Effects of Livestock Exclusion on Stream Banks and Riparian Vegetation in Washington and Oregon

Abstract Livestock exclusion is a widespread restoration technique in the Pacific Northwest to protect and improve riparian and stream habitats. To assess stream restoration outcomes from excluding livestock, the Washington State Salmon Recovery Funding Board and the Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board evaluated 12 livestock exclusion projects from 2004 to 2017 using a before-after control-impact design. Paired treatment and control reaches were monitored once before restoration implementation (year 0) and several years after implementation (years 1, 3, 5, and 10) to assess bank erosion, bank canopy cover, riparian vegetation structure, pool tail fine sediment, and exclosure fencing function. Livestock exclusion significantly reduced bank erosion and bare ground. Bank erosion in treatment reaches decreased from 44% pre-project to 11% by year 10. In treatment reaches, bare ground was over 1.5 times lower in year 10 than pre-project. Most treatment reaches had intact fencing at the conclusion of the ten-year monitoring period, but there were instances where fencing did not fully function as intended, allowing livestock to access riparian areas inside the exclosure. Several metrics did not respond over time, which may be the result of several factors, including limitations of the sampling protocols, evidence of livestock grazing in treatment reaches, lack of site stratification, control reaches that were not well matched with treatment reaches, and short-duration of pre-project data collection. Despite these limitations, we still detected significant decreases in bank erosion and bare ground within treatment reaches. Future livestock exclusion monitoring should consider focus on ensuring fence maintenance, improved monitoring oversight, and the use of more quantitative monitoring protocols.