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On the embedding of $C_3$ in $E_8$ 论$C_3$在$E_8$中的嵌入
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: arxiv-2404.18938
Robert A. Wilson
{"title":"On the embedding of $C_3$ in $E_8$","authors":"Robert A. Wilson","doi":"arxiv-2404.18938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.18938","url":null,"abstract":"I investigate the structure of $E_8$ under the action of the\u0000subalgebra/subgroup $A_1+G_2+C_3$, as a potential route to unification of the\u0000fundamental forces of nature into a single algebraic structure. The particular\u0000real form $E_{8(-24)}$ supports a decomposition into compact $G_2$ plus split\u0000$A_1+C_3$, which allows a restriction from $G_2$ to $SU(3)$ for QCD, together\u0000with split $SL_2(mathbb R)$ to break the symmetry of the weak interaction and\u0000give mass to the bosons. The factor $C_3$ contains a copy of the Lorentz group\u0000$SL_2(mathbb C)$ and extends the `spacetime' symmetries to the full group of\u0000symplectic symmetries of $3+3$-dimensional phase space.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spin Theory Based on the Extended Least Action Principle and Information Metrics: Quantization, Entanglement, and Bell Test With Time Delay 基于扩展最小作用原理和信息度量的自旋理论：量子化、纠缠和有时间延迟的贝尔试验
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-21 DOI: arxiv-2404.13783
Jianhao M. Yang
{"title":"Spin Theory Based on the Extended Least Action Principle and Information Metrics: Quantization, Entanglement, and Bell Test With Time Delay","authors":"Jianhao M. Yang","doi":"arxiv-2404.13783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.13783","url":null,"abstract":"A theory of electron spin is developed here based on the extended least\u0000action principle and assumptions of intrinsic angular momentum of an electron\u0000with random orientations. By incorporating appropriate relative entropy for the\u0000random orientations of intrinsic angular momentum in the extended least action\u0000principle, the theory recovers the quantum formulation of electron spin. The\u0000two-level quantization of spin measurement is a natural mathematical\u0000consequence instead of a postulate. The formulation of measurement probability\u0000when a second Stern-Gerlach apparatus is rotated relative to the first\u0000Stern-Gerlach apparatus, and the Schr\"{o}dinger-Pauli equation, are also\u0000derived successfully. Furthermore, we provide an intuitive physical model and\u0000formulation to explain the entanglement phenomenon between two electron spins.\u0000In this model, spin entanglement is the consequence of correlation between the\u0000random orientations of the intrinsic angular momenta of the two electrons.\u0000Since the orientation is an intrinsic local property of electron, the\u0000correlation of orientations can be preserved even when the two electrons are\u0000remotely separated. Such a correlation can be manifested without causal effect.\u0000Owing to this orientation correlation, the Bell-CHSH inequality is shown to be\u0000violated in a Bell test. The standard quantum theory of electron spin can be\u0000considered as an ideal approximation of the present theory when certain\u0000conditions are taken to the limits. A potential experiment is proposed to test\u0000the difference between the present theory and the standard quantum theory. In a\u0000typical Bell test that confirms the violation of Bell-CHSH inequality, the\u0000theory suggests that by adding a sufficiently large time delay before Bob's\u0000measurement, the Bell-CHSH inequality can become non-violated.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140803483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mass-energy equivalence and the gravitational redshift: Does energy always have mass? 质能等效与引力红移：能量总是有质量吗？
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: arxiv-2405.03694
Germano D'Abramo
{"title":"Mass-energy equivalence and the gravitational redshift: Does energy always have mass?","authors":"Germano D'Abramo","doi":"arxiv-2405.03694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.03694","url":null,"abstract":"One of the most widespread interpretations of the mass-energy equivalence\u0000establishes that not only can mass be transformed into energy (e.g., through\u0000nuclear fission, fusion, or annihilation) but that every type of energy also\u0000has mass (via the mass-energy equivalence formula). Here, we show that this is\u0000not always the case. With the help a few thought experiments, we show that, for\u0000instance, the electric potential energy of a charged capacitor should not\u0000contribute to the capacitor's gravitational rest mass (while still contributing\u0000to its linear momentum). That result is in agreement with the fact that light\u0000(ultimately, an electromagnetic phenomenon) has momentum but not rest mass.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Unification of the Gauge Theories 统一量子理论
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: arxiv-2404.18937
Abolfazl Jafari
{"title":"Unification of the Gauge Theories","authors":"Abolfazl Jafari","doi":"arxiv-2404.18937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.18937","url":null,"abstract":"We take the Christoffel coefficients as an operator and introduce new\u0000mappings for quaternionic products to reach the theory of electrodynamics in\u0000general spacetime. With the help of the directional operator of the covariant\u0000derivative, we generalize the quaternioic mechanism to the theory of gravity\u0000and show that the Einstein equation has the freedom to choose the constant term\u0000in agreement with the covariant derivative.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On spatial electron-photon entanglement 关于空间电子-光子纠缠
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: arxiv-2404.18936
Eitan Kazakevich, Hadar Aharon, Ofer Kfir
{"title":"On spatial electron-photon entanglement","authors":"Eitan Kazakevich, Hadar Aharon, Ofer Kfir","doi":"arxiv-2404.18936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.18936","url":null,"abstract":"Free electron beams and their quantum coupling with photons is attracting a\u0000rising interest due to the basic questions it addresses and the cutting-edge\u0000technology these particles are involved in, such as microscopy, spectroscopy,\u0000and quantum computation. This work investigates theoretically the concept of\u0000electron-photon coupling in the spatial domain. Their interaction is discussed\u0000as a thought experiment of spontaneous photon emission from a dual-path\u0000free-electron (free-e) beam. We discuss a retro-causal paradox that may emerge\u0000from naively extending perceptions of single-path e-photon coupling to\u0000transversely separated paths, and its resolution through the physics of\u0000two-particle interference. The precise spatial control of electrons and photons\u0000within e-microscopes enables manipulation of their respective states, thus,\u0000such instruments can harness position-encoded free-e qubits for novel quantum\u0000sensing and the transfer of quantum information.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Vortexes as systems specific to the Acoustic World 作为声学世界特有系统的旋涡
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: arxiv-2405.00052
Ion Simaciu, Viorel Drafta, Zoltan Borsos, Gheorghe Dumitrescu
{"title":"Vortexes as systems specific to the Acoustic World","authors":"Ion Simaciu, Viorel Drafta, Zoltan Borsos, Gheorghe Dumitrescu","doi":"arxiv-2405.00052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.00052","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we study the properties of vortexes, as systems specific to the\u0000Acoustic World, using both hydrodynamic theory and the corresponding\u0000hydrodynamic Maxwell equations. According to this study, it follows that the\u0000vortex behaves like an acoustic dipole that has intrinsic/internal angular\u0000momentum. The system of two identical vortices also has orbital angular\u0000momentum and behaves, at distances much greater than the distance between the\u0000axes of the vortices, as a single vortex. With the help of Maxwell's\u0000hydrodynamic equations for the vortex we deduced the force between two vortices\u0000and obtained the expression of the equivalent mass of the vortex and the\u0000permittivity of the electroacoustic field. We also obtained and interpreted the\u0000expression for the energy density of the acoustic field. The density and\u0000pressure variations induced by the vortex cause the change in the propagation\u0000speed of the acoustic waves and the acoustic lensing property of the vortex.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140842282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Comment on "Case of thermodynamic failure in the Ginzburg-Landau approach to fluctuation superconductivity" 关于 "金兹堡-朗道波动超导方法中的热力学失效案例 "的评论
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-13 DOI: arxiv-2404.09056
A. V. Nikulov
{"title":"Comment on \"Case of thermodynamic failure in the Ginzburg-Landau approach to fluctuation superconductivity\"","authors":"A. V. Nikulov","doi":"arxiv-2404.09056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.09056","url":null,"abstract":"Jorge Berger shows theoretically in the paper Phys. Rev. B 109, 024501 (2024)\u0000that according to the Ginzburg-Landau theory the persistent current can create\u0000the persistent voltage, i.e. a dc voltage at thermodynamic equilibrium, on\u0000segments of nonuniform superconducting loop. A similar result was published\u0000early and was collaborated experimentally. The persistent power estimated by\u0000Berger is compared with the experimentally observed power. The attention of\u0000experimenters is drawn to the possibility to observe the persistent voltage\u0000thanks to its increase with the number of identical rings connected in series.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Review on the minimally extended varying speed of light model 回顾最小扩展的变化光速模型
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: arxiv-2406.02556
Seokcheon Lee
{"title":"Review on the minimally extended varying speed of light model","authors":"Seokcheon Lee","doi":"arxiv-2406.02556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2406.02556","url":null,"abstract":"It has been known that dimensional constants such as $hbar$, $c$, $G$, $e$,\u0000and $k$ are merely human constructs whose values and units vary depending on\u0000the chosen system of measurement. Therefore, the time variation of dimensional\u0000constants lacks operational significance due to their dependence on them. It is\u0000well-structured and represents a valid discussion. However, this fact only\u0000becomes a meaningful debate within the context of a static or present universe.\u0000As well-established theoretically and observationally, the current universe is\u0000undergoing accelerated expansion, wherein dimensional quantities, like the\u0000wavelength of light, also experience redshift phenomena elongating over cosmic\u0000time. In other words, in an expanding universe, dimensional quantities of\u0000physical parameters vary with cosmic time. From this perspective, there exists\u0000the possibility that dimensional constants, such as the speed of light, could\u0000vary with the expansion of the universe. In this review paper, we contemplate\u0000under what circumstances the speed of light may change or remain constant over\u0000cosmic time, and discuss the potential for distinguishing these cases\u0000observationally.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141520607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Resolving the paradox of the Dirac equation: phenomenology 解决狄拉克方程的悖论：现象学
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: arxiv-2404.08009
Serge F. Timashev
{"title":"Resolving the paradox of the Dirac equation: phenomenology","authors":"Serge F. Timashev","doi":"arxiv-2404.08009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2404.08009","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the results of F. Wilf on the need to take into account the\u0000quantum-mechanical correspondence rules in the Dirac equation for an electron,\u0000it was shown that the equation obtained by giving physical meaning to\u0000$alpha$-Dirac operators should be considered as a phenomenological equation\u0000for a particle of non-zero size - the EM polaron, previously introduced by the\u0000author. This allows a solution to be found to the inherent paradox of the Dirac\u0000equation, which consists of the equality of the velocity of the moving\u0000particles to the speed of light $c$ in a vacuum, which is a priori\u0000unobtainable, and to understand the physical essence of spin as the intrinsic\u0000mechanical moment of an EM polaron. It is also shown that the Dirac-Wilf\u0000equation for a single spatial dimension can be considered a generalization of\u0000the Schrodinger equation for relativistic energies.","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140566301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Does there exist the applicability limit of PDE to describe physical phenomena? -- A personal survey of Quantization, QED, Turbulence 描述物理现象的 PDE 是否存在适用极限？-- 关于量子化、QED、湍流的个人调查
arXiv - PHYS - General Physics Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: arxiv-2405.00045
Atsushi Inoue
{"title":"Does there exist the applicability limit of PDE to describe physical phenomena? -- A personal survey of Quantization, QED, Turbulence","authors":"Atsushi Inoue","doi":"arxiv-2405.00045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/arxiv-2405.00045","url":null,"abstract":"What does it mean to study PDE(=Partial Differential Equation)? How and what\u0000to do \"to claim proudly that I'm studying a certain PDE\"? Newton mechanic uses\u0000mainly ODE(=Ordinary Differential Equation) and describes nicely movements of\u0000Sun, Moon and Earth etc. Now, so-called quantum phenomenum is described by, say\u0000Schr\"odinger equation, PDE which explains both wave and particle characters\u0000after quantization of ODE. The coupled Maxwell-Dirac equation is also\u0000\"quantized\" and QED(=Quantum Electro-Dynamics) theory is invented by\u0000physicists. Though it is said this QED gives very good coincidence between\u0000theoretical and experimental observed quantities, but what is the equation\u0000corresponding to QED? Or, is it possible to describe QED by \"equation\" in naive\u0000sense?","PeriodicalId":501190,"journal":{"name":"arXiv - PHYS - General Physics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140835597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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