Medicina-Lithuania最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Intravenous Versus Intraosseous Adrenalin Administration on Morbidity and Mortality After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sjaak Pouwels, Emschka Johannes, Juan Pablo Scarano-Pereira","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives</i>: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a common manifestation of heart disease and a leading cause of death in western societies with an overall survival rate of 10%. Guidelines generally prefer the peripheral intravenous (IV) access as the first option for OHCA patients, leaving the intraosseous (IO) route for patients in which IV access is not feasible or unsuccessful. This systematic review will purely focus on the clinical differences between adrenaline administered via the IO route compared to the IV route and its effects on morbidity and mortality after OHCA. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: A multi-database (PubMed, Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) was performed and was searched between the earliest date of each database and 16 February 2024. For data extraction, a structured checklist was used, including type of study, the number of patients, age, gender, Return of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC), associated morbidity, mortality, neurological, and general outcome. <i>Results</i>: The initial literature search produced 1772 results. After screening for title and abstract, a total of nine studies were included in our systematic review. Of these studies, six were retrospective cohort studies, one prospective study, and two sub-analyses of previous randomized trials. Due to significant heterogeneity, a meta-analysis was not performed. <i>Conclusions</i>: In our systematic review we have found a small number of studies comparing IV and IO adrenaline administration during cardiac arrest. Due to significant heterogeneity, a meta-analysis was not performed and no firm conclusions could be drawn about which route of adrenalin administration leads to better outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028718/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144003471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patients' Experiences Following Osteoarticular Foot Surgery for Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Deformities: A Qualitative Study.","authors":"Amparo Campos-Cano, Ana Belen Ortega-Avila, Salvador Diaz-Miguel, Alejandro Castillo-Domínguez, Eva Lopezosa-Reca, Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron, Laura Ramos-Petersen, Andrés Reinoso-Cobo","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives</i>: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that frequently causes foot deformities, decreasing mobility and quality of life. Although surgical interventions seek to alleviate these alterations, the long-term experiences of patients have not been deeply explored. The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of patients with RA undergoing osteoarticular surgery to correct acquired foot deformities. <i>Materials and Method</i>: A qualitative study design was used with structured interviews including 19 patients with RA treated in a specialised rheumatology service. The thematic analysis was carried out using the Braun and Clarke thematic analysis, ensuring compliance with ethical standards and the anonymity of the participants. <i>Results</i>: Five main themes were identified: experience with pain before and after surgery; impact on functional capacity; complications and need for additional surgeries; emotional impact and quality of life; overall satisfaction with the surgery. While many patients reported significant pain reduction and functional improvements, others faced recurrences of the deformities, persistent pain, and post-surgical complications. Emotional responses ranged from well-being to frustration, depending on surgical outcomes. The five-year follow-up period allowed for a comprehensive assessment of the long-term impact of surgery. The recurrence rate of deformities was notable, and the emotional impact of these recurrences was significant, with patients expressing frustration and distress in some cases. <i>Conclusions</i>: The patients' experiences were heterogeneous, with both positive and negative outcomes. These findings underscore the importance of individualized management and comprehensive follow-up that consider the clinical outcomes, expectations, and emotional well-being of RA patients undergoing foot surgery.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028504/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144005850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incretin-Based Therapies and Cancer: What's New?","authors":"Sanja Medenica, Jelena Bogdanovic, Jelena Vekic, Tanja Vojinovic, Ivana Babic, Ljiljana Bogdanović, Viviana Maggio, Mohamed El Tanani, Manfredi Rizzo","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040678","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growing interest in incretin-based therapies for diabetes mellitus has led to an increased evaluation of their potential effects on cancer development. This review aims to synthesize recent evidence regarding the relationship between incretin-based therapies and cancer risk. We conducted a comprehensive literature review focusing on studies investigating dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and dual GLP-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists in relation to various malignancies. Current findings suggest that while these therapies demonstrate potential benefits, including weight reduction and metabolic regulation, concerns remain regarding their long-term safety profile. Notably, some studies indicate an increased risk of thyroid and pancreatic cancers, while others report protective effects against prostate, colorectal, and breast cancers. Given the complexity of their effects, further long-term studies and post-marketing surveillance are warranted. This review highlights the need for careful clinical assessment when prescribing incretin-based therapies to patients who may be at increased risk of cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144036169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic Performance of Gynecologic Imaging Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS) in Preoperative Evaluation of Adnexal Masses.","authors":"Ahmed A Taha, Sara Abdallah Mohamed Salem, Eman Zein El Abdeen Faried, Eman Hosni Habib, Reham S Al-Fakharany, Marwa O Elgendy, Hamdy Abdelkader, Adel Al Fatease, Maged Salah Eldien Elkady","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040679","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives:</i> Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynecological malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Diagnosis mainly involves gynecological examination and transvaginal ultrasonography. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Gynecology Imaging Reporting and Data System (GI-RADS) with regard to its ability to evaluate adnexal masses preoperatively, considering a definitive histopathological diagnosis. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> This study was approved by the ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained from all the patients. This research was conducted at Beni-suef University Hospital between June 2021 and January 2023 on 100 women who experienced pelvic pain due to an adnexal mass. <i>Results:</i> Our study results revealed that the combination of IV-V GI-RADS had high specificity (92.2%), sensitivity (87%), and a negative predictive value (95.9%), but moderate other diagnostic characteristics for predicting adnexal mass malignancy. <i>Conclusions:</i> The GI-RADS classification system is a reliable method for reporting ovarian masses, with high diagnostic accuracy for predicting malignancy. It aids in patient triage and clinical decision making. To optimize care, it is essential to inform referring clinicians about the objectives of the GI-RADS before its implementation in a treatment plan.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028664/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143995807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Concept of Venous Steal: The Impact of Vascular Stenosis and Outflow Pressure Gradient on Blood Flow Diversion.","authors":"Mindaugas Pranevičius, Dalius Makackas, Andrius Macas, Kęstutis Petrikonis, Gintarė Šakalytė, Osvaldas Pranevičius, Rimantas Benetis","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040672","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vascular steal refers to the diversion of blood flow between collateral vessels that share a common inflow restricted by arterial stenosis. Blood is diverted from the high-pressure to the low-pressure, low-resistance system. Vascular steal is associated with anatomical bypass or vasodilation in the collateral network and is called \"the arterial steal\". However, we have demonstrated that in the presence of an outflow gradient (e.g., intra-extracranial), blood is shunted to a lower pressure system, a phenomenon we term \"venous steal\". Using Thevenin's equivalent, we generalized the concept of venous steal to apply it to any region of the vascular system with increased outflow pressure. Both arterial steal, caused by increased collateral network conductivity, and venous steal, resulting from lower collateral outflow pressure, reduce compartment perfusion. This occurs indirectly by increasing flow and the pressure gradient across the arterial stenosis, lowering the segmental compartment perfusion pressure-the difference between post-stenotic (inflow) and compartmental (outflow) pressures. Venous steal diverts blood flow from compartments with elevated pressure, such as intracranial, subendocardial, the ischemic core, and regions of focal edema due to inflammation, trauma, or external compression. In shock and low-flow states, it contributes to regional blood flow maldistribution. Treatment of venous steal addresses inflow stenosis, increased compartmental pressure and systemic loading conditions (arterial and venous pressure) to reverse venous steal malperfusion in the ischemic regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028601/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remifentanil Patient-Controlled Analgesia for Labor Analgesia at Different Cervical Dilations: A Single Center Retrospective Analysis of 1045 Cases.","authors":"Tatjana Stopar Pintaric, Lara Vehar, Alex T Sia, Tomislav Mirkovic, Miha Lucovnik","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040675","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background and Objectives&lt;/i&gt;: Remifentanil is a potent synthetic μ-opioid receptor agonist known for its rapid onset and ultrashort duration of action, making it a popular choice for intravenous labor analgesia. The analgesic effectiveness of remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia (Remifentanil-PCA) may vary based on the stage of labor and parity, potentially influencing satisfaction with labor analgesia. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of pain reduction achieved with remifentanil-PCA, considering different cervical dilations in both nulliparous and multiparous women. &lt;i&gt;Material and Methods&lt;/i&gt;: Women who were ≥37 weeks pregnant with singleton cephalic fetuses, either by spontaneous onset or induction of labor, were included in the study. Data were collected from the Labor Record form, which included demographic and obstetric information, as well as the onset of analgesia categorized by cervical dilation (1-3 cm, 4-6 cm, 7-9 cm, and full dilation). Additionally, data on analgesia onset and duration (the time interval between the start of analgesia and the delivery of the baby), initial numerical rating scale (NRS&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;) for pain intensity, NRS after the first hour of analgesia (NRS&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), the lowest recorded NRS during labor (NRSmin), and pain reduction during the first hour of analgesia (NRS&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;-VAS&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;), satisfaction with labor analgesia (rated 0 for dissatisfied, 1 for moderately satisfied, 2 for very satisfied), and complication rates were obtained from the remifentanil-PCA form. &lt;i&gt;Results&lt;/i&gt;: A total of 513 nulliparas and 523 multiparas who gave birth between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2019 were reviewed. No significant differences were found between the two groups regarding age, body mass index, labor induction rates, occipito-posterior positioning, blood loss &gt; 500 mL, or neonatal outcomes. Nulliparas exhibited a higher gestational age (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.021), longer labor duration (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001), and increased rates of cesarean sections (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) and vacuum extractions (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002). Remifentanil-PCA consistently provided mild to moderate pain intensity reduction. No differences were found in VAS&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;, VAS&lt;sub&gt;1,&lt;/sub&gt; or pain intensity reduction (VAS&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;-VAS&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;) regardless of the stage of labor or parity. Significant differences in VAS min were observed among nulliparas at different stages of labor (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.026). However, a higher proportion of multiparas reported moderate (24.7% vs. 9.5%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) and high satisfaction (90% vs. 75%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001) with remifentanil-PCA compared to nulliparas. Importantly, no serious complications in mothers or neonates attributed to remifentanil-PCA were observed during the observational period. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions&lt;/i&gt;: Remifentanil-PCA demonstrates consistent effectiveness regardless of the stage of labor or parity. This indicates that remifentanil-PCA can be administered at any point during labor.","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143990310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparison of the Results of Two Different Double-Row Repair Techniques in Arthroscopic Repair of Rotator Cuff Tears.","authors":"Gökhan Ünlü, Mehmet Faruk Çatma, Ahmet Burak Satılmış, Tolgahan Cengiz, Serhan Ünlü, Mustafa Erdem, Önder Ersan","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040674","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives</i>: Shoulder pain, mainly involving rotator cuff tears, is a common type of musculoskeletal pain that significantly impairs quality of life. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has become the gold standard for treating symptomatic, full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Double-row repair techniques are widely used because of their superior fixation and healing results. However, fewer implants may reduce treatment costs and raise questions about the impact on clinical outcomes and re-tear rates. This study compares the functional outcomes and re-tear rates of two transosseous-like double-row repair techniques: one anchor and one push lock (Group 1), and two anchors and two push locks (Group 2). <i>Materials and Methods</i>: A prospective, randomized, single-blind study was conducted on 53 patients undergoing arthroscopic repair for crescent-shaped rotator cuff tears (3-5 cm). Before surgery and 24 months after surgery, patients were evaluated for shoulder function using Constant-Murley scores and shoulder abduction angles. MRI was used to assess re-tear rates. <i>Results</i>: Both groups showed significant postoperative improvement in Constant scores (Group 1: 84.1; Group 2: 84.0; <i>p</i> > 0.05). Re-tear rates were slightly higher in Group 1 (23.1%) than in Group 2 (18.5%), but this was not statistically significant (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Shoulder abduction angles improved similarly between groups, with no significant difference in outcome. Despite higher costs and longer operative times, the two-anchor technique provided more stable fixation, but its functional outcomes were comparable to the single-anchor method. <i>Conclusions</i>: Using fewer implants in a double-row repair provides comparable functional outcomes and re-tear rates, and offers surgeons a cost-effective alternative, especially at the beginning of their learning curve. However, the two-anchor technique may be more beneficial in cases requiring improved mechanical stability. These findings provide valuable information to balance cost and effectiveness in rotator cuff repair.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028681/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144049670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of MIP-1α and MIP-1β Chemokines in Malaria in Relation to Disease Severity.","authors":"Saruda Kuraeiad, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Aongart Mahittikorn, Nsoh Godwin Anabire, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Polrat Wilairatana, Kinley Wangdi, Manas Kotepui","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040676","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives</i>: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β act as signaling molecules that recruit immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation. This study aimed to synthesize evidence on blood levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in <i>Plasmodium</i>-infected individuals and to determine whether these levels differ between severe and uncomplicated malaria cases. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024595818). Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in six databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, Ovid, Scopus, ProQuest, and PubMed) to identify studies reporting blood levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in <i>Plasmodium</i> infections and clinical malaria. A narrative synthesis was used to describe variations in MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels between malaria patients and controls and between severe and non-severe malaria cases. Meta-analysis was used to aggregate quantitative data utilizing a random-effects model. <i>Results</i>: A total of 1638 records were identified, with 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported significantly higher MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels in malaria patients compared to non-malarial controls. The meta-analysis showed a significant elevation in MIP-1α levels in malaria patients (<i>n</i> = 352) compared to uninfected individuals (<i>n</i> = 274) (<i>p</i> = 0.0112, random effects model, standardized mean difference [SMD]: 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 3.00, <i>I</i>²: 96.0%, five studies, 626 individuals). The meta-analysis showed no difference in MIP-1α levels between severe malaria cases (<i>n</i> = 203) and uncomplicated cases (<i>n</i> = 106) (<i>p</i> = 0.51, SMD: -0.48, 95% CI: -1.93 to 0.96, <i>I</i>²: 97.3%, three studies, 309 individuals). <i>Conclusions</i>: This study suggests that while MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels are elevated in malaria patients compared to uninfected individuals, these chemokines show a limited ability to differentiate between severe and uncomplicated malaria or predict severe outcomes. Further research is needed to clarify their role in malaria pathogenesis and explore potential clinical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028554/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144047489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Saudi Arabia: Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Directions.","authors":"Fahad H Alahmadi","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are a significantly major cause of mortality in Saudi Arabia, with their progression frequently involving comorbidities and exacerbations that extend beyond the lungs. This review considers the current state of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in Saudi Arabia, this being a well-known non-pharmacological intervention to help control and reduce the burden of CRDs, highlighting the intervention's availability, multidisciplinary approach, and integration within the healthcare system, as well as examining the diseases' contribution to overall symptom severity, impairing daily activities and significantly worsening the patient's quality of life. Although PR is strongly recommended for managing CRDs, its utilization in Saudi Arabia remains limited or unavailable in many regions. Key barriers to PR access include inadequate awareness among healthcare providers and patients, logistical challenges, and an insufficient number of specialized facilities and trained professionals. Expanding PR programs in Saudi Arabia requires addressing geographical barriers, ensuring adequate space, resources, and trained personnel, and raising awareness among healthcare providers through education and training. Integrating PR principles into medical education and offering incentives for specialization can help overcome personnel shortages. Additionally, promoting telerehabilitation can enhance patient compliance and ensure the long-term success of PR programs. These initiatives aim to optimize PR services and improve patient outcomes across the nation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12028724/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144039665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anatomical Variations in the Formation of the Sural Nerve: A Pilot Study in a Sample of Lithuanian Cadavers.","authors":"Artur Airapetian, Benedikt Bachmetjev, Andrej Suchomlinov","doi":"10.3390/medicina61040671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background and Objectives</i>: The sural nerve (SN) is a pure sensory nerve that supplies the lateral aspect of the ankle and foot. Its anatomical variability has been extensively documented, with multiple classifications describing its different formation patterns. The SN is commonly used for nerve grafting and is a critical structure in lower-limb surgeries. Due to its superficial course, it is vulnerable to iatrogenic injuries, particularly in procedures involving the Achilles tendon. The presence of anatomical variations in SN formation and trajectory has significant implications for surgical planning, diagnostics, and nerve conduction studies. Understanding these formation variations is essential to minimize surgical complications and optimize clinical outcomes. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: A pilot cross-sectional cadaveric study was conducted on nine formalin-fixed adult cadavers at the Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Anthropology, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Lithuania. Standard dissection techniques were employed to examine the formation and trajectory of the SN. Morphometric parameters, including nerve diameter and length, were measured using an RS PTO Digital Caliper with 0.01 mm precision. Variations in SN formation were classified according to the system proposed by P.K. Ramakrishnan et al. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and RStudio, with a significance threshold set at <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05. <i>Results</i>: The most prevalent SN formation variation observed in the Lithuanian cadaveric sample was Type 3, which was found in 8 out of 18 limbs (44.4%), while Type 6 was not identified. Additionally, a symmetric formation was observed bilaterally in 5 out of the 9 cadavers (55.6%). The SN was significantly thicker in two-contributor formations (3.17 mm) compared to single-contributor formations (1.93 mm, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The SN was also significantly longer in two-contributor formations (25.80 cm) than in single-contributor formations (18.96 cm, <i>p</i> = 0.016). No significant differences in SN morphology were found between left and right lower limbs. <i>Conclusions</i>: This study highlights the substantial anatomical variability of the SN in the Lithuanian population. The findings suggest a correlation between SN diameter and formation type, which may have clinical implications for nerve grafting and surgical planning. The predominance of Type 3 formation and the observed symmetry rate provide valuable anatomical insights for lower limb surgeries. Further large-scale studies are necessary to establish population-specific SN variations and their relevance in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":49830,"journal":{"name":"Medicina-Lithuania","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12029134/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144044563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}