Milbank Quarterly最新文献

{"title":"Examining the Inclusion of Trust and Trust-Building Principles in European Union, Italian, French, and Swiss Health Data Sharing Legislations: A Framework Analysis.","authors":"Federica Zavattaro, Viktor von Wyl, Felix Gille","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12722","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12722","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points First, policymakers can strengthen the inherent trust-building effect of legislations on citizens by incorporating trust-building principles within health data-sharing legislations in a recognizable and comprehensive manner to explicitly signal public trust to policy implementers as one of the policy outcomes to be achieved in the implementation phase. Second, policymakers can use the proposed \"public trust in health data sharing\" framework as an initial guide to incorporate trust-building principles within health data-sharing legislations.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Public trust is critical to both system legitimacy and the successful implementation of data-driven health initiatives. Legislations are an essential instrument for building public trust, as they can have a dual effect on trust: a passive effect by reinforcing the public perception of an active regulatory system that upholds the rule of law and an active effect as a tool for policymakers to signal trust-building actions to be undertaken during the implementation phase. However, there is limited evidence on the extent to which health data-sharing legislations contain references to trust and trust-building principles for their practical implementation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By applying an evidence-based \"public trust in health data sharing\" framework, 36 legislations from the European Union (EU), Italy, France, and Switzerland on health data sharing were analyzed to assess 1) how the term \"trust\" is embedded in legislations, and 2) the presence and quality of trust-building principles within the selected legislations.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Nine legislations incorporated references to \"trust,\" mainly within the explanatory memorandum and preambles of EU legislations. The most prevalent trust-building principles were \"agencies of accountability\" (72%) and data \"security\" (70%). In contrast, the principles \"public information\" (14%) and \"time\" (6%) were the least presented. Moreover, the qualitative analysis showed that the majority of the trust-building principles were implicit in the legal text, with Swiss legislations having the highest number of explicit references.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The limited and implicit use of \"trust\" and trust-building principles in EU, Italian, French, and Swiss legislation emphasizes the opportunity to raise policymakers' awareness of these principles. The proposed framework provides an initial guide for policymakers to incorporate trust-building principles within health data-sharing legislations in a recognizable and comprehensive manner. This ensures that policy implementers at various stages of the policy process can implement trust-building actions, contributing to public trust building in both European and national health data-sharing initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"973-1003"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11654760/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142774122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Launching Financial Incentives for Physician Groups to Improve Equity of Care by Patient Race and Ethnicity.","authors":"Hector P Rodriguez, Sarah D Epstein, Amanda L Brewster, Timothy T Brown, Stacy Chen, Salma Bibi","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12720","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12720","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Policy Points What are the facilitators and barriers of physician group participation in a performance-based financial incentive program aimed at improving equity of care by patient race and ethnicity? Launching financial incentives to improve racial equity has required extensive organizational change management for participating physician groups, including major investments to improve quality management systems. Carefully designing financial incentives to encourage equity improvement while managing unintended consequences, and considering physician groups' populations served, baseline maturity of quality management systems, and efforts to assess and address patients' social risk factors have been central to prepare physician groups for financial incentives to improve equity of care. Given the major investments required of physician groups to prepare for financial incentives that reward equity improvement, alignment of equity of care measure specifications and reporting requirements across payers could facilitate physician group engagement. Evidence about how baseline physician group capabilities, including the maturity of their quality management systems, impact equity improvement may help health plans prioritize and target their investments to advance equity of care by patient race and ethnicity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Context: &lt;/strong&gt;Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts (BCBSMA), a large commercial health insurer, is using financial incentives to advance equity of care by patient race and ethnicity. Understanding experiences of this payer and its contracted physician groups can inform efforts elsewhere. We qualitatively assess physician groups' barriers and facilitators of planning and implementing BCBSMA's financial incentives to improve equity of ambulatory care quality by patient race and ethnicity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;Key informant interviews (n = 44) of the physician group, BCBSMA, and external stakeholders were conducted, equity initiative meetings were observed, and documents were analyzed to identify barriers and facilitators of designing and preparing for financial incentives to advance racial equity. Physician group experiences of preparing for and responding to financial incentives for equity improvement were assessed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;Analyses revealed 1) the central importance of valid and reliable equity performance measurement and carefully designed equity improvement incentives for physician group buy-in, 2) that prior to implementing financial incentives for equity improvement, physician groups needed to improve their quality management systems and the accuracy and completeness of patient race and ethnicity data, and 3) physician groups' populations served, baseline maturity of quality management systems, and efforts to assess and address patients' social risk factors were central to consider to plan for physician group financial incentives to improve racial equity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/st","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"944-972"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11654755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142511803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Medicaid Institutions for Mental Disease Exclusion Waivers on the Availability of Substance Abuse Treatment Services and the Varying Effect by Ownership Type.","authors":"Yimin Ge, John A Romley, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12710","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points The adoption of Medicaid institutions for mental disease (IMD) exclusion waivers increases the likelihood of substance abuse treatment facilities offering mental health and substance abuse treatment for co-occurring disorders, especially in residential facilities. There are differential responses to IMD waivers based on facility ownership. For-profit substance abuse treatment facilities are responsive to the adoption of IMD substance use disorder waivers, whereas private not-for-profit and public entities are not. The response of for-profit facilities suggests that integration of substance abuse and mental health treatment for individuals in residential facilities may be cost-effective.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Access to integrated care for those with co-occurring mental health (MH) and substance use disorders (SUDs) has been limited because of an exclusion in Medicaid on paying for SUD care for those in institutions for mental disease (IMDs). Starting in 2015, the federal government encouraged states to pursue waivers of this exclusion, and by the end of 2020, 28 states had done so. It is unclear what impact these waivers have had on the availability of care for co-occurring disorders and the characteristics of any facilities that expanded care because of them.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, we estimate a two-stage residual inclusion model including time- and state-fixed effects to examine the effect of state IMD SUD waivers on the percentage of facilities offering co-occurring MH and SUD treatment, overall and for residential facilities specifically. Separate analyses are conducted by facility ownership type.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Results show that the adoption of an IMD SUD waiver is associated with 1.068 greater odds of that state having facilities offering co-occurring MH and substance abuse (SA) treatment a year or more later. The adoption of a waiver increases the odds of a state's residential treatment facility offering co-occurring MH and SA treatment by 1.129 a year or more later. Additionally, the results suggest 1.163 higher odds of offering co-occurring MH/SA treatment in private for-profit SA facilities in states that adopt an IMD SUD waiver while suggesting no significant impact on offered services by private not-for-profit or public facilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study findings suggest that Medicaid IMD waivers are at least somewhat effective at impacting the population targeted by the policy. Importantly, we find that there are differential responses to these IMD waivers based on facility ownership, providing new evidence for the literature on the role of ownership in the provision of health care.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"669-691"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576589/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141535774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulating Laboratory Tests: What Framework Would Best Support Safety and Validity?","authors":"Caroline Horrow, Aaron S Kesselheim","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12701","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12701","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points With increasing public attention to cases of inaccurate and misleading laboratory-developed tests, there have been calls for regulatory reform. To protect patients from faulty laboratory tests, we need a framework that balances comprehensive test review with laboratory flexibility. The Verifying Accurate Leading-edge IVCT [In Vitro Clinical Test] Development (VALID) Act would have helped ensure laboratory test safety and validity through a much-needed expansion of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight. However, Congress did not pass the VALID Act in 2022, forcing the FDA to start the regulatory reform process on its own.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"558-576"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140913191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paid Leave Mandates and Care for Older Parents.","authors":"Kanika Arora, Douglas A Wolf","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12708","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12708","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points We examined the effect of the Paid Family Leave policy (PFL) and Paid Sick Leave policy (PSL) on care provision to older parents. We found that PSL adoption led to an increase in care provision, an effect mainly attributable to respondents in states/periods when PSL and PFL were concurrently offered. Some of the strongest effects were found among women and unpartnered adult children. PFL adoption by itself was not associated with care provision to parents except when PFL also offered job protection. Paid leave policies have heterogeneous effects on eldercare and their design and implementation should be carefully considered.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Family caregivers play a critical role in the American long-term care system. However, care responsibilities are known to potentially conflict with paid work, as about half of family caregivers are employed. The federal Family and Medical Leave Act passed by the US Congress in 1993 provides a nonuniversal, unpaid work benefit. In response, several states and localities have adopted the Paid Family Leave policy (PFL) and Paid Sick Leave policy (PSL) over the last two decades. Our objective is to examine the effect of these policies on the probability of personal care provision to older parents.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2020). Difference-in-differences regression models were estimated to examine associations between state- and local-level PFL and PSL mandates and personal care provision to older parents. We analyzed heterogeneous effects by the type of paid leave exposure (provision of job protection with PFL and availability of both PSL and PFL [with or without job protection] concurrently). We also examined results for different population subgroups.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>PSL implementation was associated with a four- to five-percentage point increase in the probability of personal care provision. These effects were mainly attributable to respondents in states/periods when PSL and PFL were concurrently offered. The strongest effects were found among adult children who were employed at baseline, women, younger, unpartnered, and college educated. PFL implementation by itself was not associated with care provision to parents except when the policy also offered job protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Paid leave policies have heterogeneous impacts on personal care provision, potentially owing to differences in program features, variation in caregiving needs, and respondent characteristics. Overall, the results indicate that offering paid sick leave and paid family leave, when combined with job protection, could support potential family caregivers.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"732-764"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576588/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141428089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hexagonal Aim as a Driver of Change for Health Care and Health Insurance Systems.","authors":"Pierre-Henri Bréchat, Angela Fagerlin, Anthony Ariotti, Alexis Pearl Lee, Smitha Warrier, Nancy Gregovich, Pascal Briot, Rajendu Srivastava","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12702","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points Improving health systems requires the pursuit of both patient-centered care and a supportive environment for health professionals. This Quadruple Aim includes improving the experience of care, improving the health of populations, reducing per capita costs of care, and improving the work life of the care providers. We propose expanding a recently defined Fifth Aim of health equity to include health democracy, ensuring that that the health and health care wants, needs, and responsibilities of populations are being met, and also propose adding a Sixth Aim of preserving and improving the health of the environment to create the best health possible. As social tension and environmental changes continue to impact the structure of our society, this \"Hexagonal Aim\" might provide additional ethical guiderails as we set our health care goals to foster sustainable and improved population health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"544-557"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576580/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141460322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Targeting Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Health Care to Reduce Bias and Improve Population Health.","authors":"Thelma C Hurd, Fay Cobb Payton, Darryl B Hood","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12712","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points Artificial intelligence (AI) is disruptively innovating health care and surpassing our ability to define its boundaries and roles in health care and regulate its application in legal and ethical ways. Significant progress has been made in governance in the United States and the European Union. It is incumbent on developers, end users, the public, providers, health care systems, and policymakers to collaboratively ensure that we adopt a national AI health strategy that realizes the Quintuple Aim; minimizes race-based medicine; prioritizes transparency, equity, and algorithmic vigilance; and integrates the patient and community voices throughout all aspects of AI development and deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"577-604"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576591/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141908127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiences and Interest in Value-Based Payment Arrangements for Medical Products Among Medicaid Agencies: An Exploratory Analysis.","authors":"Beena Bhuiyan Khan, Victoria Gemme, Ethan Chupp, Aparna Higgins, Corinna Sorenson","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12703","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12703","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Policy Points State Medicaid experience with value-based payment (VBP) arrangements for medical products is still relatively limited, and states face a number of challenges in designing and implementing such arrangements, particularly because of the resource-intensive nature of arrangements and data needed to support measurement of desired outcomes. A number of success factors and opportunities to support VBP arrangement efforts were identified through this study, including leveraging established venues or processes for collaboration with manufacturers, engaging external and internal partners in VBP efforts to bolster capabilities, acquiring access to new data sources, and utilizing annual renegotiation of contracts to allow for adjustments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Context: &lt;/strong&gt;To date, uptake of value-based payment (VBP) arrangements for medical products and knowledge of their design and impact have been mainly concentrated among private payers. Interest and activity are expanding to Medicaid; however, their experiences and approaches to VBP arrangements for medical products are not well characterized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This study sought to characterize the use of VBP arrangements for medical products among state Medicaid agencies through the use of a two-staged, mixed-methods approach. A survey and semistructured interviews were conducted to gain an understanding of state experiences with VBP arrangements for medical products. The survey and interviews were directed at senior leaders from nine states through the survey, with respondents from seven of these states additionally participating in the semistructured interviews.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Findings: &lt;/strong&gt;Although experience with VBP arrangements for medical products among states varied, there were similarities across their motivations and general processes or phases employed in their design and implementation. States collectively identified a number of significant challenges to VBP arrangements, such as manufacturer engagement, outcomes measurement, and the time, expertise, and resources required to design and implement them. We outline a range of strategies to help address these gaps and make it easier for states to pursue VBP arrangements, including more direct engagement from the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, state-to-state peer learning and collaboration, data infrastructure and sharing, and additional research to inform fit-for-purpose VBP arrangement approaches.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Findings from this study suggest that it may be easier for states to pursue VBP arrangements for medical products if there is greater clarity on processes employed that support design and implementation as well as effective strategies to address common challenges associated with contract negotiations. As states gain more experience, it will be important to monitor the design and implementation of common VBP arrangements to assess impact on the Medicaid program and th","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"713-731"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576581/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Legal Landscape for Opioid Treatment Agreements.","authors":"Larisa Svirsky, Dana Howard, Martin Fried, Nathan Richards, Nicole Thomas, Patricia J Zettler","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12699","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12699","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points Opioid treatment agreements (OTAs) are controversial because of the lack of evidence that their use reduces opioid-related harms and the potential risks they pose of stigmatizing patients and undermining the clinician-patient relationship. Even so, their use is now required in most jurisdictions, and their use is influencing the outcomes of civil and criminal lawsuits. More research is needed to evaluate how OTAs are implemented given existing requirements. If additional research does not resolve the current level of uncertainty regarding OTA benefits, then policymakers in jurisdictions where they are required should consider eliminating OTA mandates or providing flexibility in the legal requirements to make room for clinicians and health care institutions to implement best practices.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Opioid treatment agreements (OTAs) are documents that clinicians present to patients when prescribing opioids that describe the risks of opioids and specify requirements that patients must meet to receive their medication. Notwithstanding a lack of evidence that OTAs effectively mitigate opioids' risks, professional organizations recommend that they be implemented, and jurisdictions increasingly require them. We sought to identify the jurisdictions that require OTAs, how OTAs might affect the outcomes of lawsuits that arise when things go wrong, and instances in which the law permits flexibility for clinicians and health care institutions to adopt best practices.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We surveyed the laws and regulations of all 50 states and the District of Columbia to identify which jurisdictions require the use of OTAs, the circumstances in which OTA use is mandatory, and the terms OTAs must include (if any). We also surveyed criminal and civil judicial decisions in which OTAs were discussed as evidence on which a court relied to make its decision to determine how OTA use influences litigation outcomes.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Results show that a slight majority (27) of jurisdictions now require OTAs. With one exception, the jurisdictions' requirements for OTA use are triggered at least in part by long-term prescribing. There is otherwise substantial variation and flexibility within OTA requirements. Results also show that even in jurisdictions where OTA use is not required by statute or regulation, OTA use can inform courts' reasoning in lawsuits involving patients or clinicians. Sometimes, but not always, OTA use legally protects clinicians from liability.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results show that OTA use is entwined with legal obligations in various ways. Clinicians and health care institutions should identify ways for OTAs to enhance clinician-patient relationships and patient care within the bounds of relevant legal requirements and risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"632-668"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140899290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Spectrum of State Approaches to Medicaid Maternity Care Contracting.","authors":"Caitlin Murphy, Anne Rossier Markus, Rebecca Morris, Kay Johnson, Sara Rosenbaum, Laurie C Zephyrin","doi":"10.1111/1468-0009.12707","DOIUrl":"10.1111/1468-0009.12707","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Policy Points Maternal health is influenced by the quality and accessibility of care before, during, and after pregnancy. Nationwide, Medicaid covers nearly one in two births and uses managed care as a central means for carrying out these responsibilities. Thus, managed care plays a fundamental role in assuring timely, equitable, quality care and improving maternal health outcomes. A close review of managed care contracts makes evident that the absence of a national set of maternal health standards has caused challenges in setting expectations for managed care performance. State Medicaid agencies adopt a variety of approaches and underlying philosophies for contracting.</p><p><strong>Context: </strong>Managed care is how Medicaid agencies principally furnish maternity care. For this reason, the contracts that Medicaid agencies enter into with managed care organizations have attracted strong interest as a means of improving maternal health access, quality, and equity. However, limited research has documented the extent to which states use these agreements to set binding expectations across the maternal health continuum and how states approach the task of maternal health contracting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To explore maternal health contracting within Medicaid Managed Care, this study took a three-phase, sequential approach: (1) an extensive literature review to identify clinical guidelines and expert recommendations regarding maternal health \"best practices\" for people with elevated health and social needs, (2) a review of the managed care contracts in use across 40 states and Washington, DC, to determine the extent to which they incorporate these best practices, and (3) interviews conducted with four state Medicaid agencies to better understand how states approach maternal health when developing their contracts.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>The evidence on maternal health best practices reveals nearly 60 \"best practices,\" although the literature review also underscored the extent to which these recommendations are fragmented across numerous professional bodies and government agencies and are thus difficult for Medicaid agencies to ascertain. The contracts themselves reflect an approach to the maternal health continuum in a fragmented and incomplete way. Thematic analysis of interviews with state Medicaid agencies revealed three key approaches to contracting for maternity care: an \"organic\" approach, an \"intentional\" approach, and an approach \"grounded\" in state strategy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The absence of comprehensive, integrated guidelines reflecting the full maternal health continuum likely complicates the contracting task and contributes to incomplete, ambiguous contracts. A major step would be the development of a \"best practices tool\" that helps state Medicaid agencies translate evidence into comprehensive, clear contracting expectations.</p>","PeriodicalId":49810,"journal":{"name":"Milbank Quarterly","volume":" ","pages":"692-712"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11576584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141312127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}