Journal of Sport Rehabilitation最新文献

{"title":"Challenges and Research Opportunities for Integrating Quantitative Electroencephalography Into Sports Concussion Rehabilitation.","authors":"Patrick S Ledwidge, Lindsey C Hartland, Kirstiana Brickman, Scott O Burkhart, John P Abt","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although concussion management and return to play/learn decision making focuses on reducing symptoms, there is growing interest in objective physiological approaches to treatment. Clinical and technological advancements have aided concussion management; however, the scientific study of the neurophysiology of concussion has not translated into its standard of care. This expert commentary is motivated by novel clinical applications of electroencephalographic-based neurofeedback approaches (eg, quantitative electroencephalography [QEEG]) for treating traumatic brain injury and emerging research interest in its translation for treating concussion. QEEG's low-cost relative to other brain recording/imaging techniques and precedent in clinical and medical care makes it a potential tool for concussion rehabilitation. Although uncommon, licensed and certified clinicians and medical professionals are implementing QEEG neurofeedback for concussion management within their score of practice. These approaches are not widely adopted nor recommended by professional medical societies, likely because of a limited evidence base of well-designed studies with available standard protocols. Thus, the potential efficacy of QEEG neurofeedback for treating persistent symptoms or cognitive dysfunction after sports-related concussion is unknown. This commentary will update the concussion clinician-scientist on the emerging research, techniques, and disagreements pertaining to the translation of QEEG neurofeedback for concussion management, particularly in the treatment of persistent cognitive difficulties. This commentary will also introduce to readers the fundamentals of how the electroencephalogram may be acquired, measured, and implemented during QEEG neurofeedback. An evidence base of supportive findings from well-designed studies, including those that are retrospective, outcomes-based, and, ultimately, placebo/sham-controlled is recommended prior to considering more widespread adoption of QEEG neurofeedback approaches for treating persistent symptoms or cognitive deficits after sports-related concussion. We review the considerable barriers to this research and clinical implementation, and conclude with opportunities for future research, which will be necessary for establishing the quality and efficacy of QEEG neurofeedback for concussion care.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142886388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilization of Interval Throwing Programs: Analysis of Athletic Trainer, Physical Therapist, and Physician Perspectives.","authors":"Aaron Sciascia, W Jeffrey Grantham, Austin Stone, Corey Tremble, Tim Uhl, Christopher Camp, W Ben Kibler","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>A common component within rehabilitation recommendations for baseball pitchers is employment of an interval throwing program. However, there is a lack of a consistent set of advocated guidelines for program content and implementation for athletes at the professional and collegiate levels.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Cross-sectional study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A survey was developed to obtain clinician views regarding the composition and implementation of interval throwing programs for baseball pitchers. The survey was divided into demographic information and sections on criteria to begin throwing programs, frequency of throwing, soreness management, warm-up components, program components and regulation of a program, and criteria to achieve permitting live throwing. Clinicians including physicians, physical therapists, and certified athletic trainers who evaluate and treat musculoskeletal injuries among baseball pitchers at the professional-level and/or collegiate-level clinician received the survey. Responses were tabulated and compared between the professional-level clinician and collegiate-level clinician groups using chi-square analyses with statistical significance set at P ≤ .05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey was completed by 166 clinicians (collegiate level = 81, professional-level clinician = 85). There were no statistical differences between groups for allowing warm-up throws, program regulation, maximum distance allowed, managing soreness, or criteria to achieve before permitting live throwing. Between-group differences included criteria to begin a program (≤.03), warm-up distance (P ≤ .02), nonthrowing warm-up methods (P ≤ .04), non-warm-up distance (P ≤ .01), using ratings of perceived exertion (P < .01), throwing frequency (P < .01), and program components (P ≤ .04).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Responses appear to mirror interval throwing program designs previously reported in the literature but there are modifications and additions utilized by clinicians at different playing levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Rehabilitation Including Strengthening Exercise Is Effective in Improving Fear-Avoidance Beliefs in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain: A Critically Appraised Topic.","authors":"Sarah Meade, Sungwan Kim, Neal R Glaviano","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical scenario: </strong>Individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) present with a variety of neuromuscular and psychological deficits, with the \"gold-standard\" for treatment being rehabilitation programs with strengthening-based exercises. While such interventions primarily target pain and function measures, it is unknown whether psychological measures such as fear-avoidance beliefs (FABs) are also affected.</p><p><strong>Clinical question: </strong>Is rehabilitation including strengthening exercises effective in improving FABs in individuals with PFP?</p><p><strong>Summary of key findings: </strong>Three studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the appraisal. All studies found that rehabilitation including strengthening exercises was effective in improving FABs for physical activity, though such improvements were modest. One study found that supplementing a one-time psychological intervention to rehabilitation including strengthening exercises resulted in greater improvements in FABs than with rehabilitation including strengthening exercises alone. Two studies found associations between changes in FABs and changes in pain and/or function outcomes.</p><p><strong>Clinical bottom line: </strong>There is consistent evidence that the incorporation of rehabilitation with strengthening exercises is effective in improving FABs in individuals with PFP, though such improvements are modest. Furthermore, supplementation with psychological interventions to rehabilitation including strengthening exercises may produce larger improvements in FABs, particularly in patients with an elevated FABs phenotype. As a result of improving FABs, patient outcomes of pain and function may be improved, though future research is needed. Therefore, at this time, we recommend that rehabilitation, including strengthening exercises with supplemental psychological interventions be prescribed for the treatment of PFP particularly in subgroups with elevated FABs, to improve patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Strength of recommendation: </strong>Collectively, the body of evidence included to answer the clinical question aligns with the strength of recommendation of A based on the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preseason Functional Movement Screen But Not Y-Balance Test Scores Predict Musculoskeletal Injury in Elite Female Fast-Pitch Softball Athletes.","authors":"Xiujing Zhao, Veronika Pribyslavska, HoYeol Yu, Eric M Scudamore","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Functional movement screen (FMS) and Y-balance test (YBT) are used to predict the risk of musculoskeletal injuries. FMS and YBT tools in relation to injury in elite female softball athletes have not been examined.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to (1) compare the differences in FMS, Y-Balance upper quarter (YBT-UQ), and lower quarter (YBT-LQ) scores between injured and noninjured group and (2) determine the ability of FMS and YBT scores to predict the odds of musculoskeletal injury in elite fast-pitch female softball athletes.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirty-eight athletes (age = 22.9 [2.6] y, height = 170.2 [5.2] cm, mass = 65.5 [7.2] kg) completed preseason FMS and YBT assessments. Injury data were collected throughout one full season, categorized based on the location of the injury, and then recorded as a binary variable (ie, injured and noninjured groups). FMS, YBT-UQ, and YBT-LQ scores were compared between injured and noninjured groups. Binary logistic regression was used to predict the occurrence of injury among softball athletes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>FMS scores were significantly lower for the injured group compared with the FMS scores belonging to the noninjured group (P ≤ .001; d = 1.52). Lower FMS composite scores predicted injury (Wald(df = 1) = 6.755; odds ratio = 0.231; P = .009; 95% confidence interval, 0.076-0.697). No between-group differences existed in YBT-UQ (P = .67; d = 0.14) and YBT-LQ (P = .16; d = 0.50) composite scores between the injured and the noninjured groups. YBT-UQ (Wald(df = 1) = 2.300; odds ratio = 0.893; P = .129; 95% confidence interval, 0.772-1.033) and YBT-LQ (Wald(df = 1) = 0.145; odds ratio = 1.024; P = .703; 95% confidence interval, 0.906-1.157) were not significant predictors of injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FMS appears to be a valuable screening tool for assessing musculoskeletal injury risk in elite fast-pitch female softball athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142873378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodal Assessment Battery and Heart Rate Variability Enhance Clinical Utility of Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test.","authors":"Daniel Miner, Michael Shiraishi, Pamela Gibbons, Rahul Soangra, Brent Harper","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>The Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test (BCTT) for exercise intolerance following concussion may highlight underlying autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic function at rest and with exertion may be predictive of neurocognitive performance for individuals with sports-related concussion. The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility and utility of combining multimodal assessments with heart rate variability (HRV) measures during the BCTT for individuals with a remote history of concussion.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study design, pretest/posttest.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Participants included 5 males and 5 females (N = 10, age: 25.2 [3.3] y old, height: 173.2 [11.2] cm, mass: 73.4 [13.7] kg, body mass index: 24.5 [3.9], time since last concussion of 6.3 [4.5] y). All participants completed the multimodal assessment battery including: Concentration Reverse Digits (6 digits), Stroop Incongruent, and King-Devick Test under single- (seated) and dual-task conditions (walking on treadmill at 2.0 mph, 0% incline). Heart rate and HRV was collected at rest, during the BCTT, and during postexercise recovery. HRV data were processed and analyzed based on established protocols. Paired t tests were performed for pre- and postmeasurements separately for single- and dual-task tests of the multimodal assessment battery and HRV indices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During the BCTT, HRV indices reflective of peripheral nervous system activity demonstrated a significant reduction with concomitant increase in HRV indices of sympathetic nervous system activity (P < .05). Recovery in these HRV indices toward baseline was observed during postexercise recovery. Neurocognitive performance on the Stroop task significantly improved with exercise (P < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementation of multimodal assessments to evaluate physiological and neurocognitive responses to exercise in individuals with history of sports-related concussion is feasible. Addition of these objective measures may decrease reliance on self-reporting of exercise-induced symptom exacerbation, enabling clinicians to identify individuals whose neurocognitive performance or physiologic response to exercise on the BCTT deviates from the expected.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142866055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Core Training on Functional Movement Screen Scores in Athletes: A Critically Appraised Topic.","authors":"Camila Niebla, Rebecca Carson, L Colby Mangum","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Clinical scenario: </strong>The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is used to assess movement patterns and the risk of injury of active individuals. Current studies have found positive relationships with core training and injury prevention as well as lower limb stability, which can help improve FMS scores.</p><p><strong>Clinical question: </strong>Does the implementation of a core training program have an impact on FMS scores in healthy active adults who participate in sport?</p><p><strong>Summary of key findings: </strong>Literature was searched for articles that included core-focused exercises and implementation of the FMS. This resulted in 25 studies being returned, only 23 of which were published in the last 10 years. Only 7 focused on the change in FMS scores after implementation of core training. Three of these studies were included in the analysis due to the specialized athlete population. All 3 studies found that using a core training program led to significantly higher FMS scores postintervention.</p><p><strong>Clinical bottom line: </strong>There is clear evidence that core training increases FMS scores in athletes. It is important for health care providers treating athletes to consider core training to improve functional movement patterns or FMS scores in sport-specific populations.</p><p><strong>Strength of recommendation: </strong>Overall, there are moderate to high levels of evidence that support a grade B recommendation for core training improvements on FMS scores in athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2025 at the Intersection of DEI and Sport Rehabilitation.","authors":"Eduardo Esteban Bustamante, Lyndsey M Hornbuckle, Kellie C Huxel Bliven, NiCole R Keith","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0453","DOIUrl":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0453","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142822761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Shoulder Rotation Strength and Test-Retest Reliability in 3 Test Positions With Swimmers.","authors":"Trey D W Job, Matthew R Cross, John B Cronin","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Advancements in portable load-cell technology have enabled high-quality assessment of shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) peak force (Fmax) and rate of force development (RFD). This study's purpose was to explore the reliability and differences between IR and ER Fmax and RFD in different testing positions using a novel load-cell device.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A within-subjects repeated-measures design was employed to compare the intersession values and reliability of Fmax and RFD for both shoulder IR and ER across 3 positions: seated-0°, supine-0° and supine-90°.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>National-level swimmers (n = 19; age = 16.8 [1.0] y) completed 3 testing occasions of each condition (combination of arm, rotation, and test position) separated by 7 to 14 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>IR superseded ER in all testing positions. The association between these positions across IR and ER was typically strong for both Fmax and RFD (r > .85, P < .001) except for IR RFD (r = .56-.73, P < .05). For sessions 2 to 3, Fmax intraclass correlation coefficient and CV (intraclass correlation coefficient = .89-.96, CV = 5.2%-8.8%) were typically within acceptable ranges, whereas RFD (intraclass correlation coefficient = .74-.90, CV = 11.5%-18.1%) often exhibited inflated error.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The supine (90°) position was the most consistent position across both measures. Load-cell technology can be confidently used to assess shoulder rotation Fmax in 3 different positions, whereas RFD should be used with caution without protocol refinement.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142814653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of 12-Month Clinical Outcomes Postsurgery Based on 3-Month Knee Examination After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.","authors":"Jin Seong Kim, Ui Jae Hwang, Kyu Sung Chung, Oh Yun Kwon","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2024-0131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2024-0131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Active management of modifiable factors during the early rehabilitation stage can help patients who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction successfully return to sports. This study aimed to determine predictors for performance on the single-leg hop test and Tegner activity score 12-month post-ACL reconstruction, based on knee function assessed 3-month postsurgery.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Prospective cohort study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Ninety-one patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were recruited. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of the one hop test and Tegner activity score 12-month postsurgery, based on a knee examination performed 3 months after ACL reconstruction. Factors evaluated at 3 months included the Biodex balance system anteroposterior and mediolateral indexes; Y balance test anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reaches; knee extensors and flexors peak torque per body weight; and knee extensors and flexors average power per body weight.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The knee extensor peak torque per body weight (PT/BW) and Biodex balance system-mediolateral index with cutoff values of 132 N·m/kg and 0.45, respectively were identified as predictors for achieving a limb symmetric index within 10% on the hop test. Furthermore, achieving a Tegner activity score over 6 was predicted by Y balance test-posteromedial reach and knee flexors average power per body weight, with cutoff values of 92.5 cm and 122 W/kg, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Three months following ACL reconstruction, knee extensor peak torque, and mediolateral balance predicted performance on the hop test, while dynamic posteromedial balance and knee flexors average power predicted rotational ability, at the 12-month assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trapezius Muscle Electromyographic Activity in Lawn-Mower Exercise: Standing Versus Quadruped.","authors":"Zeynep Berfu Ecemıs, Gamze Cobanoglu, Burcu Sena Oksuz, Betul Kaya, Nevin A Guzel, Baris Kafa, Nihan Kafa","doi":"10.1123/jsr.2023-0404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2023-0404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>In shoulder rehabilitation, exercises that reduce upper trapezius (UT) activity and optimize the trapezius muscle activation rate reduce the symptoms of shoulder pathologies. One such exercise, the lawn-mower (LM) exercise, is frequently used in scapular rehabilitation protocols due to its multijoint, multiplanar, and kinetic chain-based nature. Design/Objective: This study aimed to compare trapezius muscle activation levels and ratios during the LM exercise in standing and quadruped positions through a randomized controlled trial.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eighteen healthy volunteers (mean age [SD] = 25 [5] y, 10 women and 8 men, mean body mass index [SD] = 22.91 [2.59] kg/m2) participated in the study, and surface electromyography was employed to measure trapezius muscle activity during quadruped LM (QLM) and standing LM (SLM) exercises. The data were normalized as a percentage of maximal voluntary contraction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed significantly lower UT activity (percentage of maximal voluntary contraction) during QLM compared with SLM (P < .05) in concentric and isometric phases. Conversely, QLM exhibited significantly higher activation of the middle trapezius (MT) and lower trapezius (LT) in all phases when compared with SLM (P < .05). UT/MT and UT/LT ratios were also significantly lower in all QLM phases compared with SLM (P < .05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Study findings suggest that quadruped exercises reduce UT activation while promoting more balanced MT and LT muscle activation. This balance is essential for shoulder rehabilitation, especially in cases requiring minimal UT activation and maximal MT and LT activation. In cases where a balanced trapezius muscle activation pattern is required, including QLM exercises rather than SLM exercises may be more efficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":50041,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Sport Rehabilitation","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142808437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}