Journal of Web Engineering最新文献

{"title":"A Study on the Comparative Analysis of Embedded and Zero Watermarking for Unstructured Image Protection","authors":"Jung-Min Park;Si-Young Nam;Jae-Yeong Woo;Hye-Young Kim","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2475","url":null,"abstract":"Embedded watermarking and zero-watermarking, both of which are technologies for copyright protection of digital images, are being actively studied based on their respective advantages and disadvantages. As the prevalence of copyright infringement and the use of irregular-resolution images in game content and media applications increases, there is a growing need for practical and robust image protection techniques. In this paper, we implement discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-discrete cosine transform (DCT)-singular value decomposition (SVD)-based embedded watermarking and hash-based XOR-based zero-watermarking algorithms in Python for about 200 non-standard images with various resolutions and shapes (resolution range: <tex>$512 times 512$</tex> to <tex>$6800times 4000)$</tex> and quantitatively compare and analyse their performance. We evaluate the robustness and restoration rate of each watermarking method by applying various attacks such as JPEG compression, blur, Gaussian noise, cropping, and rotation based on peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), and normalized correlation (NC) indices. The experimental results show that the embedded method showed fast processing speed and stable quality maintenance performance even in high-resolution images, and zero watermarking had the advantage of not damaging the original image, but was relatively prone to being affected by restoration sensitivity and execution time. While not directly implemented in this study, the findings provide a foundational reference for integrating robust watermarking mechanisms into blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) based copyright authentication systems, particularly for protecting high-resolution or irregularly shaped visual assets.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 7","pages":"1133-1154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11251114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145533029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and Optimization of Hybrid End-to-End Encryption Architecture for a Secure Web Application System","authors":"Xiyuan Ma;Junbeom Hur;Mulin Gu;Ning Du","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2476","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid development of web engineering technology, modern web applications face unprecedented security challenges in data transmission and cloud processing. The traditional transport layer encryption mechanism still has server-side data processing and storage vulnerabilities. This paper proposes an end-to-end encryption (E2EE) system architecture designed for a web application environment, combining asymmetric elliptic curve encryption (ECC) with AES-GCM symmetric encryption through a new hybrid protocol. Our scheme employs a three-layer protection model, covering network-layer packet encryption, application-layer payload security, and session-level key management. The architecture introduces an optimised key distribution mechanism based on ECDH key exchange and HKDF derivation, which reduces computational overhead and achieves 128-bit security equivalent to that of 3072-bit RSA. Experiments conducted under a typical web server configuration demonstrate that, compared to the traditional RSA solution, the handshake completion speed is 12.3% higher, and the continuous throughput of AES-GCM on the Node.js platform reaches 8.2 MB/s. The system achieves forward confidentiality through the use of temporary key pairs and employs certificate locking and OCSP binding to enhance authentication integrity. Performance benchmarks show that cryptographic latency is reduced by 40% compared to a single encryption method, while meeting W3C web security standards. This study presents a secure development model for distributed web architecture, striking a balance between computing efficiency and data confidentiality.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 7","pages":"1155-1180"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11251084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145533027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reinforcement Learning-Driven Intelligent Monitoring for Data Integrity in Smart Electricity Fee Channels","authors":"Xinling Zheng;Songyan Du;Jing Ye;Huawei Hong;Yimin Shen;Xiaorui Qian;Xingye Lin","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2474","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring data integrity in Web-based electricity fee channels is increasingly challenging due to dynamic energy data, complex topologies, and the rigidity of static monitoring mechanisms. This paper introduces a novel RL-driven monitoring framework, embedded in a modular, standards-compliant Web architecture, that autonomously detects and mitigates data integrity issues in real time. The proposed framework integrates a deep Q-learning agent with semantic metadata pipelines and RESTful microservices to dynamically adjust detection thresholds, refine anomaly classification policies, and incorporate human feedback into its learning loop. Unlike conventional rule-based systems, the RL agent continuously refines its decision policy through real-time interaction with dynamic data streams and operator feedback. Extensive experiments conducted on emulated smart grid datasets demonstrate the system's practical benefits: a 20% absolute increase in anomaly detection accuracy (from 75% to 95%), a 53% reduction in false positive rate (from 15% to 7%), and a stable average detection latency of 240 ms, all without human-in-the-loop reconfiguration. The RL agent also demonstrates stable convergence and linear scalability, making it well-suited for growing smart grid infrastructures. The system also incorporates a Web-native dashboard that visualizes time-aligned energy consumption and anomaly events while enabling real-time operator feedback, which further optimizes the learning trajectory. These results highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of embedding adaptive, self-optimizing learning agents directly into Web-based infrastructure to ensure long-term data integrity, transparency, and operational resilience. The proposed framework contributes to advancing intelligent Web engineering practices and lays the groundwork for scalable, autonomous monitoring solutions across a wide range of data-intensive infrastructure domains.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 7","pages":"1103-1132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11251115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145533031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge Interaction and Diffusion Augmentation for Knowledge Graph Recommendation","authors":"Deqing Zhang;Mideth Abisado","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2472","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge graphs (KGs) provide rich semantic and structured knowledge to address data sparsity in traditional recommendation systems, yet efficiently leveraging KGs for better performance remains challenging. This paper proposes KIDRec, a knowledge graph recommendation framework integrating knowledge interaction and diffusion-augmented learning. This framework captures deep KG semantics via high-order entity interactions and uses a diffusion model to generate robust knowledge representations through “noise injection and denoising” on collaborative user embeddings and item embeddings. It then incorporates an adaptive contrastive learning module with hard negative sample enhancement and a dynamic temperature coefficient. Experiments on Book-Crossing, Last.FM, and MovieLens20m show KIDRec outperforms baselines in AUC (0.782, 0.877, 0.979) and F1 (0.682, 0.796, 0.932), with relative AUC improvements of 0.031, 0.032, and 0.002, respectively, while alleviating data sparsity.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 7","pages":"1045-1072"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11251117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145533030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multimodal Threat Detection Algorithm for Wide Area Network Security Based on Support Vector Machines","authors":"Bo Yuan","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2465","url":null,"abstract":"Wide area networks (WANs) are increasingly susceptible to sophisticated cyber threats, particularly as critical infrastructure becomes more interconnected. For example, computing-first networks (CFNs) often traverse WANs at edge access nodes, making them more vulnerable to security threats. This paper proposes a multimodal threat detection framework that combines traffic statistics, system logs, and user behavior patterns to deliver interpretable and real-time classification of network threats. The system applies feature normalization and uses principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensionality. A support vector machine (SVM) with a radial basis function kernel is then used to detect non-linear attack patterns. A web-based architecture enables real-time deployment via REST APIs, and extensive evaluations on the CICIDS 2017 and UNSW-NB15 datasets demonstrate high accuracy (up to 96.8%) and low-latency inference. Ablation studies confirm the importance of multimodal fusion, and benchmark tests validate scalability and system responsiveness. This work offers a deployable and efficient solution for real-time WAN security, with promising applications in energy systems, public infrastructure, and enterprise networks.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 6","pages":"973-996"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11194294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Web Application Framework for Battery Health Prediction in Industrial IoT Networks","authors":"Seongseop Kim;Seungwoo Lee;Minsu Kim;Youngmin Kwon","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2464","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a web engineering architecture for predictive battery health management in industrial IoT environments. The proposed framework leverages a scalable web-based platform that integrates data streams, web services, and machine learning modules to estimate the state of charge (SOC) of primary lithium batteries. These batteries are critical for long-term device reliability in applications such as gas advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) networks. To overcome challenges associated with flat discharge profiles and data sparsity, the framework incorporates web-enabled data processing, online augmentation techniques (e.g., CutMix), and adaptive learning models. A key contribution of this work is the design of a modular web application layer compliant with oneM2M standards and RESTful interfaces. It includes components for real-time monitoring, automated model updates, and secure service orchestration using technologies such as HTTP bindings. This architecture not only enables accurate SOC estimation without additional hardware but also demonstrates the critical role of web engineering in ensuring system scalability, security, and integration across heterogeneous IoT devices. Experimental validation in AMI systems confirms the effectiveness of the approach, which is extensible to broader domains such as smart utilities, environmental sensing, and industrial automation.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 6","pages":"943-972"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11194296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lightweight Test-Time Adaptation for Robust Out-of-Distribution Face Recognition in Web Services","authors":"Dongyoon Seo;Taebeom Lee;Jeongyoon Yoon;Chiho Park;Sangpil Kim;Miyoung Kim;Byoungsoo Koh","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2462","url":null,"abstract":"Face recognition systems have the potential to support diverse services in Web 3.0 applications, yet two critical challenges remain underexplored. First, existing benchmark datasets are demographically biased and underrepresent elderly East Asian users, limiting fair and inclusive deployment. Second, sensor noise, lighting shifts, and motion blur introduce out-of-distribution (OOD) corruptions that cause severe accuracy degradation and undermine reliability in decentralized environments. To address these issues, we introduce the Korean Senior Face Benchmark, consisting of 700 images of 70 Korean senior celebrities, enabling realistic assessment for an underrepresented demographic. We quantitatively demonstrate that recent state-of-the-art models suffer significant performance drops under realistic corruption conditions, highlighting the need for enhanced robustness. Finally, we show that a lightweight test-time adaptation (TTA) strategy can recover OOD performance without retraining, making it well-suited for edge devices and distributed infrastructures while preserving user privacy. Experiments show accuracy gains of up to 41.5% under the most severe corruptions, along with improvements in intra-class compactness and inter-class separability in the embedding space. The proposed benchmark and adaptation pipeline lay a practical foundation for building distributed, fair, and privacy-aware face-recognition services in Web 3.0 applications.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 6","pages":"871-910"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11194307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Web-Based Identification Method for Illegal Streaming Videos Using Low-Frequency Components of the Fast Fourier Transform","authors":"Injae Yoo;Byeongchan Park;Seok-Yoon Kim;Youngmo Kim","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2461","url":null,"abstract":"With the proliferation of web-based content platforms, the distribution of illegally streamed videos poses a serious threat to the reliability of web applications and the integrity of content copyright protection systems. Traditional video identification methods typically require the processing of large-scale feature data, which hinders the real-time performance, lightweight nature, and scalability demanded by web environments. In this paper, we propose a method for identifying illegally streamed videos that is optimized for efficient operation within web systems. The proposed approach utilizes only the low-frequency components of the fast Fourier transform (FFT). By transforming video frames into the frequency domain and extracting the structurally significant low-frequency components, the method replaces high-dimensional feature data with more compact representations. This allows the system to maintain low computational complexity and fast response times, even in web application environments. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to existing methods, the proposed technique achieves up to 93 times reduction in feature data size, a recognition rate of 98%, and an average response time of 1745 ms. From the perspective of web engineering, the proposed method holds strong potential as a real-time identification module in web-based copyright protection systems. It offers a balanced approach that satisfies both lightweight processing requirements and high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 6","pages":"851-870"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11194299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Digital Grid Security Architecture Based on Quantum Key Interaction and Web Engineering for Distributed Energy Systems","authors":"Yiming Zhang;Ziyang Yang;Xinglong Liu","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2466","url":null,"abstract":"The modernization of distributed energy systems introduces complex cyber-security challenges as grid infrastructures become increasingly digitized, decentralized, and web-connected. This paper presents a novel security architecture that integrates quantum key distribution (QKD) with semantic web technologies to provide end-to-end secure, scalable, and adaptive protection for distributed energy resource (DER) networks. The proposed framework features a modular system design, incorporating BB84-based QKD protocols for quantum-resilient key generation, a metadata-driven policy layer using OWL ontologies and SWRL reasoning, and a web interface for operator access and real-time monitoring. Extensive performance evaluation in a simulated multi-domain microgrid environment demonstrates that the system achieves an average key generation rate of 2.3 kbps with quantum bit error rate (QBER) maintained below 5.2% across 40 km optical links. Session establishment latency averaged 435 ms, 29.8% lower than a traditional TLS/PKI baseline, while semantic access validation achieved 100% accuracy in 42 adversarial test cases. These cases were evaluated using automated semantic validation scripts simulating spoofed roles, malformed sessions, and unauthorized requests. The system sustained encrypted throughput of 110 messages per second per node and maintained service continuity under quantum noise and cross-domain attack simulations. Usability trials with six engineers yielded a system usability scale (SUS) score of 88.3, and the average DER onboarding time was reduced from 10.1 to 5.5 minutes. These findings affirm that QKD-enhanced, semantically governed web architectures can provide strong cryptographic guarantees while supporting dynamic policy enforcement and intuitive user workflows. The proposed solution demonstrates a viable path for deploying future-proof security mechanisms in next-generation smart grid environments.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 6","pages":"997-1022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11194300","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discovery of Modularity in Monolithic Java Project Codes Using Complex Networks","authors":"Marcos Cordeiro de Brito;Calebe P. Bianchini;Leandro A. Silva","doi":"10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13052/jwe1540-9589.2463","url":null,"abstract":"Monolithic architecture is a software design which brings significant difficulties to system developers when it comes to maintenance or expanding the scope of a project. On the other hand, a modular project consists of several similar entities, or modules, which are the object of similar functions or processes that, applied repeatedly, have well-defined classes and smaller modules to work, bringing benefits such as reduced project development time and increased productivity for the system developers. This work proposes the use of complex networks through the NetworkX library in Python, using modularity detection algorithms for the static analysis of Java code. The goal is to discover modules by analyzing dependencies between classes, indicating the best way to identify code clusters to be treated as modules automatically. The outcomes of applying the Greedy Modularity, Louvain, K-Clique, and Girvan Newman algorithms to two open-source projects will be presented. A comparative analysis of these results will be illustrated using generated graphs and a distribution map, emphasizing the number of communities identified by each algorithm.","PeriodicalId":49952,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Web Engineering","volume":"24 6","pages":"911-942"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11194305","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145230095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}