Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Association of Victimization by Sex among Public Facing Bus and Subway Transit Workers, New York City.","authors":"David Vlahov, Daniel Hagen, Michael Cziner, Alexis Merdjanoff, Martin F Sherman, Robyn R Gershon","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00912-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00912-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Federal data indicate that assaults on transit workers resulting in fatalities or hospitalizations tripled between 2008 and 2022. The data indicated a peri-pandemic surge of assault-related fatalities and hospitalizations, but assaults with less dire outcomes were not recorded. In collaboration with the Transport Workers Union, Local 100, we conducted an online survey in late 2023 through early 2024 of New York City public-facing bus and subway workers that focused on their work experiences during the 2020-2023 period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Items for this analysis on victimization included measures of physical and sexual assault/harassment, verbal harassment/intimidation, theft, and demographic characteristics (e.g., sex, race, work division). We estimated separate modified Poisson models for each of the four outcomes, yielding prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Potential interactions between variables with strong main effects in the adjusted model were further examined using product terms. Among 1297 respondents, 89.0% reported any victimization; respondents also reported physical assault (48.6%), sexual assault/harassment (6.3%), verbal harassment/intimidation (48.7%), and theft on the transit system (20.6%). Physical assault was significantly more common among women in the bus division compared to female subway workers, male bus workers, and male subway workers (adjusted PR (aPR) = 3.54; reference = male subway workers; Wald test p < .001). With the same reference group, sexual assault/harassment was more frequently reported among female subway workers (aPR = 5.15; Wald test, p < .001), but verbal assault/intimidation and experiencing theft were least common among women in the bus division (aPR = 0.22 and 0.13, respectively; Wald tests, p < .001). These data point to the need for greater attention to record and report on victimization against workers in both buses and subway.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"934-941"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461377/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barriers and Facilitators to Trust in the COVID-19 New York City Test and Trace Program.","authors":"Michelle M Chau, Rita Larson, Margaret M Paul, Rachel E Massar, Lorraine Kwok, Carolyn A Berry, Lorna E Thorpe, Stefanie Bendik, Anna Bershteyn, Nadia S Islam","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00911-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00911-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"879-887"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461413/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142299682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Bias in Mortgage Lending, Redlining, and Implications for the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem: A Study of Structural Housing Discrimination in Dallas and Boston.","authors":"Alaina M Beauchamp, Jasmin A Tiro, Jennifer S Haas, Sarah C Kobrin, Margarita Alegria, Amy E Hughes","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00887-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00887-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the uncertain geographic context problem, a lack of temporal information can hinder measures of bias in mortgage lending. This study extends previous methods to: (1) measure the persistence of racial bias in mortgage lending for Black Americans by adding temporal trends and credit scores, and (2) evaluate the continuity of bias in discriminatory areas from 1990 to 2020. These additions create an indicator of persistent structural housing discrimination. We studied the Boston-Cambridge-Newton and Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan statistical areas to examine distinct historical trajectories and urban development. We estimated the odds of mortgage denial for census tracts. Overall, all tracts in Boston-Cambridge-Newton (N = 1003) and Dallas-Fort Worth (N = 1312) displayed significant change, with greater odds of bias over time in Dallas-Fort Worth and lower odds in Boston-Cambridge-Newton. Historically redlined areas displayed the strongest persistence of bias. Results suggest that temporal data can identify persistence and improve sensitivity in measuring neighborhood bias. Understanding the temporality of residential exposure can increase research rigor and inform policy to reduce the health effects of racial bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1037-1044"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461407/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142019372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Overdose Death Following Substance Use Disorder Treatment Termination in New York City: A Retrospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.","authors":"Ashly E Jordan, Gail Jette, Jason K Graham, Constance Burke, Chinazo O Cunningham","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00893-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00893-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug overdose death rates are the highest recorded in New York City (NYC). Substance use disorder (SUD) treatment termination can confer increased risk of drug overdose death. Our objective was to determine the probability of, and factors associated with, drug overdose death following SUD treatment termination. Using a retrospective longitudinal cohort design, we identified those who had NYC-based SUD treatment terminated (01/2016-06/2019) using Chief Medical Examiner and SUD treatment data. Using survival analyses, we examined drug overdose deaths ≤ 14 and ≤ 90 days following SUD treatment termination, respectively. Of 51,171 patients with SUD treatment termination, 140 and 342 had a drug overdose death < 14 and ≤ 90 days, respectively. The crude drug overdose death rate was 26.7 per 1000 person-years at-risk in the ≤ 90-day period and was 71.6 per 1000 person-years at-risk in the ≤ 14-day period. In adjusted Cox proportional hazard model examining death ≤ 14 days, those unemployed (compared to employed) and those terminated from residential treatment (compared to medically supervised withdrawal, opioid treatment programs, and outpatient treatment) were more likely to have had a drug overdose death (all p-values < 0.01). In adjusted Cox proportional hazard model examining death ≤ 90 days, non-Hispanic White people (compared to non-Hispanic Black people), those not stably housed (compared to stably housed), those unemployed and those terminated from residential treatment were more likely to have had a drug overdose death (all p-values < 0.01). Strategies to improve retention including the reassessment of program treatment termination criteria along with strategies to promote ongoing OUD treatment, engagement in harm reduction, and distribution of naloxone are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1045-1057"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461374/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-State Relationship of Firearm Violence Between Police and Civilians: Gun Ownership as a Common Denominator.","authors":"Vageesh Jain, David Hemenway","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00904-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00904-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"951-954"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142082393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scale-Up of COVID-19 Testing Services in NYC, 2020-2021: Lessons Learned to Maximize Reach, Equity and Timeliness.","authors":"Lorna E Thorpe, Sarah Conderino, Stefanie Bendik, Carolyn Berry, Nadia Islam, Rachel Massar, Michelle Chau, Rita Larson, Margaret M Paul, Chuan Hong, Andrew Fair, Andrea R Titus, Anna Bershteyn, Andrew Wallach","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00918-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00918-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During infectious disease epidemics, accurate diagnostic testing is key to rapidly identify and treat cases, and mitigate transmission. When a novel pathogen is involved, building testing capacity and scaling testing services at the local level can present major challenges to healthcare systems, public health agencies, and laboratories. This mixed methods study examined lessons learned from the scale-up of SARS-CoV-2 testing services in New York City (NYC), as a core part of NYC's Test & Trace program. Using quantitative and geospatial analyses, the authors assessed program success at maximizing reach, equity, and timeliness of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing services across NYC neighborhoods. Qualitative analysis of key informant interviews elucidated key decisions, facilitators, and barriers involved in the scale-up of SARS-CoV-2 testing services. A major early facilitator was the ability to establish working relationships with private sector vendors and contractors to rapidly procure and manufacture necessary supplies locally. NYC residents were, on average, less than 25 min away from free SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing services by public transport, and services were successfully directed to most neighborhoods with the highest transmission rates, with only one notable exception. A key feature was to direct mobile testing vans and rapid antigen testing services to areas based on real-time neighborhood transmission data. Municipal leaders should prioritize fortifying supply chains, establish cross-sectoral partnerships to support and extend testing services, plan for continuous testing and validation of assays, ensure open communication feedback loops with CBO partners, and maintain infrastructure to support mobile services during infectious disease emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"913-922"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142308960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lasting Legacy: The Enduring Relationship Between Racially Restrictive Housing Covenants and Health and Wellbeing.","authors":"Kristine West, Elizabeth M Allen, Rachel Neiwert, Ava LaPlante, Anchee Nitschke Durben, Victoria Delgado-Palma","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00901-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00901-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Racially restrictive covenants in housing deeds, commonplace in Minnesota for houses built from the 1910s to the 1950s, provided a foundation for the myriad of policies that made it difficult for people of color to obtain housing. Though covenants were ruled illegal in 1968, their legacy continues to shape neighborhoods. The Mapping Prejudice Project's efforts in Hennepin County, Minnesota, produced the first systematic documentation of racially restrictive covenants. We use this novel data set to explore the relationship between historic covenants and current health and wellbeing outcomes. Using regression analysis to control for neighborhood level covariates, we compare previously covenanted neighborhoods to neighborhoods without covenants. Today, previously covenanted neighborhoods have higher life expectancy and lower rates of obesity, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and asthma than neighborhoods without racially restrictive covenants. Additionally, previously covenanted neighborhoods have less upward mobility for children from poorer households, and there are larger gaps in upward mobility between white and Black children. These findings contribute to a growing literature that shows racist policies, even decades after they are legally enforceable, leave an imprint on neighborhoods. Using the novel data from the Mapping Prejudice Project, we provide statistical analysis that confirms qualitative and anecdotal evidence on the role of racial covenants in shaping neighborhoods.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"1026-1036"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142127183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gun Violence Exposure and Quality of Life in Nine US States.","authors":"Jennifer Paruk, Daniel Semenza","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00891-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00891-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Direct and indirect gun violence exposure (GVE) is associated with a broad range of detrimental health effects. However, much of this research has examined the effects of a single type of GVE (e.g., being shot) on discrete outcomes (e.g., daily pain, PTSD). Since people may experience numerous types of GVE (e.g., being threatened with a gun and hearing gunshots in their neighborhood) with broad effects on their well-being, we study the association between four types of direct and indirect GVE and five aspects of quality of life (overall, physical, psychological, social, and environmental). Using a representative sample of adults from nine states (N = 7455), we find that witnessing/hearing about a shooting in one's neighborhood was the most commonly experienced GVE associated with significant decreases in all five types of quality of life. Cumulative GVE was also associated with significant decreases in overall physical, psychological, social, and environmental quality of life. For example, individuals with four GVEs had an adjusted average physical quality of life that was 11.14 points lower and environmental quality of life that was 7.18 points lower than individuals with no GVE. Decreasing gun violence is a critical component of improving community health and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"942-950"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461391/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141793931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons Learned from the Launch and Implementation of the COVID-19 Contact Tracing Program in New York City: a Qualitative Study.","authors":"Margaret M Paul, Lorraine Kwok, Rachel E Massar, Michelle Chau, Rita Larson, Stefanie Bendik, Lorna E Thorpe, Anna Bershteyn, Nadia Islam, Carolyn A Berry","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00898-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00898-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>On June 1, 2020, NYC Health + Hospitals, in partnership with the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, other city agencies, and a large network of community partners, launched the New York City Test & Trace (T2) COVID-19 response program to identify and isolate cases, reduce transmission through contact tracing, and provide support to residents during isolation or quarantine periods. In this paper, we describe lessons learned with respect to planning and implementation of case notification and contact tracing. Our findings are based on extensive document review and analysis of 74 key informant interviews with T2 leadership and frontline staff, cases, and contacts conducted between January and September 2022. Interviews elicited respondent background, history of program development, program leadership and structure, goals of the program, program evolution, staffing, data systems, elements of community engagement, trust with community, program reach, timeliness, equity, general barriers and challenges, general facilitators and best practices, and recommendations/improvement for the program. Facilitators and barriers revealed in the interviews primarily revolved around hiring and managing staff, data and technology, and quality of interactions with the public. Based on these facilitators and barriers, we identify suggestions to support effective planning and response for future case notification and contact tracing programs, including recommendations for planning during latent periods, case management and data systems, and processes for outreach to cases and contacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"888-897"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142114195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sentiment Analysis of Twitter Posts Related to a COVID-19 Test & Trace Program in NYC.","authors":"Krystle A Tsai, Michelle M Chau, Juncheng Wang, Lorna E Thorpe, Rachel E Massar, Sarah Conderino, Carolyn A Berry, Nadia S Islam, Anna Bershteyn, Marie A Bragg","doi":"10.1007/s11524-024-00906-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11524-024-00906-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As part of a program evaluation of the New York City Test & Trace program (T2)-one of the largest such programs in the USA-we conducted a study to assess how implementing organizations (NYC Health + Hospitals, government agencies, CBOs) communicated information about the T2 program on Twitter. Study aims were as follows: (1) quantify user engagement of posts (\"tweets\") about T2 by NYC organizations on Twitter and (2) examine the emotional tone of social media users' T2-related tweets in our sample of 1987 T2-related tweets. Celebrities and CBOs generated more user engagement (0.26% and 0.07%, respectively) compared to government agencies (e.g., Mayor's Office, 0.0019%), reinforcing the value of collaborating with celebrities and CBOs in social media public health campaigns. Sentiment analysis revealed that positive tweets (46.5%) had higher user engagement than negative tweets (number of likes: R² = .095, p < .01), underscoring the importance of positively framing messages for effective public health campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":49964,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"898-901"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11461426/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142331314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}