Northwest Science最新文献_第4页

Riverscape View of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stream Temperatures during Summer Low Flows in the Chehalis River, Washington 华盛顿州切哈利斯河夏季低流量期间的鱼类组合、栖息地和溪流温度的河景视图

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0202

M. Zimmerman, J. Winkowski

{"title":"Riverscape View of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stream Temperatures during Summer Low Flows in the Chehalis River, Washington","authors":"M. Zimmerman, J. Winkowski","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0202","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Chehalis River is a coastal river in southwestern Washington State where decision makers are considering options to reduce flood damage and improve freshwater habitats. This study focused on the mainstem river above and below the location of a potential dam, one of the flood-reduction options being considered. Our objectives were to describe spatial patterns of fish species, physical habitat, and stream temperature, and identify associations between fish species and the physical environment at two spatial scales. Data were collected in spatially continuous reaches following a “riverscape” approach, and patterns in the data were described using three different ordination techniques. Most of the variation in fish species composition occurred at the sub-basin scale (entire study area), with additional but minor patterns at the reach (1-km) scale. At the sub-basin scale, fish species composition was organized in an upstream (salmonid) to downstream (cyprinid) replacement pattern and was best explained by the combination of river location, habitat, and temperature. At the reach scale, physical habitat and stream temperature differentiated juvenile trout versus coho salmon in the salmonid-dominated upstream extent of our study area, and dace versus shiner in the cyprinid-dominated downstream extent. We conclude that salmon and steelhead are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss upstream of the proposed dam because they disproportionately use this area as summer rearing habitat. Protection and restoration of headwater areas, such as our study area in the Chehalis River, will be critical to support salmonid populations into the future.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"152 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70035355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0206

K. Meyer, Tracy J. Richter, John E. Anderson, Michael M. McLeod, Mike Peterson

{"title":"Factors Related to Crappie Indices of Abundance in a Large, Fluctuating Canyon Reservoir in Idaho","authors":"K. Meyer, Tracy J. Richter, John E. Anderson, Michael M. McLeod, Mike Peterson","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0206","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Crappie (Pomoxis spp.) populations are challenging to manage due to highly variable year-class strength; however, such variability has rarely been investigated in western North America, where crappie often occupy large, steep-sided reservoirs prone to severe drawdown. We investigated the influence that various factors had on crappie abundance, as indexed by long-term trawling for larval fish and long-term electrofishing for older fish. Our primary findings were that: 1) autumn age-0 crappie abundance was higher in years when larval abundance and reservoir flow were higher in the summer; 2) spring age-1 crappie abundance was higher in years when fish were larger and more abundant entering their first winter, when hydraulic residence time was reduced and the reservoir volume was higher during the winter, and when predatory-sized smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) were more abundant in the spring (though the latter relationship was likely not causative but rather a parallel response to mutually advantageous environmental conditions in the reservoir); and 3) age-0 crappie entering their first winter were larger in years with lower summer larval crappie abundance and warmer summer water temperature. We recommend autumn electrofishing to monitor crappie populations in large canyon reservoirs, where shorelines are often too steep to sample fish with trap nets, because it provides an index of age-0 crappie abundance and size at the onset of their first winter as well as data on older crappie year classes and sympatric species; it also requires less sampling effort than summer trawling.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"210 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47494681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative Population Dynamics, Flight Periods, and Volatile Pheromone Attraction of Tragosoma harrisii and Tragosoma soror (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Idaho 爱达荷州哈里斯锥虫和索氏锥虫（鞘翅目：角虫科）种群动态、飞行期和挥发性信息素吸引力的比较

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0204

Claudia D. Lyons-Yerion, S. Cook, Christopher J. Williams, J. Barbour

{"title":"Comparative Population Dynamics, Flight Periods, and Volatile Pheromone Attraction of Tragosoma harrisii and Tragosoma soror (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Idaho","authors":"Claudia D. Lyons-Yerion, S. Cook, Christopher J. Williams, J. Barbour","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0204","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Pheromone parsimony is widespread within the longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), which share a number of highly conserved volatile pheromone motifs. This parsimony reflects their life histories, ecology, and distribution. We conducted field bioassays testing attraction of cerambycids to 12 volatile pheromone lures at sites in both northern and southern Idaho over a period of three years. Our overall goals were to investigate the role of volatile pheromones in the geographic distribution of cerambycid species, interactions within cerambycid communities in reproductive isolation, and to identify attractive pheromones that can be used to develop lures for monitoring cerambycids. This study focused on the genus Tragosoma (subfamily: Prioninae). Trapping results suggested a regional split between populations of T. harrisii LeConte and T. soror Laplante within Idaho, with the more abundant of the two species at our sites being T. harrisii in northern Idaho and T. soror in southern Idaho. We found the flight periods of T. harrisii and T. soror overlapped, suggesting that flight period is not being used by these two species as a mechanism to prevent inter-specific cross-attraction among their populations in Idaho. Our results increase understanding of the ecology of Tragosoma species, and the role of pheromones and flight period phenology in maintaining reproductive isolation, and will aid in development of lures for monitoring cerambycids.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"188 - 200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47690762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Some Challenges and Potential Solutions in Feeding and Housing Earth's Human Population 为地球人口提供食物和住房的一些挑战和潜在解决方案

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0110

Jeff Antonelis-Lapp

引用次数: 0

Effects of Livestock Exclusion on Stream Banks and Riparian Vegetation in Washington and Oregon 牲畜隔离对华盛顿和俄勒冈州河岸和河岸植被的影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0101

M. Krall, P. Roni, C. Clark, K. Ross

{"title":"Effects of Livestock Exclusion on Stream Banks and Riparian Vegetation in Washington and Oregon","authors":"M. Krall, P. Roni, C. Clark, K. Ross","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Livestock exclusion is a widespread restoration technique in the Pacific Northwest to protect and improve riparian and stream habitats. To assess stream restoration outcomes from excluding livestock, the Washington State Salmon Recovery Funding Board and the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board evaluated 12 livestock exclusion projects from 2004 to 2017 using a before-after control-impact design. Paired treatment and control reaches were monitored once before restoration implementation (year 0) and several years after implementation (years 1, 3, 5, and 10) to assess bank erosion, bank canopy cover, riparian vegetation structure, pool tail fine sediment, and exclosure fencing function. Livestock exclusion significantly reduced bank erosion and bare ground. Bank erosion in treatment reaches decreased from 44% pre-project to 11% by year 10. In treatment reaches, bare ground was over 1.5 times lower in year 10 than pre-project. Most treatment reaches had intact fencing at the conclusion of the ten-year monitoring period, but there were instances where fencing did not fully function as intended, allowing livestock to access riparian areas inside the exclosure. Several metrics did not respond over time, which may be the result of several factors, including limitations of the sampling protocols, evidence of livestock grazing in treatment reaches, lack of site stratification, control reaches that were not well matched with treatment reaches, and short-duration of pre-project data collection. Despite these limitations, we still detected significant decreases in bank erosion and bare ground within treatment reaches. Future livestock exclusion monitoring should consider focus on ensuring fence maintenance, improved monitoring oversight, and the use of more quantitative monitoring protocols.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41534755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Inviable Seed Set Affects Arthropod Damage to Seeds of Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) 西杉树种子不结实结实对节肢动物损伤的影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0102

W. S. Longland, L. Dimitri

{"title":"Inviable Seed Set Affects Arthropod Damage to Seeds of Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis)","authors":"W. S. Longland, L. Dimitri","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0102","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Retention and development of fruits containing inviable seeds has been considered anomalous, because such seeds cannot contribute to plant fitness. Although trees in the genus Juniperus are conifers and thus not true fruiting plants, junipers package seeds within fruit-like female cones commonly referred to as “berries,” and juniper seeds often exhibit high levels of inviability. We tested the prediction that inviable seeds in western juniper (J. occidentalis) reduce levels of pre-dispersal seed predation by arthropods. From 2009 to 2014 we assessed production of berries and seeds in two northeast California populations of western juniper and documented presence of four arthropods (three seed predators, one fruit predator) as well as condition of seeds. The number of inviable seeds per juniper berry was directly associated with numbers of the pulp-feeding frugivore in berries collected both in fall and spring, suggesting that trees may abort seeds within berries experiencing heavy frugivore damage. Consistent with the hypothesis that inviable seeds can reduce seed predation, numbers of a granivorous mite were inversely related to numbers of inviable seeds in fall berry collections. However, the pattern switched to a direct relationship between mites and inviable seeds in spring-collected berries, perhaps due to the timing of mite infestation during berry development. Inviable seeds occurred most frequently during a year of mast production of juniper berries, and the lowest levels of seed damage by a granivorous chalcid wasp occurred during the mast year. The following year saw the greatest levels of seed damage by granivorous moths and mites, possible hold-over effects from large populations built during the mast year. The production of inviable seeds, together with satiating granivores through masting, may represent complementary mechanisms for reducing pre-dispersal seed predation.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"22 - 32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48046326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Biomass Regressions for Understory Species in Young-Growth Sitka Spruce–Western Hemlock Forests of Southeast Alaska 阿拉斯加东南部幼龄锡特卡云杉-西铁杉林下林种生物量回归研究

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0108

Annelise Z. Rue-Johns, Justin S. Crotteau, D. D’Amore, J. Barnard

{"title":"Biomass Regressions for Understory Species in Young-Growth Sitka Spruce–Western Hemlock Forests of Southeast Alaska","authors":"Annelise Z. Rue-Johns, Justin S. Crotteau, D. D’Amore, J. Barnard","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0108","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Quantifying forest understory biomass is important for understanding ecological processes, but there are few methods for non-destructive measurement of understory biomass in southeast Alaska. We developed cover-to-biomass equations for common understory species in young-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)–western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests. A sampling method of visually estimating cover and destructively measuring biomass was used at 35 stands aged 10 to 67 years on Prince of Wales Island in southeast Alaska from 2007 to 2018. Linear cover to biomass regressions were fitted for 42 species and other genera. In addition to total biomass, regressions were fitted by part (leaves, twigs, wood) for all woody species. Regressions were also fitted for graminoid, fern, forb, shrub, tree, and conifer functional classes. We demonstrate the utility of these regressions by applying them to the Tongass-wide young-growth studies, a rich dataset with understory cover measurements from treated and un-treated stands in four young-growth age classes. Understory biomass was greater in 0- to 5-year-old even-aged stands than stands greater than 15 years old. Treated stands (thinned, etc.) had a greater understory biomass, annual growth, and carbon than untreated stands older than 15 years. Additionally, biomass composition became less woody with increasing stand age in treated stands. These regressions provide an approach to estimate understory biomass, which can be used for evaluation of forest functions, including understory dynamics, wildlife habitats, and total stand carbon.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"114 - 124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43162517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Invasion of Virile Crayfish Faxonius virilis (Hagen 1870) in the Lower Henrys Fork Drainage, Idaho 雄性小龙虾Faxonius virilis (Hagen 1870)在爱达荷州下亨利斯福克流域的入侵

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0107

Philip Shaw, E. Larson, E. Billman

{"title":"Invasion of Virile Crayfish Faxonius virilis (Hagen 1870) in the Lower Henrys Fork Drainage, Idaho","authors":"Philip Shaw, E. Larson, E. Billman","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The invasive virile crayfish Faxonius virilis (Hagen 1870) has recently been documented in the upper Snake River drainage of Idaho, but its distribution is poorly known. Our objective was to determine the presence and distribution of F. virilis in the Henrys Fork drainage of the Snake River. Sampling was conducted during summer and autumn 2018 at 30 sites located in Henrys Fork River drainage, including the major tributaries Teton River, North Fork Teton River, South Fork Teton River, and Moody Creek. We used baited minnow traps and kick nets to determine presence of F. virilis. Absence was only reported if we unsuccessfully captured F. virilis using kick nets because this technique is more effective. Faxonius virilis was detected in all five streams. We did not detect F. virilis at sites at the upstream extent of sampling. This pattern suggests that F. virilis are invading the drainage in an upstream direction. Presence of species of conservation concern (e.g., Yellowstone cutthroat trout [Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri Jordan and Gilbert 1883], bluehead sucker [Catostomus discobolus Cope 1871], and western pearlshell [Margaritifera falcata Gould 1850]) warrant additional research to determine the effect of F. virilis on these species.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"106 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43217779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Tardigrades of North America: Platicrista brunsoni nov. sp. (Parachela, Hypsibiidae, Itaquasconinae) from the Bob Marshall Wilderness Area of Montana 北美洲的缓步动物:来自蒙大拿州鲍勃·马歇尔荒野地区的布伦索尼缓步动物

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0106

W. R. Miller, Jeffrey D. Miller

引用次数: 2

Hydrologic and Nutrient Fluxes in a Small Watershed with Changing Agricultural Practices 农业实践变化下小流域的水文和养分通量

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0103

Bridger Cohan, David A. Hooper, M. Roy, A. Peter, Nathan L. R. Williams

{"title":"Hydrologic and Nutrient Fluxes in a Small Watershed with Changing Agricultural Practices","authors":"Bridger Cohan, David A. Hooper, M. Roy, A. Peter, Nathan L. R. Williams","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0103","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nonpoint-source nutrients contribute to eutrophication of surface waters. While effects of particular management actions are difficult to identify at the watershed scale, assessing nutrient fluxes over time can illuminate the net impact of trends in land use and management. We investigated nutrient fluxes in upper Kamm Creek in northwest Washington State to determine if historical changes in land management, responding to economic and regulatory shifts, had impacted nutrient export. We compared current (October 2015 to September 2018) nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes in Kamm Creek to data from a previous study (1993 to 1998). We found significantly higher current fluxes of nitrate, and significantly lower current fluxes of orthophosphate (P) and total phosphorus (TP), compared to the historical sampling period. The increased annual nitrate flux resulted from slightly higher average discharge and significantly higher nitrate concentrations throughout the year. In contrast, current P and TP concentrations were significantly lower throughout the year than previously. The Nooksack River, which receives water from the study stream, showed similar patterns for P and TP, but not nitrate. Kamm Creek had reduced phosphorus fluxes and increased nitrate fluxes between the 1993 to1998 and 2015 to 2018 time periods. The watershed experienced several concurrent land-use changes, including reductions in hay and corn acreage, increases in berry crop acreage, legislation to reduce manure application, and altered use of nitrate-enriched groundwater. We cannot currently distinguish among these. Further understanding relationships between specific management changes and nutrient fluxes will help to maintain local agricultural productivity and improve water quality.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"33 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41457310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0