Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics最新文献

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High Performance Receiving and Processing Technology in Satellite Beam Hopping Communication 卫星波束跳频通信中的高性能接收和处理技术
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000076
Shenghua Zhai, Tengfei Hui, Xianfeng Gong, Zehui Zhang, Xiaozheng Gao, Kai Yang
{"title":"High Performance Receiving and Processing Technology in Satellite Beam Hopping Communication","authors":"Shenghua Zhai, Tengfei Hui, Xianfeng Gong, Zehui Zhang, Xiaozheng Gao, Kai Yang","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000076","url":null,"abstract":"Beam-hopping technology has become one of the major research hotspots for satellite communication in order to enhance their communication capacity and flexibility. However, beam hopping causes the traditional continuous time-division multiplexing signal in the forward downlink to become a burst signal, satellite terminal receivers need to solve multiple key issues such as burst signal rapid synchronization and high-performance reception. Firstly, this paper analyzes the key issues of burst communication for traffic signals in beam hopping systems, and then compares and studies typical carrier synchronization algorithms for burst signals. Secondly, combining the requirements of beam-hopping communication systems for efficient burst and low signal-to-noise ratio reception of downlink signals in forward links, a decoding assisted bidirectional variable parameter iterative carrier synchronization technique is proposed, which introduces the idea of iterative processing into carrier synchronization. Aiming at the technical characteristics of communication signal carrier synchronization, a new technical approach of bidirectional variable parameter iteration is adopted, breaking through the traditional understanding that loop structures cannot adapt to low signal-to-noise ratio burst demodulation. Finally, combining the DVB-S2X standard physical layer frame format used in high throughput satellite communication systems, the research and performance simulation are conducted. The results show that the new technology proposed in this paper can significantly shorten the carrier synchronization time of burst signals, achieve fast synchronization of low signal-to-noise ratio burst signals, and have the unique advantage of flexible and adjustable parameters.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Method of Improving Pedestrian Navigation Performance Based on Chest Card 基于胸卡的行人导航性能改进方法
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000084
Hao Cheng, Shuang Gao, Xiaowen Cai, Yuxuan Wang, Jie Wang
{"title":"Method of Improving Pedestrian Navigation Performance Based on Chest Card","authors":"Hao Cheng, Shuang Gao, Xiaowen Cai, Yuxuan Wang, Jie Wang","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000084","url":null,"abstract":"With the development of positioning technology, location services are constantly in demand by people. As a primary location service pedestrian navigation has two main approaches based on radio and inertial navigation. The pedestrian navigation based on radio is subject to environmental occlusion leading to the degradation of positioning accuracy. The pedestrian navigation based on micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit (MIMU) is less susceptible to environmental interference, but its errors dissipate over time. In this paper, a chest card pedestrian navigation improvement method based on complementary correction is proposed in order to suppress the error divergence of inertial navigation methods. To suppress attitude errors, optimal feedback coefficients are established by pedestrian motion characteristics. To extend navigation time and improve positioning accuracy, the step length in subsequent movements is compensated by the first step length. The experimental results show that the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is improved by more than 47% and 44% compared with the pure inertia-based method combined with step compensation and the traditional complementary filtering combined method with step compensation. The proposed method can effectively suppress the error dispersion and improve the positioning accuracy.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Modified Filter for Mean Elements Estimation with State Jumping 带状态跳跃的平均值要素估计修正滤波器
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000081
Yanjun Yu, Chengfei Yue, Huayi Li, Yunhua Wu, Xueqin Chen
{"title":"Modified Filter for Mean Elements Estimation with State Jumping","authors":"Yanjun Yu, Chengfei Yue, Huayi Li, Yunhua Wu, Xueqin Chen","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000081","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the real-time mean orbital elements (MOEs) estimation problem under the influence of state jumping caused by non-fatal spacecraft collision or protective orbit transfer, a modified augmented square-root unscented Kalman filter (MASUKF) is proposed. The MASUKF is composed of sigma points calculation, time update, modified state jumping detection, and measurement update. Compared with the filters used in the existing literature on MOEs estimation, it has three main characteristics. Firstly, the state vector is augmented from six to nine by the added thrust acceleration terms, which makes the filter additionally give the state-jumping-thrust-acceleration estimation. Secondly, the normalized innovation is used for state jumping detection to set detection threshold concisely and make the filter detect various state jumping with low latency. Thirdly, when sate jumping is detected, the covariance matrix inflation will be done, and then an extra time update process will be conducted at this time instance before measurement update. In this way, the relatively large estimation error at the detection moment can significantly decrease. Finally, typical simulations are performed to illustrated the effectiveness of the method.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
SFC Placement and Dynamic Resource Allocation Based on VNF Performance-Resource Function and Service Requirement in Cloud-Edge Environment 云边缘环境中基于 VNF 性能-资源功能和服务需求的 SFC 安置和动态资源分配
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000092
Yingchao Han, Weixiao Meng, Wentao Fan
{"title":"SFC Placement and Dynamic Resource Allocation Based on VNF Performance-Resource Function and Service Requirement in Cloud-Edge Environment","authors":"Yingchao Han, Weixiao Meng, Wentao Fan","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000092","url":null,"abstract":"With the continuous development of network functions virtualization (NFV) and software-defined networking (SDN) technologies and the explosive growth of network traffic, the requirement for computing resources in the network has risen sharply. Due to the high cost of edge computing resources, coordinating the cloud and edge computing resources to improve the utilization efficiency of edge computing resources is still a considerable challenge. In this paper, we focus on optimizing the placement of network services in cloud-edge environments to maximize the efficiency. It is first proved that, in cloud-edge environments, placing one service function chain (SFC) integrally in the cloud or at the edge can improve the utilization efficiency of edge resources. Then a virtual network function (VNF) performance-resource (P-R) function is proposed to represent the relationship between the VNF instance computing performance and the allocated computing resource. To select the SFCs that are most suitable to deploy at the edge, a VNF placement and resource allocation model is built to configure each VNF with its particular P-R function. Moreover, a heuristic recursive algorithm is designed called the recursive algorithm for max edge throughput (RMET) to solve the model. Through simulations on two scenarios, it is verified that RMET can improve the utilization efficiency of edge computing resources.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beamspace Maximum Likelihood Algorithm Based on Sum and Difference Beams for Elevation Estimation 基于和差波束的波束空间最大似然算法用于高程估算
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000057
Sheng Chen, Yongbo Zhao, Yili Hu, Xiaojiao Pang
{"title":"Beamspace Maximum Likelihood Algorithm Based on Sum and Difference Beams for Elevation Estimation","authors":"Sheng Chen, Yongbo Zhao, Yili Hu, Xiaojiao Pang","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000057","url":null,"abstract":"Beamspace super-resolution methods for elevation estimation in multipath environment has attracted significant attention, especially the beamspace maximum likelihood (BML) algorithm. However, the difference beam is rarely used in super-resolution methods, especially in low elevation estimation. The target airspace information in the difference beam is different from the target airspace information in the sum beam. And the use of difference beams does not significantly increase the complexity of the system and algorithms. Thus, this paper applies the difference beam to the beamformer to improve the elevation estimation performance of BML algorithm. And the direction and number of beams can be adjusted according to the actual needs. The theoretical target elevation angle root means square error (RMSE) and the computational complexity of the proposed algorithms are analyzed. Finally, computer simulations and real data processing results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141738032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Low-Complexity Signal Detection for Massive MIMO Systems via Trace Iterative Method 通过溯源迭代法实现大规模多输入多输出系统的低复杂度信号检测
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000061
A. Khoso Imran, Xiaofei Zhang, Hayee Shaikh Abdul, A. Khoso Ihsan, Ahmed Dayo Zaheer
{"title":"Low-Complexity Signal Detection for Massive MIMO Systems via Trace Iterative Method","authors":"A. Khoso Imran, Xiaofei Zhang, Hayee Shaikh Abdul, A. Khoso Ihsan, Ahmed Dayo Zaheer","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000061","url":null,"abstract":"Linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection has been shown to achieve near-optimal performance for massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems but inevitably involves complicated matrix inversion, which entails high complexity. To avoid the exact matrix inversion, a considerable number of implicit and explicit approximate matrix inversion based detection methods is proposed. By combining the advantages of both the explicit and the implicit matrix inversion, this paper introduces a new low-complexity signal detection algorithm. Firstly, the relationship between implicit and explicit techniques is analyzed. Then, an enhanced Newton iteration method is introduced to realize an approximate MMSE detection for massive MIMO uplink systems. The proposed improved Newton iteration significantly reduces the complexity of conventional Newton iteration. However, its complexity is still high for higher iterations. Thus, it is applied only for first two iterations. For subsequent iterations, we propose a novel trace iterative method (TIM) based low-complexity algorithm, which has significantly lower complexity than higher Newton iterations. Convergence guarantees of the proposed detector are also provided. Numerical simulations verify that the proposed detector exhibits significant performance enhancement over recently reported iterative detectors and achieves close-to-MMSE performance while retaining the low-complexity advantage for systems with hundreds of antennas.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Dual Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter Algorithm for SINS-Based Integrated Navigation System 基于 SINS 的综合导航系统的双重自适应无后缀卡尔曼滤波算法
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000060
Xu Lyu, Ziyang Meng, Chunyu Li, Zhenyu Cai, Yi Huang, Xiaoyong Li, Xingkai Yu
{"title":"A Dual Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter Algorithm for SINS-Based Integrated Navigation System","authors":"Xu Lyu, Ziyang Meng, Chunyu Li, Zhenyu Cai, Yi Huang, Xiaoyong Li, Xingkai Yu","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000060","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the problem of measuring noise pollution distribution by the intertial-based integrated navigation system is effectively suppressed. Based on nonlinear inertial navigation error modeling, a nested dual Kalman filter framework structure is developed. It consists of unscented Kalman filter (UKF) master filter and Kalman filter slave filter. This method uses nonlinear UKF for integrated navigation state estimation. At the same time, the exact noise measurement covariance is estimated by the Kalman filter dependency filter. The algorithm based on dual adaptive UKF (Dual-AUKF) has high accuracy and robustness, especially in the case of measurement information interference. Finally, vehicle-mounted and ship-mounted integrated navigation tests are conducted. Compared with traditional UKF and the Sage-Husa adaptive UKF (SH-AUKF), this method has comparable filtering accuracy and better filtering stability. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Beamspace Maximum Likelihood Algorithm Based on Sum and Difference Beams for Elevation Estimation 基于和差波束的波束空间最大似然算法用于高程估算
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.23619/jsee.2024.000057
Sheng Chen, Yongbo Zhao, Yili Hu, Xiaojiao Pang
{"title":"Beamspace Maximum Likelihood Algorithm Based on Sum and Difference Beams for Elevation Estimation","authors":"Sheng Chen, Yongbo Zhao, Yili Hu, Xiaojiao Pang","doi":"10.23619/jsee.2024.000057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23619/jsee.2024.000057","url":null,"abstract":"Beamspace super-resolution methods for elevation estimation in multipath environment has attracted significant attention, especially the beamspace maximum likelihood (BML) algorithm. However, the difference beam is rarely used in super-resolution methods, especially in low elevation estimation. The target airspace information in the difference beam is different from the target airspace information in the sum beam. And the use of difference beams does not significantly increase the complexity of the system and algorithms. Thus, this paper applies the difference beam to the beamformer to improve the elevation estimation performance of BML algorithm. And the direction and number of beams can be adjusted according to the actual needs. The theoretical target elevation angle root means square error (RMSE) and the computational complexity of the proposed algorithms are analyzed. Finally, computer simulations and real data processing results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Equipment Damage Measurement Method of Wartime Based on FCE-PCA-RF 基于 FCE-PCA-RF 的战时设备损坏测量方法
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000065
Mingyu Li, Lu Gao, Hongwei Xu, Kai Li, Yisong Huang
{"title":"Equipment Damage Measurement Method of Wartime Based on FCE-PCA-RF","authors":"Mingyu Li, Lu Gao, Hongwei Xu, Kai Li, Yisong Huang","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000065","url":null,"abstract":"As the “engine” of equipment continuous operation and repeated operation, equipment maintenance support plays a more prominent role in the confrontation of symmetrical combat systems. As the basis and guide for the planning and implementation of equipment maintenance tasks, the equipment damage measurement is an important guarantee for the effective implementation of maintenance support. Firstly,this article comprehensively analyses the influence factors to damage measurement from the enemy's attributes, our attributes and the battlefield environment starting from the basic problem of wartime equipment damage measurement. Secondly, this article determines the key factors based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) and performed principal component analysis (PCA) on the key factors. Finally, the principal components representing more than 85% of the data features are taken as the input and the equipment damage quantity is taken as the output. The data are trained and tested by artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest (RF). In a word, FCE-PCA-RF can be used as a reference for the research of equipment damage estimation in wartime.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141552521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Real-Time Tracking of Fast-Moving Object in Occlusion Scene 遮挡场景中快速移动物体的实时跟踪
IF 2.1 3区 计算机科学
Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.23919/jsee.2024.000058
Yuran Li, Yichen Li, Monan Zhang, Wenbin Yu, Xinping Guan
{"title":"Real-Time Tracking of Fast-Moving Object in Occlusion Scene","authors":"Yuran Li, Yichen Li, Monan Zhang, Wenbin Yu, Xinping Guan","doi":"10.23919/jsee.2024.000058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/jsee.2024.000058","url":null,"abstract":"Tracking the fast-moving object in occlusion situations is an important research topic in computer vision. Despite numerous notable contributions have been made in this field, few of them simultaneously incorporate both object's extrinsic features and intrinsic motion patterns into their methodologies, thereby restricting the potential for tracking accuracy improvement. In this paper, on the basis of efficient convolution operators (ECO) model, a speed-accuracy-balanced model is put forward. This model uses the simple correlation filter to track the object in real-time, and adopts the sophisticated deep-learning neural network to extract high-level features to train a more complex filter correcting the tracking mistakes, when the tracking state is judged to be poor. Furthermore, in the context of scenarios involving regular fast-moving, a motion model based on Kalman filter is designed which greatly promotes the tracking stability, because this motion model could predict the object's future location from its previous movement pattern. Additionally, instead of periodically updating our tracking model and training samples, a constrained condition for updating is proposed, which effectively mitigates contamination to the tracker from the background and undesirable samples avoiding model degradation when occlusion happens. From comprehensive experiments, our tracking model obtains better performance than ECO on object tracking benchmark 2015 (OTB100), and improves the area under curve (AUC) by about 8% and 32% compared with ECO, in the scenarios of fast-moving and occlusion on our own collected dataset.","PeriodicalId":50030,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141547448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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