Korean Journal of Orthodontics最新文献

{"title":"Clinical expression of programmed maxillary buccal expansion and buccolingual crown inclination with Invisalign EX30 and SmartTrack aligners and the effect of 1-week vs. 2-week aligner change regimes: A retrospective cohort study.","authors":"Joseph O'Connor, T. Weir, E. Freer, B. Kerr","doi":"10.4041/kjod23.022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod23.022","url":null,"abstract":"Objective\u0000: This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess and compare the accuracy of 3 different Invisalign® treatment regimens in terms of variations of aligner change frequency and type of aligner material in achieving maxillary dental buccal expansion.\u0000\u0000\u0000Methods\u0000: Altogether, 120 adult patients whose treatment involved maxillary dental expansion with Invisalign® were included. The patients were divided into 3 groups, with each group comprising 40 patients as follows: SmartTrack® 1-week changes (ST1), SmartTrack® 2-week changes (ST2), and EX30® 2-week changes (EX2). The groups were assessed by comparing actual changes achieved with those prescribed by ClinCheck®. The rates of clinically significant inaccuracies (CSI) observed for buccal expansion (≥ 0.5 mm) and buccolingual inclination (≥ 2°) during expansion were then determined.\u0000\u0000\u0000Results\u0000: In terms of expansion, the ST1 group demonstrated the highest CSI rate at all tooth levels, whereas the ST2 group had the lowest rate of CSI and the lowest mean inaccuracy for each tooth level. In terms of buccolingual inclination, the ST1 group had the highest CSI rate across all tooth levels, whereas the EX2 group had the lowest CSI rate at all tooth levels except for the canine level where the ST2 group had the lowest CSI rate. A tendency toward overexpression of buccal crown inclination, and underexpression of buccal expansion was observed at all tooth levels.\u0000\u0000\u0000Conclusions\u0000: Two-week aligner change regimens offer improved accuracy compared with 1-week aligner changes. SmartTrack® 2-week changes were the most accurate for buccal expansion, whereas EX30® 2-week changes were the most accurate for buccolingual inclination.","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140701719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic treatment with clear aligners for a patient with chronic periodontitis.","authors":"Jiehua Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Li,&nbsp;Youjian Peng","doi":"10.4041/kjod21.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod21.263","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This case report describes the treatment of an adult female patient with a history of periodontal disease, Class I malocclusion with extrusion, dental spaces, and pathologic tooth migration. The patient was treated with clear aligners, which effectively controlled the strength and direction of orthodontic forces after 3 months of systematic periodontal treatment. The Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index was calculated from study models before and after treatment. The pretreatment PAR score was 24, and the posttreatment PAR score was 4. The PAR score for this patient changed by 83%. Satisfactory appearance and good function were achieved for this patient.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/08/1c/kjod-52-6-439.PMC9701627.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40485659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of low-level laser therapy in facilitating maxillary expansion using bone-borne hyrax expander: A randomized clinical trial.","authors":"Sara Hassan Abdelwassie,&nbsp;Mohammed Amgad Kaddah,&nbsp;Amr Emad El-Dakroury,&nbsp;Dalia El-Boghdady,&nbsp;Mohamed Abd El-Ghafour,&nbsp;Nouran Fouad Seifeldin","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this randomized clinical trial was to study the skeletal and dental effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) along with a miniscrew-assisted expander (Hyrax) after six months of retention.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After sequence generation, concealed allocation, and implementation, 24 female patients were randomly divided (1:1) into two-groups: bone-borne rapid palatal expansion (BBE) without LLLT (n = 12) and BBE with LLLT (n = 12). Eligibility criteria included female patients aged 10-13 years old with bilateral posterior crossbites. Intraoral and extraoral photographs, cone-beam computed tomography images, and digital study models were obtained before expansion and six months after retention. The 7 mm Hyrax appliance was anchored to four palatal mini-screws, which were activated twice daily for 15 days, then locked and kept in place as a retainer. LLLT was performed in the laser group during expansion and retention, according to the guidelines provided.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The records of 24 patients were analyzed. According to the post-retention measurements, both groups showed a significant increase in nasal and maxillary widths and total facial height. In the laser group, the Sella-Nasion-Point A and Point A-Nasion-Point B angles and the interpremolar apical distance were significantly increased.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Within the limitations of this study, the results suggest that the parameters and protocol of LLLT do not clinically affect the efficiency of BBE in prepubertal and pubertal patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bd/a4/kjod-52-6-399.PMC9701626.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40485662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Orthodontic treatment in a patient with Moebius syndrome: A case report.","authors":"Sanghee Lee,&nbsp;Cheol-Hyun Moon","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Moebius syndrome (MBS) is a congenital neurologic disorder that causes cranio-facial abnormalities. It involves paralysis of the VI and VII cranial nerves and causes bilateral or unilateral facial paralysis, eye movement disorder, and deformation of the upper and lower limbs. The orofacial dysfunctions include microstomia, micrognathia, hypotonic mimetic and lip muscles, dental enamel hypoplasia, tongue deformity, open bite or deep overbite, maxillary hypoplasia, high arched palate, mandibular hyperplasia or features indicating mandibular hypoplasia. This case report presents a 7-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with MBS at the age 2 years. The patient displayed typical clinical symptoms and was diagnosed with Class II malocclusion with a large overjet/overbite, tongue deformity and motion limitation, and lip closure incompetency. Treatment was initiated using a removable appliance for left scissor bite correction. After permanent tooth eruption, fixed appliance treatment was performed for correction of the arch width discrepancy and deep overbite. A self-ligation system and wide-width arch form wire were used during the treatment to expand the arch width. After 30 months of phase II treatment, the alignment of the dental arch and stable molar occlusion was achieved. Function and occlusion remained stable with a Class I canine and molar relationship, and a normal overjet/overbite was maintained after 9.4 years of retainer use. In MBS patients, it is important to achieve an accurate early diagnosis, and implement a multidisciplinary treatment approach and long-term retention and follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/97/1a/kjod-52-6-451.PMC9701630.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40356751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crown-root angulations of the maxillary anterior teeth according to malocclusions: A cone-beam computed tomography study in Korean population.","authors":"Kyoung-Hoon Lee,&nbsp;Dong-Soon Choi,&nbsp;Insan Jang,&nbsp;Bong-Kuen Cha","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To compare crown-root angulations of the permanent maxillary anterior teeth in skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III Korean malocclusion patients using cone-bean computed tomography (CBCT) images.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Sixty CBCT images were collected from orthodontic patients archive based on skeletal Class I (0˚< A point-nasion-B point angle [ANB] < 4˚), Class II (ANB ≥ 4˚), and Class III (ANB ≤ 0˚) to have 20 samples in each group. Mesiodistal crown-root angulation (MDCRA) and labiolingual crown-root angulation (LLCRA) were evaluated after orientation of images. Crown-root angulations were compared among Class I, Class II, and Class III groups and among the maxillary anterior teeth in each group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LLCRAs of the maxillary central incisor and the lateral incisor were significantly lower in Class III group than those in Class I group. However, those of the canine showed no significant differences among groups. MDCRAs of the maxillary anterior teeth did not significantly differ among groups either.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results suggest that skeletal Class III malocclusion might affect LLCRA of the maxillary incisors, especially the central incisor.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/f8/22/kjod-52-6-432.PMC9701623.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40483803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periodontal parameters in orthodontically tractioned teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Paola Marques de Mattos,&nbsp;Flavio Magno Gonçalves,&nbsp;Isabela Bittencourt Basso,&nbsp;Aline Xavier Ferraz,&nbsp;Bianca Simone Zeigelboim,&nbsp;José Stechman-Neto,&nbsp;Rosane Sampaio Santos,&nbsp;Cristiano Miranda de Araujo,&nbsp;Odilon Guariza-Filho","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review aimed to evaluate periodontal parameters in orthodontically tractioned teeth compared with the respective non-tractioned contralateral teeth.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Search strategies were developed for six electronic databases and gray literature. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for the outcomes of interest. Furthermore, the certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) tool.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, 2,082 articles were identified, of which 24 were selected for the qualitative synthesis. A significant difference was observed between the impacted and contralateral teeth (mean difference [MD] = 0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10-0.40; I² = 0%) when the gingival index was evaluated. Additionally, impacted teeth showed a greater probing depth, with a significant mean difference between the groups (MD = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.07-0.20; I² = 6%). Most studies had a low risk of bias; however, the certainty of the evidence was very low owing to the design of existing studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The evidence in the literature indicated that tractioned teeth might show worsening of periodontal parameters related to the gingival index and probing depth; however, the evidence remains uncertain about this outcome. Furthermore, probing depth should be considered regarding its clinical significance because of the small effect size observed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c7/0c/kjod-52-6-420.PMC9701628.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40485661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancement of bioactivity and osseointegration in Ti-6Al-4V orthodontic mini-screws coated with calcium phosphate on the TiO₂ nanotube layer.","authors":"Seon-Mi Byeon,&nbsp;Hye-Ji Kim,&nbsp;Min-Ho Lee,&nbsp;Tae-Sung Bae","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.118","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study evaluated the effect of cyclic pre-calcification treatment on the improvement of bioactivity and osseointegration of Ti-6Al-4V mini-screws.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The experimental groups were: an untreated group (UT), an anodized and heat-treated group (AH), and an anodized treatment followed by cyclic pre-calcification treatment group (ASPH). A bioactive material with calcium phosphate was coated on the mini-screws, and its effects on bioactivity and osseointegration were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo tests of following implantation in the rat tibia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>As a result of immersing the ASPH group in simulated body fluid for 2 days, protrusions appearing in the initial stage of hydroxyapatite precipitation were observed. On the 3rd day, the protrusions became denser, other protrusions overlapped and grew on it, and the calcium and phosphorus concentrations increased. The removal torque values increased significantly in the following order: UT group (2.08 ± 0.67 N·cm), AH group (4.10 ± 0.72 N·cm), and ASPH group (6.58 ± 0.66 N·cm) with the ASPH group showing the highest value (p < 0.05). In the ASPH group, new bone was observed that was connected to the threads, and it was confirmed that a bony bridge connected to the adjacent bone was formed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In conclusion, it was found that the surface treatment method used in the ASPH group improved the bioactivity and osseointegration of Ti-6Al-4V orthodontic mini-screws.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/19/58/kjod-52-6-412.PMC9701629.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40483802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical effects of different prescriptions on the inclination of maxillary and mandibular incisors by using passive self-ligating brackets.","authors":"Fabio Savoldi,&nbsp;Linda Sangalli,&nbsp;Luis T Huanca Ghislanzoni,&nbsp;Domenico Dalessandri,&nbsp;Min Gu,&nbsp;Gualtiero Mandelli,&nbsp;Corrado Paganelli","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Controlling the incisal inclination is fundamental in orthodontics. However, the relationship between the inclination prescription and its clinical outcome is not obvious, and the incisal inclination changes generated by different bracket prescriptions were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-eight non-extraction dental Class II patients (15 females, 13 males; mean age = 12.9) were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were treated using passive self-ligating fixed appliances with three inclination prescriptions for maxillary incisors (<i>high, standard, low</i>), and two for mandibular incisors (<i>standard, low</i>). Clinical outcomes were compared among different prescriptions, and regression analysis was used to explain the effects of bracket prescriptions and to understand the prescription selection criteria (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For maxillary central incisors, <i>low</i> and <i>high</i> prescriptions were related to linguoversion (<i>p</i> = 0.046) and labioversion (<i>p</i> = 0.005), respectively, while <i>standard</i> prescription maintained the initial dental inclination. Maxillary lateral incisors did not show significant changes. For mandibular incisors, <i>low</i> prescription led to linguoversion (<i>p</i> = 0.005 for central incisors, <i>p</i> = 0.010 for lateral incisors), while <i>standard</i> prescription led to labioversion (<i>p</i> = 0.045 for central incisors, <i>p</i> = 0.005 for lateral incisors). The factors affecting inclination changes were the imposed change and selected prescription, while prescription selection was influenced by the initial dental inclination and initial intercanine distance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The direction of correction of incisal inclination can be controlled by choosing a certain prescription, but the final inclination may show limited consistency with it. The amount of imposed inclination change was the most relevant predictor of the clinical outcome.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/06/32/kjod-52-6-387.PMC9701624.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40385826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of artificial intelligence-assisted landmark identification in serial lateral cephalograms of Class III patients who underwent orthodontic treatment and two-jaw orthognathic surgery.","authors":"Mihee Hong,&nbsp;Inhwan Kim,&nbsp;Jin-Hyoung Cho,&nbsp;Kyung-Hwa Kang,&nbsp;Minji Kim,&nbsp;Su-Jung Kim,&nbsp;Yoon-Ji Kim,&nbsp;Sang-Jin Sung,&nbsp;Young Ho Kim,&nbsp;Sung-Hoon Lim,&nbsp;Namkug Kim,&nbsp;Seung-Hak Baek","doi":"10.4041/kjod21.248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod21.248","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the pattern of accuracy change in artificial intelligence-assisted landmark identification (LI) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm in serial lateral cephalograms (Lat-cephs) of Class III (C-III) patients who underwent two-jaw orthognathic surgery.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 3,188 Lat-cephs of C-III patients were allocated into the training and validation sets (3,004 Lat-cephs of 751 patients) and test set (184 Lat-cephs of 46 patients; subdivided into the genioplasty and non-genioplasty groups, n = 23 per group) for LI. Each C-III patient in the test set had four Lat-cephs: initial (T0), pre-surgery (T1, presence of orthodontic brackets [OBs]), post-surgery (T2, presence of OBs and surgical plates and screws [S-PS]), and debonding (T3, presence of S-PS and fixed retainers [FR]). After mean errors of 20 landmarks between human gold standard and the CNN model were calculated, statistical analysis was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total mean error was 1.17 mm without significant difference among the four time-points (T0, 1.20 mm; T1, 1.14 mm; T2, 1.18 mm; T3, 1.15 mm). In comparison of two time-points ([T0, T1] vs. [T2, T3]), ANS, A point, and B point showed an increase in error (<i>p</i> < 0.01, 0.05, 0.01, respectively), while Mx6D and Md6D showeda decrease in error (all <i>p</i> < 0.01). No difference in errors existed at B point, Pogonion, Menton, Md1C, and Md1R between the genioplasty and non-genioplasty groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The CNN model can be used for LI in serial Lat-cephs despite the presence of OB, S-PS, FR, genioplasty, and bone remodeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a2/31/kjod-52-4-287.PMC9314217.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40000021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"READER'S FORUM.","authors":"Jaehyun Kim,&nbsp;Jiyoung Oh","doi":"10.4041/kjod22.152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod22.152","url":null,"abstract":"A1. In general, the following criteria were used to diagnose transverse maxillary deficiency. 1. Clinical criteria for transverse maxillary deficiency 1) Posterior cross bite: unilateral or bilateral 2) Insufficient buccal overjet 3) Transverse compensation in the posterior segments including buccal tipping of the maxillary molars and lingual tipping of the mandibular molars. 4) Open lingual occlusion 2. Dental cast analysis Differences in the maxillomandibular dental arch width: Norm is about 5 mm. 3. The posteroanterior cephalogram The maxillomandibular transverse difference index: (AGL [antegonial left] – AGR [antegnoial right] width) – (JL [jugal point left] – JR [jugal point right] width): Norm is about 20 mm","PeriodicalId":49934,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Orthodontics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/86/ac/kjod-52-4-247.PMC9314213.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40645861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}