Journal of Vector Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Accidental importation of the vector of Chagas disease, <i>Triatoma rubrofasciata</i> (De Geer, 1773) (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae), in Europe.","authors":"Francisco Collantes,&nbsp;Juan Francisco Campos-Serrano,&nbsp;Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.63","url":null,"abstract":"Members of the subfamily Triatominae (Hemiptera; Reduviidae) are vectors of American trypanosomiasis, also called Chagas disease. These insects feed on blood and are capable of transmitting protozoa belonging to the genus Trypanosoma (Kinetoplastea), with T. cruzi (Chagas, 1909) being the most important vector for human and companion animal disease. Vector-borne transmission can occur through contamination of a mucous membrane or a skin opening by triatomine fecal material after a bite. Another important means of transmission is oral ingestion of contaminated unpasteurized food or drink that contains the triatomine insect or its fecal material. Most species of Triatoninae are distributed in the Americas, but a few are found in the Far East and India. One of them, Triatoma rubrofasciata, is widely distributed worldwide (Dujardin et al. 2015). The unique reference to T. rubrofasciata near Europe is from the island of Santa Maria, the southeastern-most in the Azores archipelago with a humid subtropical climate. The assignment of its presence to Europe (Schofield and Galvão 2009) would be confusing or erroneous due to the location of this Portuguese archipelago with respect to North Africa and Europe, in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The first known citation there occurred in 1979 (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979), but the authors did not refer to any collection data (point/date). The presence of T. rubrofasciata seems stable in the Azores, as it was included as part of the fauna of the island of Santa Maria in 2010 but, surprisingly, the species has not been collected in the rest of the islands, although it has remained in the Azores for at least 31 years (1979-2010) (Borges et al. 2010). Triatoma rubriofasciata is considered to be a poor vector of T. cruzi and it was associated with transmission in only three cases in the Americas (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979) but not in China or Vietnam, where the species is more abundant (Hieu et al. 2019), thus it is rarely associated with T. cruzi transmission. This may be due to the long defecation timing of this species that lowers the transmission possibility to mammal hosts (Braga and Lima 1999). Nevertheless, in the Far East, this species has become a public health problem due to the numerous bites that can become more severe by swelling, itching, and secondary infection (Hieu et al. 2019, Shi et al. 2020). Several anaphylactic reactions have also been reported in Hawaii and China, (Wang and Peng 2006, Anderson and Belnap 2015). In the Far East, T. rubrofasciata is found in all habitat types, especially in urban and peri-urban and to a lesser extent in rural areas (Dujardin et al. 2015, Hieu et al. 2019). In buildings, vector abundance decreases with increasing floor levels (Hieu et al. 2019). The specimen was studied morphologically and the taxonomical identification was conducted on the basis of the key diagnostic characters (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979):","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"48 1","pages":"63-65"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9973743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recovery of western black-legged tick and vertebrate populations after a destructive wildfire in an intensively-studied woodland in northern California.","authors":"Emily L Pascoe,&nbsp;Charles E Vaughn,&nbsp;Michael I Jones,&nbsp;Reginald H Barrett,&nbsp;Janet E Foley,&nbsp;Robert S Lane","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite increasing severity and frequency of wildfires, knowledge about how fire impacts the ecology of tick-borne pathogens is limited. In 2018, the River Fire burned a forest in the far-western U.S.A. where the ecology of tick-borne pathogens had been studied for decades. Forest structure, avifauna, large and small mammals, lizards, ticks, and tick-borne pathogens (<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>, <i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>, <i>Borrelia miyamotoi</i>) were assessed after the wildfire in 2019 and 2020. Burning reduced canopy cover and eliminated the layer of thick leaf litter that hosted free-living ticks, which over time was replaced by forbs and grasses. Tick abundance and the vertebrate host community changed dramatically. Avian species adapted to cavity nesting became most prevalent, while the number of foliage-foraging species increased by 83% as vegetation regenerated. Nine mammalian species were observed on camera traps, including sentinel (black-tailed jackrabbits) and reservoir hosts (western gray squirrels) of <i>B. burgdorferi.</i> One <i>Peromyscus</i> sp. mouse was captured in 2019 but by 2020, numbers were rebounding (n=37), although tick infestations on rodents remained sparse (0.2/rodent). However, western fence lizards (n=19) hosted 8.6 ticks on average in 2020. Assays for pathogens found no <i>B. miyamotoi</i> in either questing or host-feeding ticks, <i>A. phagocytophilum</i> DNA in 4% (1/23) in 2019, and 17% (29/173) in 2020 for questing and host-feeding ticks combined, and <i>B. burgdorferi</i> DNA in just 1% of all ticks collected in 2020 (2/173). We conclude that a moderately severe wildfire can have dramatic impacts on the ecology of tick-borne pathogens, with changes posited to continue for multiple years.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"48 1","pages":"19-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9990895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of insecticide resistance of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) populations to insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, in the northeast region of Brazil.","authors":"Kauara B Campos,&nbsp;Abdullah A Alomar,&nbsp;Bradley H Eastmond,&nbsp;Marcos T Obara,&nbsp;Luciana Dos S Dias,&nbsp;Rafi U Rahman,&nbsp;Barry W Alto","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vector control has been an essential strategy in Brazil to manage vector-borne diseases, and the use of insecticides plays an important role in this effort. Pyriproxyfen (PPF) has become a common insect growth regulator used to control juvenile stages of mosquitoes by disturbing their growth and development. This study assesses the susceptibility and resistance status of Brazilian <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations that previously showed low resistance levels to PPF. Eggs of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> were collected from six cities located in the northeast states of Ceará (Quixadá, Icó, and Juazeiro do Norte), and Bahia (Itabuna, Brumado, and Serrinha). We used the <i>Ae. aegypti</i> Rockefeller strain as an experimental control and a strain known to be susceptible to insecticides. Inhibition of emergence rates by 50% of <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations varied from 0.0098-0.046 µg/L. Mosquitoes from Icó, Serrinha, and Brumado showed low resistance levels [resistance ratio (RR₅₀) = 2.33, 4.52, and 4.83, respectively], whereas moderate levels of resistance were detected in populations from Juazeiro do Norte (RR₅₀=5.83) and Itabuna (RR₅₀=7.88). <i>Aedes aegypti</i> collected from the Quixadá population showed a high resistance level to pyriproxyfen (RR₅₀=11). The evolution of resistance in Brazilian <i>Ae. aegypti</i> populations to PPF can compromise vector control efforts. Continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance in <i>Ae. aegypti</i> is essential for making timely management decisions for effective vector control and management.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"48 1","pages":"12-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9973745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Co-occurrence of <i>Culicoides guttipennis</i> (Coquillett) with tree hole mosquito species, including <i>Aedes albopictus</i> Skuse, in container habitats in northwest Arkansas, U.S.A.","authors":"Cierra Briggs,&nbsp;Emily G McDermott","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural and artificial water-filled containers serve as development sites for several larval Dipterans, including medically important mosquito species and <i>Culicoides</i> biting midges. Containers are discrete habitats with limited carrying capacity and high levels of both intra- and interspecific competition. While the outcomes of the interactions between mosquito species, particularly native and introduced <i>Aedes</i>, have been well described, competition between mosquitoes and other taxa, including <i>Culicoides</i>, is largely unstudied. To determine the extent of shared resource use between container-inhabiting mosquito and biting midge species, we surveyed water-filled natural and artificial container habitats in Washington County, AR. Larvae were collected from containers in the field and reared in the laboratory until the adult stage, where they were identified to species. <i>Culicoides guttipennis</i>, the only <i>Culicoides</i> species identified, co-occurred with four mosquito species, including the invasive <i>Aedes albopictus</i>. <i>Culicoides</i> larvae were more common in natural than artificial containers. Natural container samples from which <i>Ae. albopictus</i> emerged were significantly less likely to harbor <i>Culicoides</i> larvae than samples where that mosquito species was absent, suggesting the possibility that <i>Ae. albopictus</i> competes either directly or indirectly with other native taxa beyond congeners. Further research is needed on the nature of the interactions between <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and native <i>Culicoides</i> spp.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"48 1","pages":"7-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9974217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IN MEMORIAM Mir S. Mulla","authors":"B. Federici, B. Mullens, A. Gerry, Major S. Dhillon","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-48.1.i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"48 1","pages":"i - iii"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44968937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of home improvements and health education on the transmission of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Chagas in a rural area of western Mexico.","authors":"Benjamín Nogueda-Torres,&nbsp;Lucio Galaviz-Silva,&nbsp;Gabriela Villalvazo-Bejines,&nbsp;Zinnia Judith Molina-Garza,&nbsp;José Alejandro Martínez-Ibarra","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.171","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chagas disease is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in Latin America. Instituting home improvement preventive measures and increasing health education contribute to successful control of the triatomine insect vector. The impact of home and road improvements and health education upon the inhabitants of 37 human dwellings in three small towns in western Mexico were studied. Initially, few house roofs were made of concrete and few walls were cement-lined. Almost all houses initially lacked metal window screens and none used barbed wire fences. One year after the intervention, all of these measures were more common, and almost 100% of houses continued to use window screens and barbed wire fences ten years post-intervention. By ten years post-intervention, >75% of houses had cement-lined walls. Initially, 24.3% of human dwellings were infested with <i>Triatoma longipennis</i> Usinger; at one and ten years post-intervention, only 2.7% of dwellings were infested. The abundance of peridomestic opossums decreased after intervention and remained low ten years later. Approximately 10% of dogs were infected in both surveys. Human infections decreased from 2.98% to zero by 13 years post-intervention. Implementation of these intervention measures led to the successful control of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Chagas transmission in these towns.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"47 2","pages":"171-178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10343031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community surveillance of <i>Aedes albopictus</i> associated with <i>Wolbachia</i> detection in low-rise residential areas in Selangor, Malaysia.","authors":"Muhammad Aidil Roslan,&nbsp;Romano Ngui,&nbsp;Indra Vythilingam,&nbsp;Wan Yusoff Wan Sulaiman","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The study assessed the distribution of Malaysian <i>Ae. albopictus</i> adults associated with <i>Wolbachia</i> detection in low-rise residential areas using a modified sticky ovitrap (MSO). The relationship between <i>Ae. albopictus</i> and climatological parameters were also determined. Fifty-two weeks of surveillance using 273 MSOs were conducted in four installation areas of eleven sampling sites. Specimens were subjected to PCR using <i>wsp-</i>specific primers for <i>Wolbachia</i> detection. The relationship between climatological parameters and <i>Ae. albopictus</i> captured were analyzed using Spearman rank correlation coefficient test. The majority of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> were captured in residential houses (87%), followed by playgrounds or parks (11.5%), guardhouses (1%), and community halls (0.5%). Most of the specimens (92%) were superinfected with <i>w</i>AlbA and <i>w</i>AlbB strains. A positive correlation with no significant association was found for rainfall (<i>r</i> = 0.015, P = 0.072), relative humidity (<i>r</i> = 0.005, P = 0.526), minimum temperature (<i>r</i> = 0.005, P = 0.516), and mean temperature (<i>r</i> = 0.003, P = 0.689). MSO effectively captured a high number of <i>Ae. albopictus</i> that was determined to be the predominant mosquito species found in low-rise residential areas. The adult collection is not only influenced by climatological parameters but also by other factors, including environmental conditions and general sanitation status.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"47 2","pages":"142-152"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10404019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal niche partitioning and phenology of Nearctic and Palearctic flea (Siphonaptera) communities on rodents (Mammalia: Rodentia) from five ecoregions.","authors":"Robert L Bossard","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seasonality of fleas (Siphonaptera) may be due to species competition, prompting the idea that flea species partition temperature, along with correlated variables such as moisture (thermal-niche partitioning hypothesis). I compared the fleas of five rodent-flea communities described from the literature for thermal-niche optima by fitting non-linear LRF (Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois) curves to examine whether flea species in a community show distinct, partitioned thermal niches. LRF curves estimate physiological parameters of temperature minimum, optimum, maximum, and maximum abundance, and facilitate comparison between species by summarizing seasonal data. Flea-communities were on Nearctic Southern flying squirrel (<i>Glaucomys volans volans</i>), Richardson's ground-squirrel (<i>Urocitellus richardsonii</i>), North American deer-mouse (<i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i>), and Palearctic Midday jird (<i>Meriones meridianus</i>), and Wagner's gerbil (<i>Dipodillus dasyurus</i>). Flea communities appeared to show seasonality consistent with thermal-niche partitioning. Several flea families and genera had characteristic thermal niches: Ceratophyllidae had broad tolerance to extreme temperature, Leptopsyllidae (one species in this study) to cold, and Pulicidae to hot. In contrast, at the local, species level, climatic speciation could be significant in flea diversification. Non-competition hypotheses (environmental filtering, neutrality) require testing, too. Thermal-niche partitioning may increase flea species richness on hosts and could occur in other insect and plant communities. Implications for biodiversity conservation and disease ecology under global warming are wide-ranging.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"47 2","pages":"217-226"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10710124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heteroduplex assay of cytochrome b expanding the toolbox for the identification of triatomine (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas disease.","authors":"Diana Milena Torres-Cifuentes,&nbsp;Alberto Antonio-Campos,&nbsp;Keity J Farfán-Pira,&nbsp;Víctor Sánchez-Cordero,&nbsp;Nancy Rivas,&nbsp;Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.235","url":null,"abstract":"Diana Milena Torres-Cifuentes1, Alberto Antonio-Campos2,4, Keity J. Farfán-Pira3, Víctor Sánchez-Cordero4, Nancy Rivas2, and Ricardo Alejandre-Aguilar2* 1Instituto de Investigación sobre la Salud Pública, Universidad de la Sierra Sur (UNSIS), Sistema de Universidades Estatales de Oaxaca (SUNEO). Guillermo Rojas Mijangos s/n, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, 70800 Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz, Oaxaca, Mexico 2Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Parasitología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Calle Plan de Ayala s/n, Santo Tomás, Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, CDMX, Mexico, rialejandre@yahoo.com.mx 3Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo y de Sistemas, Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Alcaldía Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, CDMX, Mexico 4Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Copilco 3000. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, CDMX, Mexico","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"47 2","pages":"235-238"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10710126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Movement of <i>Ixodes pacificus</i> and <i>Dermacentor occidentalis</i> (Acari: Ixodidae) adult ticks in chaparral under natural conditions in Northern California, U.S.A.","authors":"David K James,&nbsp;Sergio Mendoza,&nbsp;Lucia Hui","doi":"10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52707/1081-1710-47.2.188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The movement of <i>Ixodes pacificus</i> and <i>Dermacentor occidentalis</i> adult ticks down a hill slope under natural conditions was investigated using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) method. We evaluated the movement of host-seeking adult ticks down a hill slope to determine if ticks travel downhill from an uphill area to trail margins below. During the tick seasons in 2016-2018, the ticks were collected by flagging, marked with paint, released at a predetermined location, and recaptured by weekly flagging. Of the 188 female and 114 male <i>I. pacificus</i> marked and released 30 m above the trail in 2016, 11 (5.8%) females and one (0.9%) male were recaptured at the trail. In 2017, of the 71 female and 52 male <i>I. pacificus</i>, none were recaptured. In 2018, nine (3.6%) female and one (0.4%) male <i>I. pacificus</i> were recaptured of the 247 female and 287 males marked and released. Fifteen (18.5%) female and six (7.3%) male <i>D. occidentalis</i> were recaptured of the 81 females and 82 males marked and released in 2017. The trail deterred further movement with only 0.6% of <i>I. pacificus</i> and 8.3% of <i>D. occidentalis</i> recaptured on the opposite side of the trail. This study demonstrated that some <i>I. pacificus</i> and <i>D. occidentalis</i> adults found along the uphill side of trails may have originated from an area 30 m from the trail margin, some travelling at a rate of 1.6-1.9 m/day under natural conditions in chaparral.</p>","PeriodicalId":49961,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Vector Ecology","volume":"47 2","pages":"188-194"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10343034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}