the facial manifold encoding these intricate phase variations over different skin sites resulting from blood volume modulations. We propose leveraging the graph connection Laplacian (GCL) technique to quantify the global phase deviation, with the hypothesis that correcting this deviation can improve the quality of the PPGI signal and that the phase deviation encodes valuable anatomical and physiological information. Result: The proposed algorithm yields a higher-quality global PPGI signal by correcting the global phase deviation estimated by GCL, emphasizing waveform features such as the dicrotic notch. The perfusion map, with the global phase deviation estimated by GCL as intensity, reflects skin perfusion dynamics influenced by varying travel distances and anatomical structures.\u0000Conclusion: This algorithm enhances the quality of the global PPGI signal, facilitating the analysis of morphological parameters and showing promise for advancing PPGI applications in scientific research and clinical practice.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140070313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An algorithm to detect dicrotic notch in arterial blood pressure and photoplethysmography waveforms using the iterative envelope mean method","authors":"Ravi Pal, Akos Rudas, Sungsoo Kim, Jeffrey Chiang, Anna Barney, Maxime Cannesson","doi":"10.1101/2024.03.05.24303735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.05.24303735","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Objective: Detection of the dicrotic notch (DN) within a cardiac cycle is essential for assessment of cardiac output, calculation of pulse wave velocity, estimation of left ventricular ejection time, and supporting feature-based machine learning models for noninvasive blood pressure estimation, and hypotension, or hypertension prediction. In this study, we present a new algorithm based on the iterative envelope mean (IEM) method to detect automatically the DN in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and photoplethysmography (PPG) waveforms. Methods: The algorithm was evaluated on both ABP and PPG waveforms from a large perioperative dataset (MLORD dataset) comprising 17,327 patients. The analysis involved a total of 1,171,288 cardiac cycles for ABP waveforms and 3,424,975 cardiac cycles for PPG waveforms. To evaluate the algorithm's performance, the systolic phase duration (SPD) was employed, which represents the duration from the onset of the systolic phase to the DN in the cardiac cycle. Correlation plots and regression analysis were used to compare the algorithm with an established DN detection technique (second derivative). The marking of the DN temporal location was carried out by an experienced researcher using the help of the find_peaks function from the scipy PYTHON package, serving as a reference for the evaluation. The marking was visually validated by both an engineer and an anesthesiologist. The robustness of the algorithm was evaluated as the DN was made less visually distinct across signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) ranging from -30 dB to -5 dB in both ABP and PPG waveforms.\u0000Results: The correlation between SPD estimated by the algorithm and that marked by the researcher is strong for both ABP (R2(87343) =.99, p&lt;.001) and PPG (R2(86764) =.98, p&lt;.001) waveforms. The algorithm had a lower mean error of dicrotic notch detection (s): 0.0047 (0.0029) for ABP waveforms and 0.0046 (0.0029) for PPG waveforms, compared to 0.0693 (0.0770) for ABP and 0.0968 (0.0909) for PPG waveforms for the established 2nd derivative method. The algorithm has high accuracy of DN detection for SNR of &gt;= -9 dB for ABP waveforms and &gt;= -12 dB for PPG waveforms indicating robust performance in detecting the DN when it is less visibly distinct.\u0000Conclusion: Our proposed IEM- based algorithm can detect DN in both ABP and PPG waveforms with low computational cost, even in cases where it is not distinctly defined within a cardiac cycle of the waveform (DN-less signals). The algorithm can potentially serve as a valuable, fast, and reliable tool for extracting features from ABP and PPG waveforms. It can be especially beneficial in medical applications where DN-based features, such as SPD, diastolic phase duration, and DN amplitude, play a significant role.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140055210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity in Pregnancy: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis","authors":"Micah K de Valle, Michael Adkison, Ruhi Maredia, Cooper Stevenson, Shobana Murugan","doi":"10.1101/2024.02.25.24303333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.25.24303333","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction\u0000Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) is a rare complication of regional anesthesia. Pregnancy is a risk factor due to gestational physiologic changes. Labor and disorders of pregnancy can mask or delay symptoms of LAST, slowing appropriate intervention. This study examines LAST within a larger cohort and identifies features that help distinguish LAST in pregnancy from nonpregnant patients.\u0000Methods The TriNetX database was used to compare pregnant and nonpregnant patients with LAST from 2013 to 2023. Cohorts were matched on age, race, obesity status, diabetes, metabolic disorders, local anesthetic type, and cardiovascular, liver, kidney, and respiratory disease. Outcomes included prodromal symptoms of LAST and symptoms of cardiac and central nervous system excitation and depression.\u0000Results Matching occurred for 276 pregnant and 276 nonpregnant patients. Pregnant cohorts had a significantly higher risk of cardiac depression (RR, 1.96 [95% CI 1.44 - 2.66], p&lt;0.01) and significantly lower risk of cardiac excitation (RR, 0.38 [95% CI 0.22-0.63], p&lt;0.01), prodromal symptoms (RR, 0.17 [95% CI 0.09 - 0.33], p&lt;0.01), central nervous system excitation (RR, 0.44 [95% CI 0.21-0.90], p=0.02), and central nervous system depression (RR, 0.24 [95% CI 0.13-0.48], p&lt;0.01) than nonpregnant cohorts.\u0000Conclusion\u0000Pregnant patients with LAST were more likely to exhibit cardiac depression and less likely to manifest prodromal symptoms, cardiac excitation, and central nervous system excitation and depression than nonpregnant patients. Physiological changes during pregnancy and prompt detection and treatment may explain these differences. These findings highlight the variable nature of LAST and how pregnancy may influence its clinical presentation.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139977609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary Hypertension and the Risk of 30-day Postoperative Pulmonary Complications after Gastrointestinal Surgical or Endoscopic Procedures: A Retrospective Propensity Score Weighted Cohort Analysis.","authors":"Yoshio Tatsuoka, Zyad James Carr, Sachidhanand Jayakumar, Hung-Mo Lin, Zili He, Adham Farroukh, Paul M. Heerdt","doi":"10.1101/2024.02.20.24303112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.20.24303112","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients are at higher risk of postoperative complications. We analyzed the association of PH with 30-day postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC). Methods: A single-center propensity score overlap weighting (OW) retrospective cohort study of 164 patients with mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of &gt;20 mmHg within 24 months of procedure and a control cohort (N=1981), undergoing elective inpatient abdominal surgery or endoscopic procedures under general anesthesia. The primary outcome was PPC, and the secondary outcomes were PPC sub-composites; respiratory failure (RF), pneumonia (PNA), aspiration pneumonia/pneumonitis (ASP), pulmonary embolism (PE), length of stay (LOS), and 30-day mortality. Results: PPC was higher in the PH cohort (29.9% vs. 11.2%, p&lt;0.001). When sub-composites were analyzed, higher rates of RF (19.3% vs. 6.6%, p&lt;0.001) and PNA (11.2% vs. 5.7%, p=0.01) were observed. After OW, PH was still associated with higher PPC [RR 1.66, 95% CI (1.05 - 2.71), p=0.036] and increased LOS (median 8.0 days vs. 4.9 days) but not 30-day mortality. Sub-cohort analysis showed no difference in PPC between pre- and post-capillary PH patients. Conclusions: After covariate balancing, PH was associated with a higher risk for PPC and pro-longed LOS. This elevated PPC risk should be considered during preoperative risk assessment.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139954557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An evaluation of the i-gel Plus supraglottic airway device in elective patients: the interim results from a prospective international multicentre study","authors":"Jakub Werner, Olga Klementova, Jan Bruthans, Jaromir Macoun, Tomasz Gaszynski, Tomas Henlin, Will Donaldson, Erik Lichnovsky, Shiva Arava, Ana M Lopez, Raquel Berge, Pavel Michalek","doi":"10.1101/2024.02.16.24302948","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.02.16.24302948","url":null,"abstract":"The i-gel Plus supraglottic airway represents the next generation of the i-gel device. The aim of this international multicentre prospective cohort study was to evaluate its performance in adult patients during elective procedures in various surgical disciplines under general anaesthesia. The primary outcome of the study was the overall success rate of insertion allowing effective airway management, ventilation, and oxygenation. The secondary outcomes included perioperative performance of the device and the incidence of postoperative adverse events. The data of the first 1000 patients from our study (455 males and 545 females) are presented. These patients were mostly operated on in the supine position (83.3%) with a minority of them being in the lateral or lithotomy positions. The overall success rate was 98.6%, with a first-attempt success rate of insertion of 88.1%. A significant difference between males and females was seen for the overall success rate, 97.4% vs. 99.6% (p=0.002) but not for the successful insertion on the first attempt (p=0.97) The mean oropharyngeal seal pressure was 32 (7) cmH2O. The only independent factor increasing the risk of first-attempt failure was low experience of the operator (p&lt;0.001). The insertion of the device was rated by 80.3% as being either very easy or easy. Fibreoptic assessment through the i-gel Plus showed a full view of the vocal cords in 67.8% of patients, a partial view in 21.9% and a downfolded epiglottis in 9.4% of patients. A gastric tube was inserted in 11.2% of patients with a 99.1% success rate. Perioperative complications included desaturation below 85% in 0.6%, traces of blood on the device in 7.4%, laryngospasm in 0.5% and gastric contents inside the cuff in 0.2% of patients. There were no clinical signs of aspiration and a 0.1% incidence of bronchospasm. Severe postoperative sore throat was recorded in 1.4%, and long-term hoarse voice in 0.2% of patients. All patients with moderate and serious postoperative complaints are being followed up by phone at 3 and 6 months. The i-gel Plus seems to be an effective supraglottic airway device providing a high success rate of insertion, sufficient oropharyngeal seal pressure, and a reasonably low incidence of complications.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139902982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended Reality for Neuraxial Anesthesia and Pain Procedures: A Scoping Review","authors":"James S Cho, Devaunsh M Thaker, Rohan Jotwani, David Hao","doi":"10.1101/2024.01.29.24301926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.29.24301926","url":null,"abstract":"Background\u0000Extended reality technology, encompassing augmented reality, mixed reality, and virtual reality, has the potential to enhance the teaching and performance of neuraxial procedures. The diverse applications of extended reality include immersive simulations and novel modes of procedural navigation. Objectives\u0000This scoping review aims to explore the preclinical, clinical, and educational applications of extended reality for neuraxial procedures while suggesting directions for future research. Evidence review A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar until December 2023. Additional sources were identified via citation searching of relevant articles. The findings are reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Findings 41 studies, including three pending clinical trials were included. The majority of included studies were published after 2015. Extended reality technology was applied in diverse ways for teaching, simulation, and navigation, but only four of the completed studies described clinical use. For the display of visuals, computer screens were most commonly used, followed by head-mounted devices, laser projectors, and semi-transparent mirrors. Conclusions\u0000Interest in utilizing extended reality technology for neuraxial procedures is growing. Preliminary work shows promise for this technology in both education and clinical practice, but achieving accurate image registration without disrupting existing workflows remains an ongoing barrier to clinical testing. Additional research is needed to assess the cost-effectiveness and reliability of this technology.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139590191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG signatures at different propofol vs sevoflurane concentrations","authors":"Chris Sun, Agnes Rigouzzo, Isabelle Constant, David holcman","doi":"10.1101/2024.01.24.24301740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.01.24.24301740","url":null,"abstract":"The depth of anesthesia is contingent upon the concentration of administered hypnotics, but establishing an exact relationship proves challenging, given its variability among individual patients. To elucidate the connection between the depth of anesthesia and hypnotic concentration, we leverage transient EEG patterns specifically, isoelectric suppressions and power distributions within the alpha and delta frequency bands at constant concentrations. Our investigation focuses on two hypnotic: propofol and sevoflurane. In a cohort encompassing children and young adults undergoing general anesthesia, we employ segmentation algorithms to extract a diverse range of spectral representations in EEG profiles. However, as we systematically alter hypnotic concentrations, a consistent trend emerges: heightened hypnotic concentration predominantly aligns with increased delta band power and reduced alpha band power. Notably, the occurrence of isoelectric suppressions is primarily associated with elevated propofol concentrations and infrequently observed with high levels of sevoflurane. Furthermore, we observe a decrease in the maximal power frequency of the alphaband as hypnotic concentrations increase. In summary, this study offers a systematic quantification of EEG patterns corresponding to distinct concentrations of propofol and sevoflurane. These observed patterns contribute to a nuanced EEG representation of brain activity, laying the groundwork for personalized anesthesia strategies.","PeriodicalId":501303,"journal":{"name":"medRxiv - Anesthesia","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139585411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}