Mountain Research and Development最新文献

{"title":"Consumer Liking and Value Perception of Mountain Cheese from Different Pasture Periods: Evidence for Mountain Systems Supporting Policies","authors":"Margherita Grandini, M. Medici, Maurizio Canavari, Elisa Palmioli, F. Mercati, A. Catorci, P. Scocco","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00066.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00066.1","url":null,"abstract":"Every year, mountain pastures show a progressive impoverishment of forage. The loss in grassland feed value restricts the production period of local Pecorino cheeses, which strongly depend on the vegetative cycle of the pasture linked to climatic conditions. The Monte Fietone mountain area (Macerata, Italy) has emblematic pasture flora during spring and early summer. This unique environment is normally used for rearing sheep, allowing regular production of local Pecorino cheeses from their milk, which is rich in vitamins and intrinsic floral aromas. Biologists and agronomists are giving increasing importance to these mountain food products. We conducted sensorial tests and experimental auctions to investigate recognition of the quality of this rare artisanal product. The results indicate considerable potential for economic differentiation. Accordingly, we recommend useful and applicable marketing and policy actions to support the sustainability of mountain grazing systems.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"R1 - R7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44961112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth Observation Science and Applications for Risk Reduction and Enhanced Resilience in Hindu Kush Himalaya Region: A Decade of Experience From SERVIR. Edited by Birendra Bajracharya, Rajesh Bahadur Thapa, and Mir A. Matin","authors":"M. Polo","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm273.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm273.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region is one of the world’s major paradigms of environmental and social challenges. This area comprises the highest peaks in the world, and its extent and amazing topography result in a rich variety of biodiversity and cultures. These headwaters feed 10 important rivers in Asia, which supply water to millions of people, whereas the combination of torrential precipitation, strong hydrodynamics, and intense human influence poses a threat for the region’s resilience to risks associated with climate extremes and their consequences (Chettri et al 2010). The vulnerability of these ecosystems to glacier melting and impacts on the snow regime because of global warming is also exacerbated by the consequences of globalization, human mobility, and overexploitation of natural resources (Jodha 2005). The lack of information to deeply understand the complex processes that interact in this region, and the difficult access to large fractions of its area, have limited the possibilities of developing long-term strategies based on ground observations because of the magnitude of the investment required. As the evolution of Earth observation (EO) technologies and the increasing delivery of products with higher time and spatial resolution sped up in the last decades, the Mountain Environment Regional Information System division at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) crystalized its continuous work since 1990 to introduce geospatial information technologies (GITs) in the HKH and develop and foster decision-making frameworks as internet-based applications by hosting a new regional hub of the SERVIR program (NASA 2021) in the HKH. SERVIR is a global program led by a partnership of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and leading geospatial organizations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. SERVIR’s goals are to address critical challenges in climate change, food security, water and related disasters, land use, and air quality and to codevelop innovative solutions based on satellite data and geospatial technology to improve resilience and sustainable resource management at the local, national, and regional scales. SERVIR-HKH was the third hub of the SERVIR regional network. Since 2010, SERVIR-HKH has bridged EO-based applications and the needs for web-based operational services to support decision-making in the framework of risk reduction and resilience building. This book compiles the efforts made to codevelop information services on a range of climate and land use–related topics since the launch of SERVIR-HKH. With 19 multiauthored chapters, the editors, from ICIMOD, cover a pathway from the program’s initial steps, in chapters 1 to 3 (general introduction, service design approach, and identifying the regional agencies’ needs to implement EO and GIT in their decision-making frameworks); across selected case studies, in chapters 4 to 12 (covering t","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"M2 - M3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43141550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban Planning as an Instrument for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Uttarakhand Himalayas","authors":"Neelakshi Joshi, W. Wende, P. Tiwari","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00048.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00048.1","url":null,"abstract":"Because of its location in the Indian Himalayas, the mountainous state of Uttarakhand is prone to multiple natural hazards and climate change extremes. At the same time, Uttarakhand is experiencing unprecedented population growth and undergoing rapid urbanization. Urban planning instruments like land use plans and building regulations allow disaster risk measures to be integrated in the rapidly emerging urban form. However, resources for formulating and implementing planning instruments might be limited in mountain urban centers. This paper takes stock of the risk addressed in the urban planning instruments at state and local levels through an analysis of land use plans and interviews with urban planning and disaster risk professionals. Results indicate that planning instruments are largely absent and do not sufficiently address urban risks. Lack of urban planning capacity at state and local levels, absence of local-level risk knowledge, and public pushback against introducing developmental regulations are identified as the primary constraints to addressing risk. We underline the urgent need to address risk in the urban development process and recommend broader engagement with universities and nongovernmental organizations to supplement existing knowledge and capacities.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"D13 - D21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44538469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Publisher Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1659/0276-4741-42.2.p2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741-42.2.p2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":" ","pages":"p2 - p2"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47016408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three Recent and Lesser-Known Glacier-Related Flood Mechanisms in High Mountain Environments","authors":"A. Byers, D. Shugar, M. Chand, C. Portocarrero, M. Shrestha, D. Rounce, Teiji Watanabe","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00045.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00045.1","url":null,"abstract":"Glacial lake outburst floods, and specifically those triggered by avalanche-induced seiche waves, have been studied in considerable detail during the past several decades. Less attention has been given to other cryospheric flood phenomena, which include floods sourced primarily from englacial conduits, permafrost-linked rockfall and avalanches, and earthquake-triggered glacial lake floods. The article reviews examples of each phenomenon, based on field sampling and laboratory analyses, that have occurred in the Nepal Himalaya during the past decade, drawing parallels with similar events in other countries throughout the high mountain world. In most cases, the frequency of these events appears to be increasing globally, as is their potential to inflict significant damage downstream. We argue that each type of glacier flood requires more detailed study to develop the most effective prevention, mitigation, and adaptation approaches possible. Such studies will most likely be strengthened if they include a reconnaissance of the event as soon after its occurrence as possible, along with the participation, insights, and experience of local people, in addition to the use of increasingly powerful remote sensing technologies. How scientists can more quickly and effectively share the results of their research with decision-makers, and how decision-makers and governments can deliver more timely mitigation programs, are areas that also require further strengthening.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"30 7","pages":"A12 - A22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41297067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Controlling Factors and Characteristics of Peak Runoff in an Alpine Headwater Under the Asian Monsoon Climate","authors":"K. Sakakibara, Keisuke Suzuki","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00030.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00030.1","url":null,"abstract":"Understanding the mountain hydrological cycle, including runoff processes, is important for water-related disaster prevention. Although the process of peak runoff generation is closely related to water hazards, this process has not been clarified in alpine headwaters with large amounts of precipitation. In this study, we conducted hydrological observations to clarify runoff characteristics and factors that determine peak runoff in an alpine headwater under the Asian monsoon climate. Total precipitation during the summer period (3 months) was 1581.4 mm, and the water runoff responded quickly and clearly to rainfall events. Focusing on baseflow, the runoff was terminated when the snow cover area decreased. This suggested that snowmelt water plays an important role in maintaining baseflow in alpine headwaters under the Asian monsoon climate, like other alpine areas worldwide. In addition, peak runoff was not significantly correlated with soil wetness (as indicated by the antecedent precipitation index), whereas it was correlated with the amount of rainfall just before the generation of peak runoff. Therefore, the amount of rainfall before peak runoff in a single event was important in determining peak runoff. Focusing on the snowmelt season, we confirmed that the runoff increased even during small rainfall events. This indicated that snowpack melting is another factor determining peak runoff when the snowpack remains in the catchment. Considering the immediate runoff generation after rainfall events, direct observation of hydrometeorological data in situ is crucial to predict water-related disasters and consider countermeasures in alpine regions.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"R1 - R8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41850337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Snow and Ice-Related Hazards, Risks, and Disasters. 2nd Edition. Edited by Wilfried Haeberli and Colin Whiteman","authors":"M. Jackson","doi":"10.1659/mrd.mm272.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.mm272.1","url":null,"abstract":"This is a comprehensive and informative volume with an excellent overview of most snow and ice–related hazards. The usual suspects are here—glacier lake outburst floods, snow avalanches, and permafrost degradation—but many other subjects where there are risks related to the cryosphere are covered, including some quite esoteric topics. There is a chapter on the different risks to the biosphere due to changes in snow, ice (including lake, river, and sea ice), and permafrost. This is perhaps also the chapter with the best illustrations. The possibility of future ice ages and the effect on radioactive waste stored in deep geological repositories are examined in detail for several different scenarios and geographical situations. Hazards related to ice masses on volcanoes, such as lahar generation, are also covered, with many examples from North and South America. A topic that may be new to many of the more run-of-the-mill glaciologists is the challenges posed by ice pressure to ships in the Arctic and on the Great Lakes of North America. There is also a comprehensive chapter on the properties of snow, ice, and permafrost. At first, this may seem somewhat redundant, as most people interested in hazards posed by these variations of frozen water will be well acquainted with the basic theory. But for those coming from a risk-assessment background without a wide knowledge of glaciology, it is useful to have the material in the same volume. The basic information given here is short but clear. However, having a separate chapter on a socio-cryospheric– systems approach to cryosphere hazards is less easy to understand. Most of the chapters consider the effects of these changes on people and livelihoods, and the material in the separate chapter would probably get more attention and be more useful if it were reallocated to the appropriate chapters. There are a few topics that are missing (or well hidden) in such a comprehensive tome—glacierand moraine-dammed lakes are described, but not supraglacial or subglacial lakes. Glacier surges have their own chapter (including several interesting case studies) but normal glacier advances do not. Admittedly, this is not a common situation at present, but a few snow-rich winters for maritime glaciers could change things. The increasing hazard to mountaineers or those doing glacier walks because of changing conditions, such as less snow cover on glaciers and snow melting earlier (or simply the fact that routes formerly considered safe may no longer be safe) is not covered, but is one that many people could come across. The increasing incidence of severe snowstorms is a frequent topic of conversation in mountain communities, and a summary of the latest knowledge on this would have been useful. The geographic distribution of the authors is somewhat surprising, with the vast majority being from North America and western Europe (including over one fifth of the total from Switzerland), a few from South America and Oceania, and n","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"M1 - M1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45880327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Communicating Risk in Glacier Tourism: A Case Study of the Svínafellsheiði Fracture in Iceland","authors":"Stephanie Matti, Helga Ögmundardóttir, G. Aðalgeirsdóttir, U. Reichardt","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00051.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00051.1","url":null,"abstract":"Every day in early summer 2018, an estimated 1000 tourists went on guided tours of Svínafellsjökull, an outlet glacier in southeast Iceland. However, this changed on 22 June 2018, when a warning was issued against glacial travel due to the risk of a large landslide caused by a fracture in the surrounding mountainside. Tourists often entrust tourism employees with responsibility for their safety; however, there is a dearth of research into the ways in which tourism employees receive and respond to risk communication. These dynamics were explored in this ethnographic study, which drew on 50 semistructured interviews and extensive participant observation. The results indicate that despite demographic shifts, Icelandic inhabitants remain the basic unit on which risk management processes are centered, with repercussions for the ways in which exposure is calculated and risk is communicated. Tourists and tourism employees have a limited understanding of the risk and emergency protocols compared with local inhabitants. We argue that, for their own safety and that of customers, risk communication needs to be tailored to the needs of tourism employees, including guides and hospitality workers. The recommendations that emerge from this research can guide risk communication strategies in other mountainous regions of the world where tourism is an important source of livelihoods.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"D1 - D12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47836657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Development of Rural Residents' Sense of Place in an Ecological Restoration Area: A Case Study From Huajiang Gorge, China","authors":"Yue Zhou, Fangjuan Du, K. Xiong, Wei Li, X. Zou","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00013.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00013.1","url":null,"abstract":"Sense of place and environmental problems have received increased attention in recent years; however, there is limited understanding of the dynamics of sense of place under gradual environmental changes. Using fieldwork and in-depth interviews, we explored the changes in rural residents' sense of place during the processes of ecological degradation and restoration in Huajiang Gorge, China. Our findings show that residents' sense of place is dynamic and complex. In the environmental degradation period, karst rocky desertification aggravated by human activities caused the slow spread of a negative sense of place; as rocky desertification governance developed, positive and negative or ambivalent feelings coexisted. We argue that the dimension of place dependence is the most sensitive to environmental change and affects farmers' sense of place positively or negatively, which may form a locked-in sense of place. Consideration of the dynamics and complex sense of place in karst rocky desertification governance could contribute to the effectiveness of decision-making and promote residents' wellbeing.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"R20 - R28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45751750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smart Initiatives in a Suburban Community: An Example From the Holy Cross Mountains in Poland","authors":"Łukasz Komorowski","doi":"10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00037.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-21-00037.1","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers the smart village concept as a new instrument for creating European Union (EU) policies on a territorial microscale. The goal was to identify the key resources that determine successful implementation of smart strategies at the lowest territorial level, using the example of a suburban area in the Holy Cross Mountains (Świętokrzyskie Mountains) in Poland. The study examined how the local community implements the smart village concept and the extent to which this concept is useful in mountain and foothill areas, where problems caused by natural conditions particularly affect local communities. The intervention took place in Świętokrzyskie province, in the suburban village of Piaseczna Górka. It was assessed through a case study during which 15 individual in-depth interviews were conducted, focusing on several smart initiatives conducted in 2015–2020. The respondents represented 3 groups of stakeholders: initiators, beneficiaries, and local government. The study enabled the key resources of smart villages—human, financial, material, and information—to be identified. Human resources were the most important for the success of the initiatives under consideration, being the driving force for the other 3 resources. Uncovering the mechanisms involved in implementing smart initiatives on a microscale is becoming especially important as a tool in solving local problems, which in mountain areas are often determined by specific natural conditions. The smart village concept is set to be a major instrument of the EU's future financial framework for 2021–2027 and is reflected in a growing number of EU and national documents, including those concerning mountain and foothill areas with varied geographic locations and diverse socioeconomic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":49793,"journal":{"name":"Mountain Research and Development","volume":"42 1","pages":"D1 - D9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43367442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}