Northwest Science最新文献_第3页

Spatiotemporal Responses of Wintering Bald Eagles to Changes in Salmon Carcass Availability in the Pacific Northwest 太平洋西北部越冬秃鹰对三文鱼尸体可利用性变化的时空响应

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0306

Ethan S. Duvall

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Responses of Wintering Bald Eagles to Changes in Salmon Carcass Availability in the Pacific Northwest","authors":"Ethan S. Duvall","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0306","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Each winter, thousands of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from across western North America migrate to Pacific Northwest rivers to feed on the carcasses of post-spawning chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). However, declining salmon populations and impacts of climate change are reducing the availability of salmon carcasses as a wintering food source for eagles. The ability of eagles to adjust to these impacts is crucial to their survival, and their responses are currently unknown. I hypothesized that eagles are responding by redistributing to non-river habitat in search of alternative food sources. Specifically, I examined the redistribution of over-wintering eagles from river habitat to nearby agricultural areas in response to seasonal declines in carcass availability. Over two consecutive winters, I conducted weekly eagle surveys on a 30-km stretch of the Nooksack River and a 22.5-km stretch of farmland northwest of the river. I examined the association between salmon carcass distribution and eagle abundance on the Nooksack River, and evaluated the temporal relationship between eagle abundance on the Nooksack River versus neighboring farmland. I found a strong negative association between eagle abundance on the river versus adjacent farmland, and observed eagles primarily concentrated near dairy farms and waterfowl rafts. My results suggest that eagles are responding to declining carcass availability by redistributing to non-river habitat in search of alternative food sources, and that a substantial fraction may migrate to agricultural areas.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"307 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48184490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Status of Three Large Populations of Western Pearlshell (Bivalvia: Margaritiferidae: Margaritifera falcata) in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon 俄勒冈州威拉米特河流域西部珍珠贝(双壳亚目:珍珠贝科:珍珠贝科:falcata)三个大种群的现状

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0304

T. Williams, Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano

{"title":"Status of Three Large Populations of Western Pearlshell (Bivalvia: Margaritiferidae: Margaritifera falcata) in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon","authors":"T. Williams, Celeste A. Searles Mazzacano","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0304","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Freshwater mussels in the western US are under-studied compared to their eastern cousins, and no western species receive federal protection. Mussel distribution throughout Oregon's rivers and streams is poorly documented, and there are limited historical records to inform assessments of whether, and by how much, current populations may have declined. We launched a long-term project to characterize freshwater mussel populations throughout the Willamette River basin. Surveys were conducted in the mainstem Willamette River and a major tributary, the Middle Fork Willamette, during three years. A two-stage sampling process was used; transects were surveyed qualitatively, and then 0.25 m2 quadrats were placed randomly in transects for quantitative surveys. Mussels visible at the substrate surface were counted using viewing scopes and snorkeling, and scuba diving in deeper water. To facilitate detection of juveniles (≤ 3.50 cm long) and calculation of the burial factor, some quadrats were double sampled; mussels visible at the surface were counted, then the substrate was excavated to a depth of 10 to 20 cm, and all mussels (surface and buried) were counted and their shell length measured. Dense western pearlshell (Margaritifera falcata) populations were found at all locations, but they differed greatly in length class structure, density, and presence of juveniles. Some sites also contained small numbers of floaters (Anodonta spp.), and notably, a single western ridgemussel (Gonidea angulata) was found in a highly urbanized reach. These surveys provide baseline data on the current status of several freshwater mussel populations in the Willamette River basin.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"276 - 291"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47445826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Of Megafloods and Photographs 关于特大洪水和照片

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0311

R. Waitt

引用次数: 0

How Long Can Dead Fish Tell Tales? Effects of Time, Tissue, Preservation, and Handling on Genotyping Success 死鱼能讲多久故事?时间、组织、保存和处理对基因分型成功的影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0309

D. Venditti, C. A. Steele, Brian S. Ayers, Joshua L. McCormick

{"title":"How Long Can Dead Fish Tell Tales? Effects of Time, Tissue, Preservation, and Handling on Genotyping Success","authors":"D. Venditti, C. A. Steele, Brian S. Ayers, Joshua L. McCormick","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0309","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Genetic analyses have become increasingly powerful, more readily available to biologists, and have made ever more degraded DNA potentially useful. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are a relatively new “class” of markers that show promise for use with degraded or archived samples. We sequenced a panel of 298 SNPs from Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) tissue in three comparative studies to determine the effect of DNA quality at sampling, time in archive, and tissue type and preservation method on SNP genotyping success using logistic regression. The first study evaluated pristine DNA from live adults sampled at three hatcheries and archived up to 6 years. The second study compared samples from carcasses with varying levels degradation (i.e., condition) and archived up to 15 years. The third study compared heart and fin samples preserved either in ethanol or on paper from carcasses with varying levels of degradation and processed within 6 months. Genotyping success for fresh tissue did not decline over the 6-year archive period at two of the three hatcheries, suggesting sample handling techniques may be more influential than time in archive. Genotyping success of archived carcass samples depended more on carcass condition than time in archive. Heart tissue genotyped consistently more often than fin samples from all but poor condition carcasses. Based on these results, we make tissue-sampling recommendations for different intended purposes. We also provide simple, post-collection sample handling procedures that can increase genotyping success regardless of tissue or preservation method.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"337 - 349"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49208886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Hymenopteran Pollinators Prefer Yellow Flowers to Red Ones in Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link), But Not Enough to Negatively Affect Plant Fitness 膜翅目昆虫在苏格兰金雀花(Cytisus scoparius (L.))中更喜欢黄花而不是红花链接)，但不足以对植物适应性产生负面影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0307

R. Bode, Maria Breznau, Kaylen Furut

{"title":"Hymenopteran Pollinators Prefer Yellow Flowers to Red Ones in Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link), But Not Enough to Negatively Affect Plant Fitness","authors":"R. Bode, Maria Breznau, Kaylen Furut","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0307","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In well-established flowering plant invasions, floral phenotypes that do not attract pollinators are predicted to be eliminated through natural selection. We explored this hypothesis in the invasive plant species Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius), which has yellow flowers frequented by a diverse community of bee species, as well as red-tinged flowers that are predicted to be pollinated at a significantly lower rate. We predicted that plants with the red-flower phenotype will have fewer flowers visited, produce fewer seed pods per flower, and produce fewer seeds per pod than the yellow-flowered type. To investigate this, we measured the proportion of flowers pollinated for red- and yellow-flowered phenotypes, observed the number of seed pods produced per flower, and counted seeds per pod. Although we found lower pollination in the red-flowered phenotype, we did not see differences in female fitness. Scotch broom is an invader predicted to be limited in fecundity by the rate of pollinator visits and would be expected to lose phenotypes that attract fewer pollinators. We found the persistence of a less-attractive phenotype, likely because the reduction in male fitness is not paired with a reduction in female fitness.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"317 - 324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43852215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Isolation by Distance and Proximity to Urban Areas Affect Genetic Differentiation among Collections of English Sole (Parophrys vetulus, Family Pleuronectidae) in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Salish Sea 东北太平洋和萨利希海英鲽(Parophrys vetulus, Pleuronectidae)群的遗传分化受距离隔离和邻近城市的影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0301

G. Winans, Jon D. Baker, L. Johnson, I. Spies, J. West

{"title":"Isolation by Distance and Proximity to Urban Areas Affect Genetic Differentiation among Collections of English Sole (Parophrys vetulus, Family Pleuronectidae) in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean and Salish Sea","authors":"G. Winans, Jon D. Baker, L. Johnson, I. Spies, J. West","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0301","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The English sole (Parophrys vetulus, family Pleuronectidae) is an abundant ground fish used as a sentinel of marine pollution in the inland marine waters of Washington and Oregon. We used 15 microsatellite loci to evaluate patterns of genetic variability within and among 17 collections of sole from coastal sites and within the southern Salish Sea. Over 470 alleles were identified in 15 loci, and high levels of genetic richness, as estimated by expected heterozygosity (HE) and allele richness (AR), were detected. Fish sampled from coastal areas at the northern end of our study area had the lowest values of genetic richness, in contrast to collections at the southern end. The level of differentiation among all collections was low: mean FST value was 0.0006. Nineteen comparisons had statistically significant FST values (mean FST of 0.0029) and involved comparisons involving three locations associated with urban areas (Port Gardner [Everett, WA], Sinclair Inlet [Bremerton, WA], and Commencement Bay [Tacoma, WA]). A statistically significant, but weak, isolation-by-distance pattern was seen in the five coastal collections over 1,100 km of coastline. In the Salish Sea collections, the pattern of differentiation was patchy and marked by several distinctive collections in close proximity to urban areas. The pattern of differentiation in the Salish Sea parallels differences seen in ecotoxicological characteristics of the English sole that inhabit separate urban embayments differing in pollution characteristics. Future work can focus on evaluating the stability and meaningfulness of this subtle variability in a time of local and global environmental changes.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"229 - 244"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47675271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Associated with Sculpin Presence and Density in Northern Idaho Streams 爱达荷州北部河流中与亚高山蛋白存在和密度相关的非生物和生物因素

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0203

Todd A. Higens, D. Scarnecchia

{"title":"Abiotic and Biotic Factors Associated with Sculpin Presence and Density in Northern Idaho Streams","authors":"Todd A. Higens, D. Scarnecchia","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0203","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sculpins (family Cottidae) are a group of small nongame fishes, native to Idaho's colder streams, and have value for biodiversity and as indicators of water quality. We analyzed abiotic and biotic data, including habitat characteristics and presence of co-occurring trout and char (family Salmonidae) species, from 115 streams from the northern Idaho Panhandle to identify the physical characteristics and biotic communities of the streams associated with sculpin presence (or absence) and population density. For comparison, and to determine if the results of the northern dataset could be attributed to the rest of the state, a second dataset from state-wide sampling was also analyzed, as was a subset of both datasets that had no observations of non-native brook trout and rainbow trout. Sculpins were more likely to be present and in higher densities in streams with abundant riffle microhabitats that were mostly free of sediment (identified as Rosgen channel types B, C, and F for northern Idaho and types B and C for the entire state). More sculpins were also found in streams lacking brook trout and rainbow trout. Knowledge of sculpin habitats and the impacts of non-native salmonids may be useful in interpreting water quality evaluations, as well as in improving native fisheries restoration projects and fisheries management for Idaho streams.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"173 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46679346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Effects of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature in South Sister Creek, Oregon 俄勒冈州南姐妹溪溪流强化结构对水温的影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0201

M. Santelmann, A. Harewood, R. Flitcroft

{"title":"Effects of Stream Enhancement Structures on Water Temperature in South Sister Creek, Oregon","authors":"M. Santelmann, A. Harewood, R. Flitcroft","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We evaluated commonly used methods for monitoring stream restorations to inform and improve restoration monitoring and evaluation, using a headwater stream in the Oregon Coast Range as a case-study example. In-stream restoration projects are seldom monitored both pre- and post-restoration. In addition, frequently used low-cost methods may not provide sufficient data to effectively assess trends in stream temperature. Here, we examined what can be learned from temperature loggers installed in the same locations over multiple years in a restored stream. In-stream structures were installed between 2007 and 2011 along a 10-km length of South Sister Creek, Oregon for the purpose of enhancing in-stream habitat. Summer stream temperature data were collected using Hobo Pro-V temperature-logging thermistors at four locations in 2006, prior to restoration, as well as in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, additional temperature loggers were placed within 80 m of the four original loggers to investigate within-reach variability. Although median stream temperatures were highest in 2013 at all four multi-year sites, 7-day maximum temperatures were 4 to 5 °C cooler in post-treatment years than in 2006. Inter-annual variability in stream temperature was more closely linked to inter-annual variability in air temperature and solar radiation than presence of in-stream structures. Thermal heterogeneity was greater in reaches with deeper pools than in bedrock-dominated reaches. Although in-stream structures can create cool microhabitats, they have little influence on mean stream temperature. Longer pre-restoration monitoring and sensor deployment in more varied in-stream habitats would improve our ability to evaluate restoration impacts.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"130 - 151"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45003237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

75 Years of Manhattan Project Legacies – Ten Perspectives 曼哈顿项目遗产75年——十大视角

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0207

Cal Delegard's

引用次数: 0

Seasonal Catch Rates of the Endemic Olympic Mudminnow in Wetland Habitat 湿地生境中特有的奥运泥鱼的季节捕获率

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0205

Olivia F. Williams, R. Tabor, P. DeHaan, L. Kuehne, J. Olden, Carlisha Hall

{"title":"Seasonal Catch Rates of the Endemic Olympic Mudminnow in Wetland Habitat","authors":"Olivia F. Williams, R. Tabor, P. DeHaan, L. Kuehne, J. Olden, Carlisha Hall","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0205","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Olympic mudminnow (Novumbra hubbsi) is a small freshwater fish, endemic to western Washington State. Although the species is listed as a Washington sensitive species, the lack of routine monitoring has resulted in poor understanding of population dynamics over time needed to support management and conservation actions. Olympic mudminnow commonly live in wetlands and associated low-gradient channels with tannic water and soft substrates, making conventional electrofishing and seine sampling approaches challenging and potentially inaccurate. Alternatively, minnow traps can easily be set in a wide range of depths and habitat types and allow for more systematic, repeated sampling. The study purpose was to conduct monthly surveys over a 19-month period to help develop standardized sampling methods. Sampling using baited Gee minnow traps set overnight was conducted in a wetland complex that flows into Eld Inlet in south Puget Sound, Washington. Catch rates of Olympic mudminnow were highest in late summer to early autumn (August through November) when water depths were low and water temperatures were decreasing. Trap mortality was relatively low for both Olympic mudminnow and amphibians but increased during warm spring and summer months. Eighty percent of the Olympic mudminnow captured were between 44 and 56 mm total length, and there was no difference in size between males and females. Gravid females were observed from October to June. Overall, minnow trapping appeared to be an effective method for monitoring Olympic mudminnow populations year round; however, sampling in the autumn appears to be advantageous because catch rates were high, and mortality was low.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"201 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47852061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1