arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics最新文献

{"title":"Void Number Counts as a Cosmological Probe for the Large-Scale Structure","authors":"Yingxiao Song, Qi Xiong, Yan Gong, Furen Deng, Kwan Chuen Chan, Xuelei Chen, Qi Guo, Yun Liu, Wenxiang Pei","doi":"arxiv-2409.03178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03178","url":null,"abstract":"Void number counts (VNC) indicates the number of low-density regions in the\u0000large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe, and we propose to use it as an\u0000effective cosmological probe. By generating the galaxy mock catalog based on\u0000Jiutian simulations and considering the spectroscopic survey strategy and\u0000instrumental design of the China Space Station Telescope (CSST), which can\u0000reach a magnitude limit $sim$23 AB mag and spectral resolution $Rgtrsim200$\u0000with a sky coverage 17,500 deg$^2$, we identify voids using the watershed\u0000algorithm without any assumption of void shape, and obtain the mock void\u0000catalog and data of the VNC in six redshift bins from $z=0.3$ to1.3. We use the\u0000Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method to constrain the cosmological and VNC\u0000parameters. The void linear underdensity threshold $delta_{rm v}$ in the\u0000theoretical model is set to be a free parameter at a given redshift to fit the\u0000VNC data and explore its redshift evolution. We find that, the VNC can\u0000correctly derive the cosmological information, and the constraint strength on\u0000the cosmological parameters is comparable to that from the void size function\u0000(VSF) method, which can reach a few percentage levels in the CSST full\u0000spectroscopic survey. This is because that, since the VNC is not sensitive to\u0000void shape, the modified theoretical model can match the data better by\u0000integrating over void features, and more voids could be included in the VNC\u0000analysis by applying simpler selection criteria, which will improve the\u0000statistical significance. It indicates that the VNC can be an effective\u0000cosmological probe for exploring the LSS.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"YOLO-CL cluster detection in the Rubin/LSST DC2 simulation","authors":"Kirill Grishin, Simona Mei, Stephane Ilic, Michel Aguena, Dominique Boutigny, Marie Paturel, the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration","doi":"arxiv-2409.03333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03333","url":null,"abstract":"LSST will provide galaxy cluster catalogs up to z$sim$1 that can be used to\u0000constrain cosmological models once their selection function is well-understood.\u0000We have applied the deep convolutional network YOLO for CLuster detection\u0000(YOLO-CL) to LSST simulations from the Dark Energy Science Collaboration Data\u0000Challenge 2 (DC2), and characterized the LSST YOLO-CL cluster selection\u0000function. We have trained and validated the network on images from a hybrid\u0000sample of (1) clusters observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and detected\u0000with the red-sequence Matched-filter Probabilistic Percolation, and (2)\u0000simulated DC2 dark matter haloes with masses $M_{200c} > 10^{14} M_{odot}$. We\u0000quantify the completeness and purity of the YOLO-CL cluster catalog with\u0000respect to DC2 haloes with $M_{200c} > 10^{14} M_{odot}$. The YOLO-CL cluster\u0000catalog is 100% and 94% complete for halo mass $M_{200c} > 10^{14.6} M_{odot}$\u0000at $0.2<z<0.8$, and $M_{200c} > 10^{14} M_{odot}$ and redshift $z lesssim 1$,\u0000respectively, with only 6% false positive detections. All the false positive\u0000detections are dark matter haloes with $ 10^{13.4} M_{odot} lesssim M_{200c}\u0000lesssim 10^{14} M_{odot}$. The YOLO-CL selection function is almost flat with\u0000respect to the halo mass at $0.2 lesssim z lesssim 0.9$. The overall\u0000performance of YOLO-CL is comparable or better than other cluster detection\u0000methods used for current and future optical and infrared surveys. YOLO-CL shows\u0000better completeness for low mass clusters when compared to current detections\u0000in surveys using the Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect, and detects clusters at higher\u0000redshifts than X-ray-based catalogs. The strong advantage of YOLO-CL over\u0000traditional galaxy cluster detection techniques is that it works directly on\u0000images and does not require photometric and photometric redshift catalogs, nor\u0000does it need to mask stellar sources and artifacts.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Euclid preparation. Simulations and nonlinearities beyond $Λ$CDM. 4. Constraints on $f(R)$ models from the photometric primary probes","authors":"Euclid Collaboration, K. KoyamaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, S. PamukInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, S. CasasInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, B. BoseInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, P. CarrilhoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, I. Sáez-CasaresLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, L. AtaydeInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, M. CataneoRuhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical InstituteUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany, B. FioriniInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, C. GiocoliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, A. M. C. Le BrunLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, F. PaceDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, A. PourtsidouInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKHiggs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK, Y. RaseraLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, FranceInstitut universitaire de France, Z. SakrInstitut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon, H. -A. WintherInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, E. AltamuraJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, J. AdamekDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, M. BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, M. -A. BretonInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut de Ciencies de l'EspaiLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, G. RáczJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, F. VernizziInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK, S. AndreonINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, N. AuricchioINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. BaccigalupiIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BardelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, F. BernardeauInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, FranceInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, C. BodendorfMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, D. BoninoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, E. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, M. BresciaDepartment of Physics \"E. Pancini\", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, J. BrinchmannInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal, A. CaillatAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, S. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. CapobiancoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, C. CarboneINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, J. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, M. CastellanoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. CastignaniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. CavuotiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, A. CimattiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. Colodro-CondeInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, G. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, C. J. ConseliceJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, L. ConversiEuropean Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, ItalyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, Y. CopinUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, F. CourbinInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneInstitut de Ciències del CosmosInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, H. M. CourtoisUCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, A. Da SilvaDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, H. DegaudenziDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, G. De LuciaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. DouspisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, F. DubathDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, C. A. J. DuncanJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, X. DupacESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, S. DusiniINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. FarinaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, S. FarrensUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, S. FerriolUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, P. FosalbaInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, M. FrailisINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, E. FranceschiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. GaleottaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, B. GillisInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, P. Gómez-AlvarezFRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, SpainESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, A. GrazianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, F. GruppMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, L. GuzzoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, M. HaileyMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK, S. V. H. HauganInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, W. HolmesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, F. HormuthFelix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany, A. HornstrupTechnical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkCosmic Dawn Center, P. HudelotInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, S. IlićUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, FranceInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, K. JahnkeMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, M. JhabvalaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, B. JoachimiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, E. KeihänenDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KermicheAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. KiesslingJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. KilbingerUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, B. KubikUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, M. KunzUniversité de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland, H. Kurki-SuonioDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, P. B. LiljeInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, V. LindholmDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, I. LloroNOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, G. MainettiCentre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, D. MainoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, E. MaioranoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, O. MansuttiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, O. MarggrafUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany, K. MarkovicJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. MartinelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, N. MartinetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, F. MarulliDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, R. MasseyDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, E. MedinaceliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. MeiUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, M. MelchiorUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland, Y. MellierInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, M. MeneghettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, E. MerlinINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. MeylanInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, M. MorescoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, L. MoscardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, E. MunariINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, C. NeissnerInstitut de Física d'Altes EnergiesPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. -M. NiemiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, C. PadillaInstitut de Física d'Altes Energies, S. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, F. PasianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, K. PedersenDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, W. J. PercivalWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada, V. PettorinoEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, S. PiresUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, G. PolentaSpace Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy, M. PoncetCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, L. A. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, L. PozzettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, F. RaisonMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. RenziDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. RhodesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, G. RiccioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, E. RomelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. RoncarelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, R. SagliaUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, J. -C. SalvignolEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, A. G. SánchezMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, D. SaponeDepartamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile, B. SartorisUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, T. SchrabbackUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, A. SecrounAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, G. SeidelMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, S. SerranoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaSatlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, SpainInstitute of Space Sciences, C. SirignanoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, G. SirriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, L. StancoINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. SteinwagnerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, P. Tallada-CrespíCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, A. N. TaylorInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, I. TerenoDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, R. Toledo-MoreoUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, F. TorradeflotPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 BellaterraCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, I. TutusausInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, L. ValenzianoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, T. VassalloUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, G. Verdoes KleijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, A. VeropalumboINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, Y. WangInfrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, J. WellerUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. ZamoraniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, E. ZuccaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, A. BivianoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, E. BozzoDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, C. BuriganaINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, M. CalabreseAstronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta ValleyINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, D. Di FerdinandoINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. A. Escartin VigoMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. FabbianInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK, R. FarinelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, F. FinelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, J. Gracia-CarpioMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. MatthewInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, N. MauriDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. PezzottaMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, M. PöntinenDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, V. ScottezInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceJunia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France, M. TentiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, M. VielIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, M. WiesmannInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Y. AkramiInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainCERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, S. AnselmiINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, M. ArchidiaconoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, F. Atrio-BarandelaDepartamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain, M. BallardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, D. BertaccaDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, A. BlanchardInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, L. BlotCenter for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMULaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, H. BöhringerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyLudwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. BrutonMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, R. CabanacInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, A. CalabroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, B. Camacho QuevedoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, G. Cañas-HerreraEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. CappiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyUniversité Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, F. CaroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. S. CarvalhoInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, T. CastroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, K. C. ChambersInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. ContariniMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. R. CoorayDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, G. DesprezDepartment of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada, A. Díaz-SánchezDepartamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain, J. J. DiazInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, S. Di DomizioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, H. DoleUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, S. EscoffierAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, M. EzziatiAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, A. G. FerrariDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, P. G. FerreiraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, I. FerreroInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. FinoguenovDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, A. FontanaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, F. FornariINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, L. GabarraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, K. GangaUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, J. García-BellidoInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, T. GasparettoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, V. GautardCEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, E. GaztanagaInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, F. GiacominiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, F. GianottiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. GozaliaslDepartment of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, FinlandDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, C. M. GutierrezInstituto de Astrofí sica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna E-38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofí sica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, E-38200, Spain, A. HallInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, H. HildebrandtRuhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, J. HjorthDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, A. Jimenez MuñozUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France, S. JoudakiInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, J. J. E. KajavaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, FinlandSerco for European Space Agency, V. KansalARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, AustraliaCentre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, D. KaragiannisSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa, C. C. KirkpatrickDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, J. Le GraetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, L. LegrandICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil, J. LesgourguesInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, T. I. LiaudatIRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, S. J. LiuINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, A. LoureiroOskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, SwedenAstrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK, G. MaggioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. MagliocchettiINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, F. MannucciINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy, R. MaoliDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, J. Martín-FleitasAurora Technology for European Space Agency, C. J. A. P. MartinsCentro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal, L. MaurinUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, R. B. MetcalfDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. MiluzioESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainHE Space for European Space Agency, P. MonacoDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, A. MontoroInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, A. MoraAurora Technology for European Space Agency, C. MorettiSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, G. MorganteINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. MurrayUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, S. NadathurInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, Nicholas A. WaltonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK, L. PaganoDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, L. PatriziiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, V. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, D. PotterDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, P. ReimbergInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, I. RissoDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, P. -F. RocciUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, M. SahlénTheoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, E. SarpaSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, A. SchneiderDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, M. SerenoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. SilvestriInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. Spurio ManciniDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX, UKMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK, J. StadelDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, K. TanidisDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, C. TaoAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. TessoreDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, G. TesteraINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, R. TeyssierDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, S. ToftCosmic Dawn CenterNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, S. TosiDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, A. TrojaDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. TucciDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, J. ValiviitaDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, D. VerganiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. VerzaCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA, P. VielzeufAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France","doi":"arxiv-2409.03524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03524","url":null,"abstract":"We study the constraint on $f(R)$ gravity that can be obtained by photometric\u0000primary probes of the Euclid mission. Our focus is the dependence of the\u0000constraint on the theoretical modelling of the nonlinear matter power spectrum.\u0000In the Hu-Sawicki $f(R)$ gravity model, we consider four different predictions\u0000for the ratio between the power spectrum in $f(R)$ and that in $Lambda$CDM: a\u0000fitting formula, the halo model reaction approach, ReACT and two emulators\u0000based on dark matter only $N$-body simulations, FORGE and e-Mantis. These\u0000predictions are added to the MontePython implementation to predict the angular\u0000power spectra for weak lensing (WL), photometric galaxy clustering and their\u0000cross-correlation. By running Markov Chain Monte Carlo, we compare constraints\u0000on parameters and investigate the bias of the recovered $f(R)$ parameter if the\u0000data are created by a different model. For the pessimistic setting of WL, one\u0000dimensional bias for the $f(R)$ parameter, $log_{10}|f_{R0}|$, is found to be\u0000$0.5 sigma$ when FORGE is used to create the synthetic data with\u0000$log_{10}|f_{R0}| =-5.301$ and fitted by e-Mantis. The impact of baryonic\u0000physics on WL is studied by using a baryonification emulator BCemu. For the\u0000optimistic setting, the $f(R)$ parameter and two main baryon parameters are\u0000well constrained despite the degeneracies among these parameters. However, the\u0000difference in the nonlinear dark matter prediction can be compensated by the\u0000adjustment of baryon parameters, and the one-dimensional marginalised\u0000constraint on $log_{10}|f_{R0}|$ is biased. This bias can be avoided in the\u0000pessimistic setting at the expense of weaker constraints. For the pessimistic\u0000setting, using the $Lambda$CDM synthetic data for WL, we obtain the\u0000prior-independent upper limit of $log_{10}|f_{R0}|< -5.6$. Finally, we\u0000implement a method to include theoretical errors to avoid the bias.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the virialization threshold for halo mass functions","authors":"Ronaldo C. Batista","doi":"arxiv-2409.03895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03895","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent study by Euclid collaboration, the halo mass function (HMF) has\u0000been fitted with accuracy better than $1%$ for the $Lambda$CDM model. Several\u0000parameters were introduced and fitted against N-body simulations, assuming the\u0000usual linearly extrapolated matter density contrast at the collapse time,\u0000$delta_c$, as a basic threshold for halo formation. As a result, a new\u0000function that multiplies $delta_c$ was introduced, producing an effective\u0000threshold that varies both with redshift and mass scale. We show that the\u0000redshift evolution of this effective threshold is similar to the one of the\u0000linear extrapolated matter density contrast at the virialization time,\u0000$delta_{rm v}$. Assuming the Euclid HMF as a fiducial model, we refit the\u0000Sheth-Tormen (ST) HMF using $delta_{rm v}$ as a threshold. This new fit\u0000improves the agreement between ST-HMF and the Euclid one with respect to\u0000Despali et al. (2016) fit, specially at high masses. Interestingly, the\u0000parameters $a$ and $p$ in this refit have values closer to the Press-Schechter\u0000limit of the ST-HMF, showing that the use of $delta_{rm v}$ can provide\u0000semi-analytical HMF less dependent on extra parameters. Moreover, we analyze\u0000the consistency of the ST-HMF fitted with $delta_{rm v}$ in smooth dark\u0000energy models with time-varying equation of state, finding an overall good\u0000agreement with the evolution of halo abundances expected from the linear\u0000evolution of perturbations and the Euclid HMF extrapolated to these scenarios.\u0000These findings suggest that the use $delta_{rm v}$ as a basic function to\u0000describe the threshold for halo formation can be a good guide when considering\u0000extrapolations for models beyond $Lambda$CDM, which are typically harder to\u0000study in simulations.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Euclid preparation. Simulations and nonlinearities beyond $Λ$CDM. 1. Numerical methods and validation","authors":"Euclid Collaboration, J. AdamekDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, B. FioriniInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, M. BaldiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, G. BrandoMax Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, M. -A. BretonInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut de Ciencies de l'EspaiLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, F. HassaniInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, K. KoyamaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, A. M. C. Le BrunLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, G. RáczJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, H. -A. WintherInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. CasalinoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. Hernández-AguayoMax-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.~1, 85748 Garching, Germany, B. LiDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, D. PotterDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, E. AltamuraJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, C. CarboneINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, C. GiocoliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, D. F. MotaInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. PourtsidouInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UKHiggs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK, Z. SakrInstitut für Theoretische Physik, University of Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, GermanyInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et PlanétologieUniversité St Joseph, Faculty of Sciences, Beirut, Lebanon, F. VernizziInstitut de Physique Théorique, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. AmaraSchool of Mathematics and Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK, S. AndreonINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, N. AuricchioINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, C. BaccigalupiIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BardelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, P. BattagliaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, D. BoninoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, E. BranchiniDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, M. BresciaDepartment of Physics \"E. Pancini\", University Federico II, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, J. BrinchmannInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, PortugalFaculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo de Alegre, 4150-007 Porto, Portugal, A. CaillatAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, S. CameraDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. CapobiancoINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, V. F. CardoneINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, J. CarreteroCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. CasasInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, F. J. CastanderInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, M. CastellanoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. CastignaniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. CavuotiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, ItalyINFN section of Naples, Via Cinthia 6, 80126, Napoli, Italy, A. CimattiDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. Colodro-CondeInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, G. CongedoInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, C. J. ConseliceJodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK, L. ConversiEuropean Space Agency/ESRIN, Largo Galileo Galilei 1, 00044 Frascati, Roma, ItalyESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, Y. CopinUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, F. CourbinInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneInstitut de Ciències del CosmosInstitució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, H. M. CourtoisUCB Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IUF, IP2I Lyon, 4 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, France, A. Da SilvaDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal, H. DegaudenziDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, G. De LuciaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. DouspisUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, F. DubathDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, X. DupacESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, S. DusiniINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. FarinaINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, S. FarrensUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, S. FerriolUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, P. FosalbaInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, M. FrailisINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, E. FranceschiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. FumanaINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, S. GaleottaINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, B. GillisInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, P. Gómez-AlvarezFRACTAL S.L.N.E., calle Tulipán 2, Portal 13 1A, 28231, Las Rozas de Madrid, SpainESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, A. GrazianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Via dell'Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy, F. GruppMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, L. GuzzoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, S. V. H. HauganInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, W. HolmesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, F. HormuthFelix Hormuth Engineering, Goethestr. 17, 69181 Leimen, Germany, A. HornstrupTechnical University of Denmark, Elektrovej 327, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, DenmarkCosmic Dawn Center, S. IlićUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, FranceInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, K. JahnkeMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, M. JhabvalaNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA, B. JoachimiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, E. KeihänenDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KermicheAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. KiesslingJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. KilbingerUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, B. KubikUniversité Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IP2I Lyon, UMR 5822, Villeurbanne, F-69100, France, M. KümmelUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, Germany, M. KunzUniversité de Genève, Département de Physique Théorique and Centre for Astroparticle Physics, 24 quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland, H. Kurki-SuonioDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, S. LigoriINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Via Osservatorio 20, 10025 Pino Torinese, P. B. LiljeInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, V. LindholmDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, I. LloroNOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991PD, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands, G. MainettiCentre de Calcul de l'IN2P3/CNRS, 21 avenue Pierre de Coubertin 69627 Villeurbanne Cedex, France, E. MaioranoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, O. MansuttiINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, O. MarggrafUniversität Bonn, Argelander-Institut für Astronomie, Auf dem Hügel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany, K. MarkovicJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, M. MartinelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2 - c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, Edificio G. Marconi, 00185 Roma, Italy, N. MartinetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France, F. MarulliDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, R. MasseyDepartment of Physics, Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, UK, E. MedinaceliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. MeiUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, M. MelchiorUniversity of Applied Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland, School of Engineering, 5210 Windisch, Switzerland, Y. MellierInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, CNRS, and Sorbonne Université, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France, M. MeneghettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, E. MerlinINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, G. MeylanInstitute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, M. MorescoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, L. MoscardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, C. NeissnerInstitut de Física d'Altes EnergiesPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, S. -M. NiemiEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, C. PadillaInstitut de Física d'Altes Energies, S. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, F. PasianINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, K. PedersenDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, W. J. PercivalWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CanadaPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 2Y5, Canada, V. PettorinoEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands, S. PiresUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France, G. PolentaSpace Science Data Center, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy, M. PoncetCentre National d'Etudes Spatiales -- Centre spatial de Toulouse, 18 avenue Edouard Belin, 31401 Toulouse Cedex 9, France, L. A. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, L. PozzettiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, F. RaisonMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. RenziDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. RhodesJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA, G. RiccioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, E. RomelliINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. RoncarelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, R. SagliaUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. G. SánchezMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, D. SaponeDepartamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile, B. SartorisUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. SchirmerMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, T. SchrabbackUniversität Innsbruck, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Technikerstr. 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria, A. SecrounAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, G. SeidelMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, S. SerranoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaSatlantis, University Science Park, Sede Bld 48940, Leioa-Bilbao, SpainInstitute of Space Sciences, C. SirignanoDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, G. SirriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, L. StancoINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, J. SteinwagnerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, P. Tallada-CrespíCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y TecnológicasPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 Bellaterra, D. TavagnaccoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, I. TerenoDepartamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, PT1749-016 Lisboa, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, R. Toledo-MoreoUniversidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de Computadoras, Plaza del Hospital 1, 30202 Cartagena, Spain, F. TorradeflotPort d'Informació Científica, Campus UAB, C. Albareda s/n, 08193 BellaterraCentro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, I. TutusausInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, E. A. ValentijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, L. ValenzianoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, T. VassalloUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, G. Verdoes KleijnKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands, A. VeropalumboINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Genova, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, Y. WangInfrared Processing and Analysis Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA, J. WellerUniversitäts-Sternwarte München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679 München, GermanyMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. ZamoraniINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, E. ZuccaINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, A. BivianoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, C. BuriganaINAF, Istituto di Radioastronomia, Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, M. CalabreseAstronomical Observatory of the Autonomous Region of the Aosta ValleyINAF-IASF Milano, Via Alfonso Corti 12, 20133 Milano, Italy, D. Di FerdinandoINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. A. Escartin VigoMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, G. FabbianInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UKSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, The Parade, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, UK, F. FinelliINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, J. Gracia-CarpioMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. MatthewInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, N. MauriDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. PezzottaMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, M. PöntinenDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, V. ScottezInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, FranceJunia, EPA department, 41 Bd Vauban, 59800 Lille, France, M. TentiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, M. VielIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalySISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, M. WiesmannInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, Y. AkramiInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, SpainCERCA/ISO, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA, V. AllevatoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Via Moiariello 16, 80131 Napoli, Italy, S. AnselmiINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyLaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, M. ArchidiaconoDipartimento di Fisica \"Aldo Pontremoli\", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy, F. Atrio-BarandelaDepartamento de Física Fundamental. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de la Merced s/n. 37008 Salamanca, Spain, A. Balaguera-AntolinezInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Calle Vía Láctea s/n, 38204, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainDepartamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, M. BallardiniDipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Ferrara, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy, A. BlanchardInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, L. BlotCenter for Data-Driven Discovery, Kavli IPMULaboratoire Univers et Théorie, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 92190 Meudon, France, H. BöhringerMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, GermanyLudwig-Maximilians-University, Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 Munich, GermanyMax-Planck-Institut für Physik, Boltzmannstr. 8, 85748 Garching, Germany, S. BorganiDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, S. BrutonMinnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, R. CabanacInstitut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie, A. CalabroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, B. Camacho QuevedoInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Space Sciences, G. Cañas-HerreraEuropean Space Agency/ESTEC, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The NetherlandsInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. CappiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyUniversité Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Bd de l'Observatoire, CS 34229, 06304 Nice cedex 4, France, F. CaroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. S. CarvalhoInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal, T. CastroINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, Italy, K. C. ChambersInstitute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, S. ContariniMax Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany, A. R. CoorayDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, USA, G. DesprezDepartment of Astronomy & Physics and Institute for Computational Astrophysics, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3, Canada, A. Díaz-SánchezDepartamento Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Campus Muralla del Mar, 30202 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain, J. J. DiazInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, S. Di DomizioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, H. DoleUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, S. EscoffierAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, A. G. FerrariDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, P. G. FerreiraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, I. FerreroInstitute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1029 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway, A. FinoguenovDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, F. FornariINFN-Bologna, Via Irnerio 46, 40126 Bologna, Italy, L. GabarraDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, K. GangaUniversité Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, 75013 Paris, France, J. García-BellidoInstituto de Física Teórica UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, T. GasparettoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, V. GautardCEA Saclay, DFR/IRFU, Service d'Astrophysique, Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France, E. GaztanagaInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de CatalunyaInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, F. GiacominiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, F. GianottiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. GozaliaslDepartment of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, Espoo, FI-00 076, Finland, C. M. GutierrezInstituto de Astrofí sica de Canarias, c/ Via Lactea s/n, La Laguna E-38200, Spain. Departamento de Astrofí sica de la Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Francisco Sanchez, La Laguna, E-38200, Spain, A. HallInstitute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, UK, H. HildebrandtRuhr University Bochum, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Astronomical Institute, J. HjorthDARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 155, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, A. Jimenez MuñozUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 53, Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France, S. JoudakiInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, J. J. E. KajavaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, FinlandSerco for European Space Agency, V. KansalARC Centre of Excellence for Dark Matter Particle Physics, Melbourne, AustraliaCentre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia, D. KaragiannisSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa, C. C. KirkpatrickDepartment of Physics and Helsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, S. KrukESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain, J. Le GraetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, L. LegrandICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research, Instituto de Física Teórica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil, J. LesgourguesInstitute for Theoretical Particle Physics and Cosmology, T. I. LiaudatIRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France, A. LoureiroOskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-106 91, SwedenAstrophysics Group, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK, G. MaggioINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, Italy, M. MagliocchettiINAF-Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00100 Roma, Italy, F. MannucciINAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125, Firenze, Italy, R. MaoliDipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Via Frascati 33, 00078 Monteporzio Catone, Italy, C. J. A. P. MartinsCentro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto, Rua das Estrelas, 4150-762 Porto, PortugalInstituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Rua das Estrelas, PT4150-762 Porto, Portugal, L. MaurinUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, R. B. MetcalfDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"Augusto Righi\" - Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via Piero Gobetti 93/2, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, M. MigliaccioDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Roma 2, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Roma, Italy, M. MiluzioESAC/ESA, Camino Bajo del Castillo, s/n., Urb. Villafranca del Castillo, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, SpainHE Space for European Space Agency, P. MonacoDipartimento di Fisica - Sezione di Astronomia, Università di Trieste, Via Tiepolo 11, 34131 Trieste, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, Italy, A. MontoroInstitute of Space SciencesInstitut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya, A. MoraAurora Technology for European Space Agency, C. MorettiSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, 34143 Trieste, ItalyIFPU, Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, via Beirut 2, 34151 Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, G. MorganteINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, S. NadathurInstitute of Cosmology and Gravitation, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX, UK, L. PatriziiINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, V. PopaInstitute of Space Science, Str. Atomistilor, nr. 409 Măgurele, Ilfov, 077125, Romania, P. ReimbergInstitut d'Astrophysique de Paris, 98bis Boulevard Arago, 75014, Paris, France, I. RissoINAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via Brera 28, 20122 Milano, Italy, and INFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, P. -F. RocciUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut d'astrophysique spatiale, 91405, Orsay, France, M. SahlénTheoretical astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 515, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden, E. SarpaSISSA, International School for Advanced Studies, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste TS, ItalyICSC - Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data e Quantum Computing, Via Magnanelli 2, Bologna, ItalyINFN, Sezione di Trieste, Via Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste TS, Italy, A. SchneiderDepartment of Astrophysics, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland, M. SerenoINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, A. SilvestriInstitute Lorentz, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands, A. Spurio ManciniDepartment of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, TW20 0EX, UKMullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK, K. TanidisDepartment of Physics, Oxford University, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK, C. TaoAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. TessoreDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK, G. TesteraINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, R. TeyssierDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, S. ToftCosmic Dawn CenterNiels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, S. TosiDipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, ItalyINFN-Sezione di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146, Genova, Italy, A. TrojaDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia \"G. Galilei\", Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, ItalyINFN-Padova, Via Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy, M. TucciDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, ch. d'Ecogia 16, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland, C. ValieriINFN-Sezione di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy, J. ValiviitaDepartment of Physics, P.O. Box 64, 00014 University of Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, D. VerganiINAF-Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy, G. VerzaCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USACenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, 10010, New York, NY, USA, P. VielzeufAix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France, N. A. WaltonInstitute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK","doi":"arxiv-2409.03522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03522","url":null,"abstract":"To constrain models beyond $Lambda$CDM, the development of the Euclid\u0000analysis pipeline requires simulations that capture the nonlinear phenomenology\u0000of such models. We present an overview of numerical methods and $N$-body\u0000simulation codes developed to study the nonlinear regime of structure formation\u0000in alternative dark energy and modified gravity theories. We review a variety\u0000of numerical techniques and approximations employed in cosmological $N$-body\u0000simulations to model the complex phenomenology of scenarios beyond\u0000$Lambda$CDM. This includes discussions on solving nonlinear field equations,\u0000accounting for fifth forces, and implementing screening mechanisms.\u0000Furthermore, we conduct a code comparison exercise to assess the reliability\u0000and convergence of different simulation codes across a range of models. Our\u0000analysis demonstrates a high degree of agreement among the outputs of different\u0000simulation codes, providing confidence in current numerical methods for\u0000modelling cosmic structure formation beyond $Lambda$CDM. We highlight recent\u0000advances made in simulating the nonlinear scales of structure formation, which\u0000are essential for leveraging the full scientific potential of the forthcoming\u0000observational data from the Euclid mission.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chasing the beginning of reionization in the JWST era","authors":"Christopher Cain, Garett Lopez, Anson D'Aloisio, Julian B. Munoz, Rolf A. Jansen, Rogier A. Windhorst, Nakul Gangolli","doi":"arxiv-2409.02989","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.02989","url":null,"abstract":"Recent JWST observations at $z > 6$ may imply galactic ionizing photon\u0000production in excess of prior expectations. Under observationally motivated\u0000assumptions about escape fractions, these suggest a $z sim 8-9$ end to\u0000reionization, in strong tension with the $z < 6$ end required by the Ly$alpha$\u0000forest. In this work, we use radiative transfer simulations to understand what\u0000different observations tell us about when reionization ended and when it\u0000started. We consider a model that ends too early (at $z approx 8$) alongside\u0000two more realistic scenarios that end late at $z approx 5$: one that starts\u0000late ($z sim 9$) and another that starts early ($z sim 13$). We find that the\u0000latter requires up to an order-of-magnitude evolution in galaxy ionizing\u0000properties at $6 < z < 12$, perhaps in tension with recent measurements of\u0000$xi_{rm ion}$ by JWST, which indicate little evolution. We also study how\u0000these models compare to recent measurements of the Ly$alpha$ forest opacity,\u0000mean free path, IGM thermal history, visibility of $z > 8$ Ly$alpha$ emitters,\u0000and the patchy kSZ signal from the CMB. We find that neither of the late-ending\u0000scenarios is conclusively disfavored by any single data set. However, a\u0000majority of these observables, spanning several distinct types of observations,\u0000prefer a late start. Not all probes agree with this conclusion, hinting at a\u0000possible lack of concordance between observables. Observations by multiple\u0000experiments (including JWST, Roman, and CMB-S4) in the coming years will either\u0000establish a concordance picture of reionization's early stages or reveal\u0000systematics in data and/or theoretical modeling.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"2012 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How empty are the voids?","authors":"Anton N. Baushev","doi":"arxiv-2409.02780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.02780","url":null,"abstract":"We find an analytical solution for the minimal matter density of a void, its\u0000central density. It turns out that the voids are not so empty: most of the\u0000voids have the central underdensity $Delta_c sim -50%$ (which means that the\u0000matter density in their centers is only two times lower than in the Universe on\u0000average). For small voids (of radius $R_0simeq 5-10$~{Mpc}), the underdensity\u0000can be significantly greater, but the number of voids decreases rapidly with\u0000increasing of $|Delta_c|$ over $50%$, and voids with $Delta_c < -80%$ are\u0000practically absent. The large voids ($R_0ge 40$~{Mpc}) always have $|Delta_c|\u0000< 50%$.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"139 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"BASILISK II. Improved Constraints on the Galaxy-Halo Connection from Satellite Kinematics in SDSS","authors":"Kaustav MitraYale University, Frank C. van den BoschYale University, Johannes U. LangeAmerican UniversityDept. of Physics at U. MichiganLeinweber Center at U. Michigan","doi":"arxiv-2409.03105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03105","url":null,"abstract":"Basilisk is a novel Bayesian hierarchical method for inferring the\u0000galaxy-halo connection, including its scatter, using the kinematics of\u0000satellite galaxies extracted from a redshift survey. In this paper, we\u0000introduce crucial improvements, such as updated central and satellite\u0000selection, advanced modelling of impurities and interlopers, extending the\u0000kinematic modelling to fourth order by including the kurtosis of the\u0000line-of-sight velocity distribution, and utilizing satellite abundance as\u0000additional constraint. This drastically enhances Basilisk's performance,\u0000resulting in an unbiased recovery of the full conditional luminosity function\u0000(central and satellite) and with unprecedented precision. After validating\u0000Basilisk's performance using realistic mock data, we apply it to the SDSS-DR7\u0000data. The resulting inferences on the galaxy-halo connection are consistent\u0000with, but significantly tighter than, previous constraints from galaxy group\u0000catalogues, galaxy clustering and galaxy-galaxy lensing. Using full projected\u0000phase-space information, Basilisk breaks the mass-anisotropy degeneracy, thus\u0000providing precise global constraint on the average orbital velocity anisotropy\u0000of satellite galaxies across a wide range of halo masses. Satellite orbits are\u0000found to be mildly radially anisotropic, in good agreement with the mean\u0000anisotropy for subhaloes in dark matter-only simulations. Thus, we establish\u0000Basilisk as a powerful tool that is not only more constraining than other\u0000methods on similar volumes of data, but crucially, is also insensitive to halo\u0000assembly bias which plagues the commonly used techniques like galaxy clustering\u0000and galaxy-galaxy lensing.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signatures of high-redshift galactic outflows in the thermal Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect","authors":"Guochao Sun, Steven R. Furlanetto, Adam Lidz","doi":"arxiv-2409.02988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.02988","url":null,"abstract":"Anisotropies of the Sunyaev Zel'dovich (SZ) effect serve as a powerful probe\u0000of the thermal history of the universe. At high redshift, hot galactic outflows\u0000driven by supernovae (SNe) can inject a significant amount of thermal energy\u0000into the intergalactic medium, causing a strong $y$-type distortion of the CMB\u0000spectrum through inverse Compton scattering. The resulting anisotropies of the\u0000$y$-type distortion are sensitive to key physical properties of high-$z$\u0000galaxies pertaining to the launch of energetic SNe-driven outflows, such as the\u0000efficiency and the spatio-temporal clustering of star formation. We develop a\u0000simple analytic framework to calculate anisotropies of $y$-type distortion\u0000associated with SNe-powered outflows of galaxies at $z>6$. We show that\u0000galactic outflows are likely the dominant source of thermal energy injection,\u0000compared to contributions from reionized bubbles and gravitational heating. We\u0000further show that next-generation CMB experiments such as LiteBIRD can detect\u0000the contribution to $y$ anisotropies from high-$z$ galactic outflows through\u0000the cross-correlation with surveys of Lyman-break galaxies by e.g. the Roman\u0000Space Telescope. Our analysis and forecasts demonstrate that thermal SZ\u0000anisotropies are a promising probe of SNe feedback in early star-forming\u0000galaxies.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Galaxy assembly bias in the stellar-to-halo mass relation for red central galaxies from SDSS","authors":"Grecco A. Oyarzún, Jeremy L. Tinker, Kevin Bundy, Enia Xhakaj, J. Stuart B. Wyithe","doi":"arxiv-2409.03004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2409.03004","url":null,"abstract":"We report evidence of galaxy assembly bias - the correlation between galaxy\u0000properties and biased secondary halo properties at fixed halo mass (M$_H$) - in\u0000the stellar-to-halo mass relation (SHMR) for red central galaxies from the\u0000Sloan Digital Sky Survey. In the M$_H = 10^{11.5}-10^{13.5} h^{-1}$ M$_{odot}$\u0000range, central galaxy stellar mass (M$_*$) is correlated with the number\u0000density of galaxies within $10 h^{-1}$ Mpc ($delta_{10}$), a common proxy for\u0000halo formation time. This galaxy assembly bias signal is also present when\u0000M$_H$, M$_*$, and $delta_{10}$ are substituted with group luminosity, galaxy\u0000luminosity, and metrics of the large-scale density field. To associate\u0000differences in $delta_{10}$ with variations in halo formation time, we fitted\u0000a model that accounts for (1) errors in the M$_H$ measured by the Tinker 2021,\u00002022 group catalog and (2) the level of correlation between halo formation time\u0000and M$_*$ at fixed M$_H$. Fitting of this model yields that (1) errors in M$_H$\u0000are 0.15 dex and (2) halo formation time and M$_*$ are strongly correlated\u0000(Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ~0.85). At fixed M$_H$, variations of\u0000~0.4 dex in M$_*$ are associated with ~1-3 Gyr variations in halo formation\u0000time and in galaxy formation time (from stellar population fitting; Oyarz'un\u0000et al. 2022). These results are indicative that halo properties other than\u0000M$_H$ can impact central galaxy assembly.","PeriodicalId":501207,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142192639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}