Mammal Review最新文献

{"title":"The Devil in the Detail: A Review of a Long-Running Australian Predator Management Program","authors":"Hugh F. Davies,&nbsp;Paul D. Meek","doi":"10.1111/mam.70019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The control of the invasive red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) at Booderee National Park (BNP) is one of Australia's longest running predator management programs. A prevailing narrative is that a large and sustained reduction of fox abundance at BNP has triggered complex ecological cascades.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To critically assess the strength of the evidence base underpinning the prevailing narrative of a large and sustained reduction in fox abundance at BNP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We collated and reviewed the existing data on fox abundance at BNP.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>An overlooked methodological change has inflated the perceived ongoing suppression of fox abundance at BNP. Data indicating a reduction in fox abundance are constrained to the first half of the program (i.e., 1999–2011) and remain uncertain in terms of fox population size and/or impact.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Evidence of sustained fox abundance reduction at BNP is not as robust as previously thought. We discuss the implications of this new perspective on research and management efforts at BNP. In doing so, we are not suggesting that fox control has been ineffective at BNP, we are highlighting the need to bolster our understanding of fox population size and impact, and the effectiveness of control operations with robust data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Data biases can influence the perceived effectiveness of long-term management programs, and hence our capacity for adaptive management. We emphasise the importance of consistency in the design and practice of data collection, and the value of periodic review of long-term conservation management efforts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mam.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Potential Consequences of Woodland Creation for British Mammal Populations","authors":"Sara Bronwen Hunter,&nbsp;Katie Allan,&nbsp;Max Anderson,&nbsp;Kieran O'Malley,&nbsp;Patrick Wright,&nbsp;Fiona Mathews","doi":"10.1111/mam.70017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Woodland creation is a key target in many countries in order to achieve carbon sequestration targets and provide other benefits, such as improved provision of ecosystem. However, we currently lack an understanding of how ambitious woodland creation targets will affect wildlife conservation at a large spatial scale.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aimed to predict how current and target woodland creation will affect British mammal populations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials &amp; Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We simulated the conversion of suitable areas to woodland and, based on knowledge of their ranges and population density, assessed how this would affect habitat availability and population size for 27 species (excluding bats) from 2023 to 2050. These simulations used assumed ratios of coniferous and broadleaf woodland creation derived from recent tree planting statistics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results &amp; Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>If woodland creation targets for England, Scotland and Wales (2609, 4800 and 1800 km² respectively) were to be achieved, we predict that mammal species included in this study would have a median change in population size across the UK of 7.3% (range = −8.7% to 31.4%) between 2023 and 2050. Rodents and ungulates had the most species with predicted population gains, whilst lagomorphs all exhibited population declines. The predicted magnitude of habitat loss or gain was higher for policy targets compared to the continuation of current planting rates. Nonetheless, under current planting rates, some woodland-dependent species, such as the Pine Marten, were predicted to gain up to 15% of suitable habitat area within their current range.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These results highlight the opportunities presented by woodland creation to improve the conservation status of British mammals. That said, gains were not universal, and for grassland-dependent species, expansion of woodland could reduce habitat availability and increase fragmentation within already restricted ranges. Our analyses provide a starting point from which to direct field-based studies into local responses of mammals to woodland creation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mam.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lessons From Long-Term Research and Monitoring Programs on Mammals","authors":"David Lindenmayer","doi":"10.1111/mam.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Long-term studies of mammals, including long-term monitoring programs, are relatively rare in ecology but vitally important because they provide critical insights that are difficult or impossible to obtain with short-term work.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>In the first part of this article, I outline a small subset of important findings for mammal conservation from a series of long-term, large-scale studies of terrestrial biodiversity (including mammals) throughout south-eastern Australia. I then present lessons that have emerged from my experience managing long-term studies of mammals.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Key findings from the long-term work include: quantification of cumulative effects of landscape change on mammal biota, demonstrating links between time-varying habitat covariates and spatiotemporal patterns in mammal species occurrence; separating drivers of systematic changes in populations of mammals from background fluctuations like those associated with weather, and documenting relationships between patterns of mammal occurrence and key ecological processes.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Lessons from the long-term work are: (a) Think deeply about the key questions being asked. (b) Be careful with new technology and the potential to breach the integrity of long-term datasets. (c) Analyse data frequently. (d) Plan well ahead to maintain continuity of funding. (e) Be nimble so as to respond to events (such as wildfires). (f) Communicate the findings of the work widely to a range of key audiences. (g) Appoint and retain good professional field staff.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns and Determinants of Mortality in Grey Wolves (Canis lupus)","authors":"Ana Morales-González,&nbsp;Héctor Ruiz-Villar,&nbsp;Mario Quevedo,&nbsp;Alberto Fernández-Gil,&nbsp;Maria Paniw,&nbsp;Eloy Revilla","doi":"10.1111/mam.70015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70015","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Understanding mortality is crucial to predict the dynamics of animal populations, especially for long-lived species subjected to widespread human pressure. This is the case for the grey wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>), yet local studies provide an incomplete view of the patterns and determinants of this process.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a systematic review of the existing literature on grey wolf mortality across the species' distribution range (i.e., most of the Northern Hemisphere) to identify global patterns and potential differences across continents. Studies were analysed based on the type of information provided, including mortality rates, proportion of dead individuals by cause, and natural and human-related determinants of mortality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results and Discussion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found high global minimum annual mortality rates in wolves (0.31 ± 0.18), compared to those reported under low human persecution (&lt; 0.2). Most deaths were linked to human activities, primarily deliberate (legal and illegal) killing (60% ± 25%). Europe reported a higher percentage of human-related deaths (86% ± 14%) than North America (66% ± 24%). This is likely due to higher anthropogenic pressures in Europe and differences in carcass detection methods between continents (opportunistic recovery in Europe vs. tracking of collared wolves in North America). However, the lack of data from areas with low human influence (e.g., the Arctic and deserts) limits our understanding of the natural dynamics of mortality in the species. We found that many individual, social and environmental variables determine mortality values, and our global perspective allowed us to disentangle long-standing debates in large carnivore ecology, including support for the hypothesis that human-caused and natural mortality are additive.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our review provides the baseline framework and a standardised global dataset to guide future research and policy-making on large carnivore conservation, emphasising the increased risk of mortality for wolves living alongside humans, an issue that may be particularly overlooked as populations expand.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mam.70015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The American Black Bear (Ursus americanus) as an Apex Predator: Investigating the Ecological Role of the World's Most Abundant Large Carnivore","authors":"John M. Nettles,&nbsp;Caroline M. Abramowitz,&nbsp;Wesley W. Boone,&nbsp;Stephen N. Harris,&nbsp;Chloe E. Horton,&nbsp;Meghan P. Keating,&nbsp;Dana L. Nelson,&nbsp;Samantha N. Smith,&nbsp;Katelyn N. Steen,&nbsp;Erin K. Buchholtz,&nbsp;David S. Jachowski","doi":"10.1111/mam.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>American black bears (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) have been documented to have top-down effects, both consumptive (through predation) and nonconsumptive (through fear effects). However, their behavioural and dietary adaptability has led to uncertainty about the conditions under which these may occur.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We aimed to (1) investigate when, where, and how often black bears influence lower trophic levels, and (2) critically assess the experimental design of such studies to determine trends and biases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a systematic literature search and used linear mixed-effects models to assess the relationships among prey age class, the presence of other large carnivores, and the percentage of ungulate mortality due to black bears. We also summarised the measured effects of black bears on other carnivores and the results of any experimental studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found a strong negative relationship between puma presence and the percentage of ungulate mortality due to black bears, but only in areas with at least one other large carnivore (e.g., wolves). Among 16 studies of black bears' impacts on other carnivores, most documented negative behavioural effects. While only 5% of studies had strong experimental design, bear removal consistently increased juvenile ungulate survival.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Discussion and Synthesis</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our findings highlight black bears' strong top-down effects, resembling or exceeding those of other large carnivores. These effects were greatest when no other large carnivores were present, but as highly effective kleptoparasites, black bears can alter the feeding habits of other large carnivores. Thus, we argue that ‘apex’ is a conditional state, not a species-wide status.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mam.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesising Insights on Viral Infections in the Felinae: A Call to Bridge Global Disparities and Enhance Conservation Strategies","authors":"Beatriz S. G. Alves,&nbsp;Pedro Monterroso,&nbsp;Alice Bacon,&nbsp;Paulo Célio Alves,&nbsp;Nuno Santos","doi":"10.1111/mam.70011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70011","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Background&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Human-induced habitat changes can directly influence the prevalence and spread of diseases, as wildlife is increasingly exposed to novel pathogens through interactions with domestic animals. The sub-family Felinae, encompassing 34 species that live across diverse environments, offers insights into the interplay between habitat, behaviour and infectious diseases. Despite efforts over the past five decades to study viral infections in this taxon, knowledge remains fragmented, highlighting the need for a cohesive understanding to inform conservation strategies.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Aims&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to achieve three specific objectives: (1) to identify knowledge gaps and future research priorities; (2) to evaluate prevalence patterns across the studied viral classes and identify those that are most represented in the meta-analysis for individual variable assessment; and (3) to identify potential sources of variation in published prevalence estimates, considering three types of independent variables (host-related, diagnostic-related and publication-related).&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Materials and Methods&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted. Data was extracted for both descriptive and meta-analytical evaluation, with a focus on viral prevalence and variable analysis to identify potential sources of heterogeneity.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Results&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Findings reveal a misalignment between research efforts and Felinae species richness, with underrepresentation in high-diversity regions like Asia, South America and Africa. Viral infections of concern include feline coronavirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, feline panleukopaenia virus, feline leukaemia virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and morbilliviruses, particularly canine distemper virus.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Discussion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;Species-specific findings, such as the high prevalence of feline leukaemia virus in European wildcats, highlight the need for targeted surveillance and the inclusion of both wild and domestic felids, as well as other sympatric species, in any surveillance plans.&lt;/p&gt;\u0000 &lt;/section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;section&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;h3&gt; Conclusion&lt;/h3&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;p&gt;This meta-analysis and its recommendations aim to guide future research and management, promoting a proactive, evidence-based approach to disease surveillance that supports the long-term health and survival of felid species wor","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Knowledge of Tuberculosis in Pinnipeds","authors":"Ailin Sosa Drouville,&nbsp;Martha Patricia Rincón-Díaz,&nbsp;Soledad Barandiaran,&nbsp;María Soledad Leonardi","doi":"10.1111/mam.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>\u0000 \u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Infectious diseases, especially zoonoses, have gained attention after the COVID-19 pandemic. The One Health approach is crucial for understanding and preventing infectious agent spread. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), has been reported in pinnipeds.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This updated systematic review aimed to:\u0000\u0000 </p><ol>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Summarize cases of tuberculosis (TB) in pinnipeds reported in scientific literature worldwide from 1913 to 2024.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>To map the geographical distribution of cases and identify geographical gaps in the detection of MTBC in this group of marine mammals.</li>\u0000 \u0000 <li>Record the diagnostic techniques used to detect disease and the etiological agent, depending on whether the animals were in captivity or free-living conditions.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>We conducted a systematic review following standardised protocols across major scientific databases, using four keyword strings. We included literature reporting TB cases in pinnipeds over a period of 111 years.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Two mycobacteria (<i>M. pinnipedii</i> and <i>M. bovis</i>), belonging to MTBC, were documented in 12 pinniped species from 12 countries, as well as <i>M. smegmatis</i>. Argentina and Australia stand out as the countries with the most publications documenting TB in pinnipeds. Among the 12 countries, New Zealand stands out by reporting infections in wild and captive individuals of five pinniped species.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>Our results indicate that zoonotic TB is present in several regions; however, we identified important geographic information gaps in areas with a high density of pinnipeds.</li>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <li>We highlights the role of pinnipeds as both susceptible hosts and vectors of TB, a globally distributed disease that affects wild and captive populations. The presence of TB in these populations represents a significant risk to both animal and public health, particularly in regions with intense human-wildlife interactions, such as ecotourism areas, rehabilitation centers, and wildlife parks.</li>\u0000 </ol>\u0000 \u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wild Prey and Livestock Predation by Native Carnivores: A Global Review","authors":"Lucas Alquinta,&nbsp;Ana Paola Yusti-Muñoz,&nbsp;Javier A. Simonetti","doi":"10.1111/mam.70013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Conflict arising from livestock predation by wild carnivores represents a major conservation challenge, due to the retaliatory persecution carnivores face upon preying on domestic livestock. Evidence-based information is crucial in designing strategies aimed at reducing domestic animal losses and, consequently, carnivores' persecution. Among the primary ecological factors driving livestock predation, the abundance of wild prey and livestock in the environment stands out.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study we aimed to assess, through a systematic literature review, the thresholds at which changes in livestock predation occur relative to the abundance of wild or domestic prey in the environment. Additionally, we sought to comprehend the current state of knowledge related to the diet of carnivores involved in predation conflicts.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After reviewing 160 studies on carnivore diets, including 60 that estimated both wild and domestic prey biomass in the environment, in the context of livestock predation, we found that wild prey biomass is the primary predictor of livestock predation by wild carnivores, surpassing factors like livestock biomass, carnivore weight, and livestock protection measures. The frequency of livestock occurrence in carnivore diets is negatively related to wild prey biomass. Thus, below a threshold of 793 kg/km² livestock predation probability increases. Additionally, we found notable trends in research focused on larger carnivores such as <i>Canis lupus</i> and <i>Panthera uncia</i>, particularly in geographic areas like the Himalayas and the Apennine Mountains.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>These findings support evidence-based solutions to livestock predation conflict by maintaining, when possible, natural prey populations in the environment above the 793 kg/km² threshold that should reduce the magnitude of livestock predation, allowing us to drive management efforts to conserve wild carnivores and their wild prey in productive areas such as livestock systems.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Personality in Wild Small Mammals: A Review of Methods and Proposal for a Standardised Approach","authors":"Sara Savazza,&nbsp;Margaret R. Merz,&nbsp;Alessio Mortelliti","doi":"10.1111/mam.70010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70010","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, the study of animal personality has gained significant attention in ecology and evolutionary biology. Small mammals are one of the most frequently studied mammalian taxa in this field, and their personality significantly impacts ecological outcomes. However, a review focused on the materials and methods to study wild small mammal personality is lacking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To address this gap, we aim to (1) identify the most consistent assays for measuring specific personality traits in wild species and (2) propose a standardised experimental design, detailing optimal arena size, shape and material, as well as standardised testing conditions and experimental procedures and highlighting critical aspects which require validation. Moreover, we (3) report a clear interpretation of the most commonly measured behavioural traits and the methods employed for their analysis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Material and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our review synthesises findings from 133 articles covering 54 species in a variety of habitats, ranging from the Canadian boreal forests to the semi-desert regions of South Africa. We found a concerning lack of standardisation in research methodologies, especially for key features such as the shape and size of arenas for behavioural assays and test duration. We observed considerable variability in how behavioural traits were interpreted. Nevertheless, we identified a suite of tests and interpretations of behaviours that allow for efficient processing of animals and produce consistent results in both field and laboratory settings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conclude with five recommendations for a standardised approach to enhance the comparability of results and advance the field of wild small mammal personality research.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mam.70010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Question the Mark: A Review and Assessment of Bat Marking Practices","authors":"Susan C. Loeb,&nbsp;Joy M. O'Keefe,&nbsp;Robert M. R. Barclay,&nbsp;Alyssa B. Bennett,&nbsp;Ashleigh B. Cable,&nbsp;Sarah M. Gaulke,&nbsp;Fernando Gual-Suárez,&nbsp;Vona Kuczynska,&nbsp;Cori L. Lausen,&nbsp;Samara Pérez-Harp,&nbsp;Bradford J. Westrich","doi":"10.1111/mam.70009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.70009","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It is often necessary to mark bats through tagging or other means to obtain essential information on their demography, movements and behaviour. However, marks may have lethal or sublethal effects and hence may bias study results. Understanding the effects of marks on bats will allow researchers and managers to develop guidelines to minimise effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our aim was to review the effects and efficacy of marking techniques used on bats. Our objectives were to (1) describe marks currently used in bat research to identify motivations for marking, trends in commonly used types of marks and trends in the reporting of efficacy and injury rates in the recent literature, and (2) synthesise the body of literature on effects and efficacies of marking.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a targeted literature review and a systematic literature review. In the targeted review, we examined all papers on bat marking published from 2013 to 2022 in three bat- or mammal-focused journals to identify trends in bat marking over the past decade. The systematic review was a general review of papers that reported on the effects and efficacy of bat marking from the early 1900s to the present.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our targeted review found that researchers rarely report the effects of marks on bats and many papers fail to provide details of the marks and marking procedures. Our systematic review found that the effects of marks ranged from minor irritation and behavioural changes to potentially life-threatening injuries, such as changes in body condition; fewer deleterious effects have been reported from newer marking procedures such as passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Further research on marking effects is needed, as well as more thorough reporting in the literature of marks and their effects so that useful guidelines can be developed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":49893,"journal":{"name":"Mammal Review","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/mam.70009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}