Journal of Vector Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Non-target effects of methoprene and larvicidal surface films on invertebrate predators of mosquito larvae.","authors":"Joseph Nelsen,&nbsp;Donald A Yee","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.41","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mosquito larvicides are used across a variety of aquatic habitats, although when applied they likely affect other aquatic organisms. The removal or impairment of top insect predators via larvicides could be beneficial to mosquitoes by allowing their populations to rebound once pesticide levels dissipate. Our goal was to determine if two larvicide types, growth regulators (IGRs) and surface films (SFs), harm non-target aquatic insect communities, and if these chemicals influence the ability of predatory aquatic insects to regulate mosquitoes. We surveyed aquatic sites before and after IGR and SF-application, then compared changes in insect community structure. Evenness was lower in SF treated habitats, and when analyzing prey/controphic taxa only, evenness and diversity changed in untreated reference areas, suggesting that differences measured were due to other environmental factors, not larvicide presence. A field experiment was then conducted by exposing specific predatory aquatic insects to varying doses of IGRs and SFs and then placing them in mesocosms containing mosquito larvae. Surface films were directly lethal to adult dytiscids at recommended and high concentrations. Although we found no significant differences in mosquito emergence among all treatment levels, there was a trend of negative controls (no predator mesocosms) and SF-treated predators allowing the most mosquitoes to emerge compared to positive controls (predators not exposed to larvicides) and IGR-treated predators. Thus, these larvicides may have minimal effects on mosquito larvae predators, but the direct effects of surface films on insects that interact with the water's surface require further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9973747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of various substances and trap component configurations to increase mosquito collections in Biogents Gravid <i>Aedes</i> traps.","authors":"James E Cilek,&nbsp;Joshua R Weston,&nbsp;Connie R Johnson,&nbsp;Jason D Fajardo,&nbsp;Alec G Richardson","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two independent studies were conducted in northeastern Florida to determine if Biogents Gravid <i>Aedes</i> Trap (GAT) mosquito collections could be enhanced with a variety of substances and structural configurations. The first study baited GATs with either: 1) an infusion of mixed Southern live oak leaf (<i>Quercus virginiana</i>) and slash pine needle (<i>Pinus elliottii</i>) litter, 2) Biogents Lure (BG Lure), 3) yeast-derived carbon dioxide), 4) yeast-derived carbon dioxide+ BG Lure, or 5) a combination of all three. Nine mosquito species were collected from traps in the first study with <i>Psorophora ferox>Culex nigripalpus</i>><i>Aedes aegypti</i>><i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> as the top four most abundantly collected species. No significant difference in mosquito abundance was observed among these species among treatments. However, when the overall number of mosquitoes for all nine species was pooled, GATs baited with the combination of yeast-derived carbon dioxide + BG Lure + leaf infusion numerically collected the greatest number of individuals compared with the other four treatments. The second study evaluated the separate and combined attractiveness of individual GAT structural components/configurations with and without Southern live oak leaf litter infusion and BG-Lure. <i>Aedes albopictus</i>, <i>Ae. aegypti</i>, <i>Anopheles quadrimaculatus,</i> and <i>Cx. quinquefasciatus</i> were collected from all these traps in the second study. Results generally revealed that the current commercially available GAT configuration consisting of a screened translucent top (with BG-Lure) fitted into the black reservoir baited with oak leaf infusion remained the most attractive combination for collecting northeastern Florida mosquitoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Triatoma pallidipennis</i> (Stål, 1872) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and its potential for infestation in Tecozautla, Hidalgo state, Mexico.","authors":"Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar,&nbsp;Alberto Antonio-Campos,&nbsp;Julio Noguez-García,&nbsp;Nancy Rivas","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Triatoma pallidipennis</i> is an exclusive and widely distributed species in Mexico and one of the three main vectors that transmit Chagas disease in the country. The state of Hidalgo is an endemic area for Chagas disease where the presence of several species of triatomines has been reported. The objective of our work was to describe the morphology, colonization process, and reproductive behavior of <i>T. pallidipennis</i> in Guadalupe, Tecozautla, two years after the first collection of a specimen in this region. A total of 28 specimens was collected at both domicile and peridomicile, showing a 17.8% infection rate. The main collection site was a woodshed, and despite the collection of adults in the dwelling, we did not find eggs, exuviae, or nymphs. One female monitored from collection day until death laid 566 eggs, with a hatching rate of 95%, showing an increase of oviposition when cohabited with a male. The results showed the capacity that <i>T. pallidipennis</i> has to infest areas (mainly human dwellings) when it settles down, which would imply a risk for the population that lives in the locality.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9990896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of tick-borne zoonotic pathogens in questing and feeding ticks in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.","authors":"Estefanía Abreu-Yanes,&nbsp;Néstor Abreu-Acosta,&nbsp;Pilar Foronda","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.59","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ticks are vectors of many zoonotic pathogens of clinical relevance, including <i>Anaplasma</i> and <i>Rickettsia</i> species. Since few data about these tick-borne pathogens are available in the Canary Islands, the aim of the present study was to screen their presence in questing and feeding ticks on the island of Tenerife. A total of 81 ticks was removed from six hedgehogs, and eight ticks were collected from the grass. PCR assays for tick species identification based on the LSU rRNA gene, and detection of <i>Anaplasma</i> spp. and <i>Rickettsia</i> spp. by targeting the 16s rRNA and <i>gltA</i> gene, respectively, were carried out. <i>Rhipicephalus sanguineus</i> and <i>Haemaphysalis formosensis</i> tick species were identified, with <i>Rickettsia hoogstraalii</i> detected in <i>H. formosensis.</i> In addition, <i>Rickettsia helvetica</i> and one unidentified <i>Rickettsia</i> species were detected. The overall prevalence of <i>Rickettsia</i> in ticks was 12.2%, and none harbored <i>Anaplasma</i> sp. This work constitutes the first identification in the Canary Islands of pathogenic <i>R. helvetica</i> and the species of unknown pathogenicity <i>R. hoogstraalii</i> in questing ticks. The clinical relevance of the pathogens identified highlights the need for studies with increased sample size and locations, including potential hosts, as well as warning the population about the relevance of ticks as vectors.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accidental importation of the vector of Chagas disease, <i>Triatoma rubrofasciata</i> (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae), in Europe.","authors":"Francisco Collantes,&nbsp;Juan Francisco Campos-Serrano,&nbsp;Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.63","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera; Reduviidae) are vectors of American trypanosomiasis, also called Chagas disease. These insects feed on blood and are capable of transmitting protozoa belonging to the genus Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastea), with T. cruzi (Chagas, 1909) being the most important vector for human and companion animal disease. Vector-borne transmission can occur through contamination of a mucous membrane or a skin opening by triatomine fecal material after a bite. Another important means of transmission is oral ingestion of contaminated unpasteurized food or drink that contains the triatomine insect or its fecal material. Most species of Triatoninae are distributed in the Americas, but a few are found in the Far East and India. One of them, Triatoma rubrofasciata, is widely distributed worldwide (Dujardin et al. 2015). The unique reference to T. rubrofasciata near Europe is from the island of Santa Maria, the southeastern-most in the Azores archipelago with a humid subtropical climate. The assignment of its presence to Europe (Schofield and Galvão 2009) would be confusing or erroneous due to the location of this Portuguese archipelago with respect to North Africa and Europe, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The first known citation there occurred in 1979 (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979), but the authors did not refer to any collection data (point/date). The presence of T. rubrofasciata seems stable in the Azores, as it was included as part of the fauna of the island of Santa Maria in 2010 but, surprisingly, the species has not been collected in the rest of the islands, although it has remained in the Azores for at least 31 years (1979-2010) (Borges et al. 2010). Triatoma rubriofasciata is considered to be a poor vector of T. cruzi and it was associated with transmission in only three cases in the Americas (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979) but not in China or Vietnam, where the species is more abundant (Hieu et al. 2019), thus it is rarely associated with T. cruzi transmission. This may be due to the long defecation timing of this species that lowers the transmission possibility to mammal hosts (Braga and Lima 1999). Nevertheless, in the Far East, this species has become a public health problem due to the numerous bites that can become more severe by swelling, itching, and secondary infection (Hieu et al. 2019, Shi et al. 2020). Several anaphylactic reactions have also been reported in Hawaii and China, (Wang and Peng 2006, Anderson and Belnap 2015). In the Far East, T. rubrofasciata is found in all habitat types, especially in urban and peri-urban and to a lesser extent in rural areas (Dujardin et al. 2015, Hieu et al. 2019). In buildings, vector abundance decreases with increasing floor levels (Hieu et al. 2019). The specimen was studied morphologically and the taxonomical identification was conducted on the basis of the key diagnostic characters (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979):","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9973743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of western black-legged tick and vertebrate populations after a destructive wildfire in an intensively-studied woodland in northern California.","authors":"Emily L Pascoe,&nbsp;Charles E Vaughn,&nbsp;Michael I Jones,&nbsp;Reginald H Barrett,&nbsp;Janet E Foley,&nbsp;Robert S Lane","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite increasing severity and frequency of wildfires, knowledge about how fire impacts the ecology of tick-borne pathogens is limited. In 2018, the River Fire burned a forest in the far-western U.S.A. where the ecology of tick-borne pathogens had been studied for decades. Forest structure, avifauna, large and small mammals, lizards, ticks, and tick-borne pathogens (<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>, <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, <i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i>) were assessed after the wildfire in 2019 and 2020. Burning reduced canopy cover and eliminated the layer of thick leaf litter that hosted free-living ticks, which over time was replaced by forbs and grasses. Tick abundance and the vertebrate host community changed dramatically. Avian species adapted to cavity nesting became most prevalent, while the number of foliage-foraging species increased by 83% as vegetation regenerated. Nine mammalian species were observed on camera traps, including sentinel (black-tailed jackrabbits) and reservoir hosts (western gray squirrels) of <i>B. burgdorferi.</i> One <i>Peromyscus</i> sp. mouse was captured in 2019 but by 2020, numbers were rebounding (n=37), although tick infestations on rodents remained sparse (0.2/rodent). However, western fence lizards (n=19) hosted 8.6 ticks on average in 2020. Assays for pathogens found no <i>B. miyamotoi</i> in either questing or host-feeding ticks, <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> DNA in 4% (1/23) in 2019, and 17% (29/173) in 2020 for questing and host-feeding ticks combined, and <i>B. burgdorferi</i> DNA in just 1% of all ticks collected in 2020 (2/173). We conclude that a moderately severe wildfire can have dramatic impacts on the ecology of tick-borne pathogens, with changes posited to continue for multiple years.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9990895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of insecticide resistance of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, in the northeast region of Brazil.","authors":"Kauara B Campos,&nbsp;Abdullah A Alomar,&nbsp;Bradley H Eastmond,&nbsp;Marcos T Obara,&nbsp;Luciana Dos S Dias,&nbsp;Rafi U Rahman,&nbsp;Barry W Alto","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vector control has been an essential strategy in Brazil to manage vector-borne diseases, and the use of insecticides plays an important role in this effort. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) has become a common insect growth regulator used to control juvenile stages of mosquitoes by disturbing their growth and development. This study assesses the susceptibility and resistance status of Brazilian <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations that previously showed low resistance levels to PPF. Eggs of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> were collected from six cities located in the northeast states of Ceará (Quixadá, Icó, and Juazeiro do Norte), and Bahia (Itabuna, Brumado, and Serrinha). We used the <i>Ae. aegypti</i> Rockefeller strain as an experimental control and a strain known to be susceptible to insecticides. Inhibition of emergence rates by 50% of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations varied from 0.0098-0.046 µg/L. Mosquitoes from Icó, Serrinha, and Brumado showed low resistance levels [resistance ratio (RR₅₀) = 2.33, 4.52, and 4.83, respectively], whereas moderate levels of resistance were detected in populations from Juazeiro do Norte (RR₅₀=5.83) and Itabuna (RR₅₀=7.88). <i>Aedes aegypti</i> collected from the Quixadá population showed a high resistance level to pyriproxyfen (RR₅₀=11). The evolution of resistance in Brazilian <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations to PPF can compromise vector control efforts. Continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> is essential for making timely management decisions for effective vector control and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9973745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-occurrence of <i>Culicoides guttipennis</i> (Coquillett) with tree hole mosquito species, including <i>Aedes albopictus</i> Skuse, in container habitats in northwest Arkansas, U.S.A.","authors":"Cierra Briggs,&nbsp;Emily G McDermott","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural and artificial water-filled containers serve as development sites for several larval Dipterans, including medically important mosquito species and <i>Culicoides</i> biting midges. Containers are discrete habitats with limited carrying capacity and high levels of both intra- and interspecific competition. While the outcomes of the interactions between mosquito species, particularly native and introduced <i>Aedes</i>, have been well described, competition between mosquitoes and other taxa, including <i>Culicoides</i>, is largely unstudied. To determine the extent of shared resource use between container-inhabiting mosquito and biting midge species, we surveyed water-filled natural and artificial container habitats in Washington County, AR. Larvae were collected from containers in the field and reared in the laboratory until the adult stage, where they were identified to species. <i>Culicoides guttipennis</i>, the only <i>Culicoides</i> species identified, co-occurred with four mosquito species, including the invasive <i>Aedes albopictus</i>. <i>Culicoides</i> larvae were more common in natural than artificial containers. Natural container samples from which <i>Ae. albopictus</i> emerged were significantly less likely to harbor <i>Culicoides</i> larvae than samples where that mosquito species was absent, suggesting the possibility that <i>Ae. albopictus</i> competes either directly or indirectly with other native taxa beyond congeners. Further research is needed on the nature of the interactions between <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and native <i>Culicoides</i> spp.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IN MEMORIAM Mir S. Mulla","authors":"B. Federici, B. Mullens, A. Gerry, Major S. Dhillon","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44968937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of home improvements and health education on the transmission of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Chagas in a rural area of western Mexico.","authors":"Benjamín Nogueda-Torres,&nbsp;Lucio Galaviz-Silva,&nbsp;Gabriela Villalvazo-Bejines,&nbsp;Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza,&nbsp;José Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Latin America. Instituting home improvement preventive measures and increasing health education contribute to successful control of the triatomine insect vector. The impact of home and road improvements and health education upon the inhabitants of 37 human dwellings in three small towns in western Mexico were studied. Initially, few house roofs were made of concrete and few walls were cement-lined. Almost all houses initially lacked metal window screens and none used barbed wire fences. One year after the intervention, all of these measures were more common, and almost 100% of houses continued to use window screens and barbed wire fences ten years post-intervention. By ten years post-intervention, >75% of houses had cement-lined walls. Initially, 24.3% of human dwellings were infested with <i>Triatoma longipennis</i> Usinger; at one and ten years post-intervention, only 2.7% of dwellings were infested. The abundance of peridomestic opossums decreased after intervention and remained low ten years later. Approximately 10% of dogs were infected in both surveys. Human infections decreased from 2.98% to zero by 13 years post-intervention. Implementation of these intervention measures led to the successful control of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Chagas transmission in these towns.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10343031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}