Journal of the History of the Neurosciences最新文献

{"title":"Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions","authors":"J. Lazar","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2066409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2066409","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article is an outline of the transition in “brain maps” used to illustrate locations of cortical “centers” associated with movements, sensations, and language beginning with images from Gall and Spurzheim in the nineteenth century through those of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the twenty-first century. During the intervening years, new approaches required new brain maps to illustrate them, and brain maps helped to objectify and naturalize mental processes. One approach, electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex—exemplified by Fritsch and Hitzig in 1870, Ferrier in 1873, and Penfield by 1937—required brain maps showing functional centers with expanded and overlapping boundaries. In another approach, brain maps that linked cortical centers to account for the complex syndromes of aphasia, apraxia, alexia, and agraphia were initially constructed by Baginsky in 1871, Wernicke in 1874, and Lichtheim in 1885, then later by Lissauer in 1890, Dejerine in 1892, and Liepmann in 1920, and eventually by Geschwind in 1965 and others through the late twentieth century. Over that intervening time, brain maps changed from illustrations of points on the cerebral cortex where movements and sensations were elicited to illustrations of areas (centers) associated with recognizable functions to illustrations of connections between those areas that account for complex symptoms occurring in clinical patients. By the end of this period, advancements in physics, mathematics, and cognitive science resulted in inventions that allowed brain maps of cortical locations derived from cognitive manipulations rather than from the usual electrical or ablative manipulations. “Mental” dependent variables became “cognitive” independent variables.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49218514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing graphic representations of the brain from the late middle ages to the present","authors":"D. Lanska","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2067718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2067718","url":null,"abstract":"“The brain is in the skull. The brain is in the skull.” When I was a fledgling medical student at the Medical College of Wisconsin in 1981, this was the mind-numbing daily mantra intoned as a microphone check before neuroanatomy lectures by research neuroscientist Robin L. Curtis (1926–2020). Curtis would then show image after image of the nervous system, describing elaborate neural pathways and often waxing eloquent about such thenstrange and esoteric topics as “the fields of Forel” (Forel 1877; Horisawa et al 2021; see Figure 1). Many of the images were difficult for neophyte medical students to fully grasp, and some of the material seemed unlikely to have any potential clinical application (or so I thought at the time). Less than four decades later, the fields of Forel are being increasingly considered as potential targets for stereotactic interventions in the treatment of movement disorders, behavioral disorders, and epilepsy (Neudorfer et al. 2017; Neudorfer and Maarouf 2018). Our current multifaceted and multilayered “picture” of the brain developed from the gradual evolution of graphic representations, particularly over the past 500 years, through recursive observation, abstraction, and conceptual interpretation. How such images are presented, even today, varies considerably among different scholars and when presenting material to different audiences. In 2016, the editorial board of the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences charged me with the responsibility for developing a special issue on the evolution of graphic representations of the brain. I had begun work on this topic in 2012 with studies related to plagiarisms of Andreas Vesalii’s (1543) by Juan Valverde de Hamusco and Geminus (Thomas Lambert or Lambrit); followed in 2014 by studies of the evolution of Vesalius’s representations of the brain in the period from 1538 to 1555; and then, finally, from 2016 to the present, by a much-expanded survey of the development of neuroanatomy and depictions of the brain (Lanska 2014a, 2014b, 2014c, 2015, 2018a, 2018b, 2018c, 2018d, 2018e; Lanska and Lanska 2013a, 2013b, 2014). Some aspects of this program of study were presented as special museum exhibits at the Dittrick Medical History Center for the 2018 meeting of the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN), which was held in","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44736765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eugène-Louis Doyen and his Atlas d’Anatomie Topographique (1911): Sensationalism and gruesome theater","authors":"D. Lanska","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2050643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2050643","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT French surgeon and anatomist Eugène-Louis Doyen (1859–1916) was a focus of controversy and scandal throughout his career, an innovative surgeon of great technical skill whose unsurpassed abilities were offset by narcissistic and frequently unethical behavior. Doyen produced the most controversial atlas of human anatomy of the early-twentieth century, his Atlas d’Anatomie Topographique. He used a chemical process to fix whole cadavers, then used a motorized band saw with a sliding table to precisely cut sequential slices in all three anatomic planes. His intentionally arresting images of the nervous system in situ (using heliotypes in his atlas and projected images of prepared specimens in his lectures) made for gruesome theater, directed more at the public than the medical profession, which Doyen disdained and delighted in antagonizing. Although photography and photomechanical reproduction facilitated the rapid production of Doyen’s atlas, many of the fine details were lost. In addition, although he developed tissue fixation techniques that preserved the natural colors of tissues, this was not evident in the monochrome images of the printed atlas. Doyen’s atlas is compared with other anatomic atlases of the late-nineteenth century that included serial sections of the central nervous system, either from sections of entire cadavers, the isolated head, or the excised brain. In retrospect, Doyen’s fevered activity, including his efforts to depict the topographic anatomy of the nervous system, produced only modest benefits, and often produced significant costs for his patients, his colleagues, the medical profession, and his own reputation.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59840184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropathological images in the great pathology atlases","authors":"P. Koehler, D. Lanska","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2046917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2046917","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In the period between Morgagni’s De Sedibus (1761) and Cruveilhier’s Anatomie pathologique (1829–1842), six pathology atlases were published, in which neuropathological subjects were discussed and depicted. It was a period of transition in medical, technical, and publishing areas. The first three (by Matthew Baillie, Robert Hooper, and Richard Bright) were mainly atlases derived from pathological museum specimens. They were selective rather than comprehensive. Of the other three (by Jean Cruveilhier, James Hope, and Robert Carswell), most of the observations were made during autopsies. These illustrations required special arrangements so they could be executed during the autopsies. These were available in Paris rather than in London, which is the reason why Hope and Carswell made many of the drawings in France. The plates in these three were color lithographs. Baillie’s book contains only figure descriptions. Bright’s and Cruveilhier’s atlases provide case descriptions. Hooper and Hope provide theoretical texts and figure legends. Carswell’s book has 12 theoretical sections, each followed by plates. The relative cost of the atlases varied with the number of plates. Although the authors made use of artists and engravers, several were talented artists themselves. Many common neurological diseases were depicted.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44342718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phrenology’s frontal sinus problem: An insurmountable obstruction?","authors":"S. Finger, P. Eling","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2046440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2046440","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Whereas some of Gall’s critics were quick to assail his organology as materialistic and fatalistic, others questioned his methods and scientific assumptions, especially his craniological tenets. The idea that the skull does not faithfully reflect the features of small, underlying brain areas was repeatedly brought up in the scientific debates. Critics pointed to the frontal sinuses above the eye orbits as evidence for the interior and exterior plates of the cranium not being in parallel—hence, for several or many phrenological organs being unknowable. This article traces the origins of the frontal sinus arguments and how Gall, Spurzheim, and later phrenologists responded to it. It reveals how the two sides fought and remained divided about the significance of the sinuses throughout the nineteenth century—that is, on whether the frontal sinus “problem” was an insurmountable obstacle or one that was merely an inconvenience.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43632956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-sectional representations of the central nervous system in Pirogov’s “Ice Anatomy”","authors":"B. Lichterman, D. Lanska","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2050642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2050642","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Russian surgeon Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Pirogoff; 1810–1881) introduced the teaching of applied topographical anatomy in Russia. Pirogov’s monumental four-part atlas, Anatome topographica sectionibus per corporis humanum congelatum triplici directione ductis illustrate (An Illustrated Topographic Anatomy of Saw Cuts Made in Three Dimensions Across the Frozen Human Body), colloquially known as the “Ice Anatomy,” was published in Latin in folio in the 1850s. Pirogov sought to investigate “the normal and pathological positions of different organs and body parts using sections made in the three principal directions [anatomical planes] … throughout all regions.” To accomplish this, he froze cadavers “to the density of the thickest wood” and then cut them into thin plates with a special mechanical saw. His approach was reportedly inspired by his observations of butchers sawing across frozen pig carcasses at the meat market in St. Petersburg during winter. Pirogov systemically obtained full-size representations of more than 1,000 sections. A painter made a representative copy of the cross-sectional contours of each section, using ruled glass overlain on the sections. The final lithographs were of high artistic quality and execution, resembling modern high-resolution medical imaging (i.e., CT or MRI). Moreover, structures were serially sectioned and systematically illustrated along all three anatomical planes, something that had never previously been attempted. This allowed clinicians and anatomists to scrutinize the spatial relationships of structures from multiple perspectives and at a much more detailed level than was previously possible, although the cost, massiveness, and complexity of the completed work precluded wide dissemination.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48556770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ada Potter and her microscopical neuroanatomy atlases","authors":"P. Koehler, Aster Visser","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2054644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2054644","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In his Recollections (1947), Dutch neuropsychiatrist Cornelis Winkler mentioned his colleague Ada Potter, who made many of the neuroanatomic drawings in his publications. She also made two microscopical brain atlases (of a rabbit and a cat) and participated in endeavors to publish a human brain atlas. Born on East Java (Dutch East Indies), Potter received her M.D. from the University of Amsterdam. She worked with Winkler until his retirement (1926) and then moved to the United States. Subsequently, she went back to East Java, practicing in an insane asylum. In the meantime, she was active in the women’s mancipation movement. After a short stay in Geneva, she returned to the Netherlands in 1939. The rabbit and cat atlases (1911 and 1914, respectively) were major projects that served animal experimenters up to the 1980s. They consist of 40 and 35 black-and-white plates, respectively, depicting microscopic fiber and cell structure drawings with extensive legends. In a period in which medical photography had fully developed, they preferred drawings, particularly because neurons in thick microscopical slices can only be seen by continuous focusing. The choice was shared by well-known neuroanatomists, such as Ramon y Cajal, who noted that drawing facilitates analysis and teaches scientists how to see.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43243292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The transnational move of interdisciplinarity: Ginseng and the beginning of neuroscience in South Korea, 1970–1990s","authors":"Youjung Shin","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2022.2029139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2022.2029139","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Neuroscience did not suddenly become a global endeavor. This article examines the way neuroscience took shape in South Korea focusing on Chan-Woong Park, who launched the Korean Society for Neuroscience in 1992. Park was a pharmacologist who studied ginseng and the brain from the 1970s. By revealing the way Park noted both opportunity and difficulty in the interdisciplinarity of neuroscience, this article reveals the context in which interdisciplinarity shaped studies of the brain in South Korea. To date, historians have followed the flow of knowledge, embedded in materials or instruments, to understand the transnational development of science and technology. This article focuses on the flow of value—interdisciplinarity, per se—which mediated uncertainties in studying the brain and galvanized ignorance in the name of neuroscience. By revealing the materiality and locality of interdisciplinarity and its role in facilitating ignorance, the article sheds new light on the transnational development of neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44962330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The medieval cell doctrine: Foundations, development, evolution, and graphic representations in printed books from 1490 to 1630.","authors":"Douglas J Lanska","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2021.1972702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2021.1972702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The medieval cell doctrine was a series of related psychological models based on ancient Greco-Roman ideas in which cognitive faculties were assigned to \"cells,\" typically corresponding to the cerebral ventricles. During Late Antiquity and continuing during the Early Middle Ages, Christian philosophers attempted to reinterpret Aristotle's <i>De Anima</i>, along with later modifications by Herophilos and Galen, in a manner consistent with religious doctrine. The resulting medieval cell doctrine was formulated by the fathers of the early Christian Church in the fourth and fifth centuries. Printed images of the doctrine that appeared in medical, philosophical, and religious works, beginning with \"graphic incunabula\" at the end of the fifteenth century, extended and evolved a manuscript tradition that had been in place since at least the eleventh century. Some of these early psychological models just pigeonholed the various cognitive faculties in different non-overlapping bins within the brain (albeit without any clinicopathologic evidence supporting such localizations), while others specifically promoted or implied a linear sequence of events, resembling the process of digestion. By the sixteenth century, printed images of the doctrine were usually linear three-cell versions with few exceptions having four or five cells. Despite direct challenges by Massa and Vesalius in the sixteenth century, and Willis in the seventeenth century, the doctrine saw its most elaborate formulations in the late-sixteenth and early-seventeenth centuries with illustrations by the Paracelsan physicians Bacci and Fludd. Overthrow of the doctrine had to await abandonment of Galenic cardiovascular physiology from the late-seventeenth to early-eighteenth centuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39836709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Representations of the olfactory bulb and tracts in images of the medieval cell doctrine.","authors":"Douglas J Lanska","doi":"10.1080/0964704X.2021.1976585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/0964704X.2021.1976585","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article presents a collection of previously overlooked, stereotyped, abstract, anatomical representations of the olfactory bulbs and tracts that were printed as part of schematic woodcuts of the medieval cell doctrine, generally in the early-sixteenth century but extending into the seventeenth century and, in at least one case, to the mid-nineteenth century. A representation of the olfactory bulbs is incorporated into many of these woodcuts, beginning with an illustration by German physician, philosopher, and theologian Magnus Hundt in 1501 in his <i>Antropologium</i>, which showed central projections of the two olfactory bulbs joining in the meshwork of the <i>rete mirabile</i>. German physician and anatomist Johann Eichmann, known as Johannes Dryander, modified Hundt's figure for his own monograph in 1537 but retained the representation of the olfactory bulbs. In 1503, German Carthusian humanist writer Gregor Reisch published an influential and highly copied woodcut in his <i>Margarita philosophica</i>, showing connections from the olfactory bulbs overlying the bridge of the nose (as well as from other special sense organs) to the <i>sensus communis</i> in the anterior cell or ventricle. In the following centuries, numerous authors derived similar figures from Reisch's original schematic illustration of the medieval cell doctrine, including Brunschwig (1512, 1525), Głogowczyk (1514), Romberch/Host (1520), Leporeus/Le Lièvre (1520, 1523), Dolce (1562), Lull/Bernardus de Lavinheta (1612), and Elliotson (1835). Similar representations were provided by Peyligk (1518) and Eck (1520). These stereotyped schematic images linked the olfactory bulbs to olfaction before the advent of more realistic images beginning in the mid-sixteenth century.</p>","PeriodicalId":49997,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the History of the Neurosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39740961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}