Northwest Science最新文献_第2页

Postglacial Fire and Vegetation History from Doheney Lake in the Sinlahekin Wildlife Area, Okanogan County, Washington 华盛顿州奥卡诺根县Sinlahekin野生动物区的Doheney湖的冰川后火灾和植被历史

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.3955/046.096.0104

M. Walsh, K. Haydon, Dale Swedberg

引用次数: 1

Overwinter Mass Loss of Townsend's Big-Eared Bats in Five Caves 汤森德大耳蝙蝠在五个洞穴中的越冬大量消失

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.3955/046.096.0103

Jericho C. Whiting, Martha C. Wackenhut, Bill Doering

引用次数: 0

Drivers of Forested Riparian Microclimate on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State 华盛顿州奥林匹克半岛森林河岸小气候的驱动因素

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.3955/046.096.0102

Katrina Keleher, R. Bigley, W. Devine

引用次数: 0

Three-Year Effects of Crown Removal by Clipping or Burning on Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) Size and Biomass 三年修剪或焚烧除冠对熊草（Xerophyllum tenax）大小和生物量的影响

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.3955/046.096.0101

D. Peter, T. Harrington

{"title":"Three-Year Effects of Crown Removal by Clipping or Burning on Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax) Size and Biomass","authors":"D. Peter, T. Harrington","doi":"10.3955/046.096.0101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.096.0101","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax), an evergreen perennial herb of the northern Rocky Mountains, Pacific Northwest, and northern California, is used in Native American basketry and commercial floral greens. We studied beargrass size and biomass responses to crown removal by clipping or burning over three years in a coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) woodland with variable shrub cover in the southeastern Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. Clipping forested plants resulted in 28% mortality, mostly from smaller plants growing under 26% more total cover than the surviving plants; however, only 3% of completely crown-scorched open-grown plants died. Three years after treatment, crown width of surviving plants was only 61% of the pre-treatment size for clipped plants, compared to 88% for completely crown-scorched plants. Regression analyses indicated that the percentage of crown scorch accounted for only 16% and 27% of crown width and foliar height variation, respectively, one year post-burn, decreasing to 10% and 19% at three years post-burn. During the three years after burning, percentage flowering increased linearly to 64% of plants. Three years post-burn, foliar browse was higher on crown-scorched than on non-crown-scorched plants. Although shade tolerant, long-term survival of lowland beargrass is likely limited by combined competition from shrubs and trees. Stand density management is needed to maintain healthy, reproducing populations in the lowlands of western Washington.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"96 1","pages":"38 - 54"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46560145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Population Characteristics of Brook Trout in Idaho Streams and Alpine Lakes 爱达荷州溪流和高山湖泊中溪鳟的种群特征

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0302

C. Roth, P. Kennedy, K. Meyer

{"title":"Population Characteristics of Brook Trout in Idaho Streams and Alpine Lakes","authors":"C. Roth, P. Kennedy, K. Meyer","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In western North America, nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) frequently threaten native salmonids via competition and hybridization, so fisheries managers often implement eradication programs for conservation purposes. In conjunction with such programs, managers often construct population models to evaluate the effects of different management strategies designed to control the undesirable population, but such models require demographic data (e.g., age, growth, sex ratios, and survival), which are lacking for western brook trout populations. Brook trout were sampled from 12 alpine lakes and two streams in Idaho, with total length varying from 80 to 380 mm and age varying from 1 to 11 yrs. Across all waters, the von Bertalanffy growth parameters L∞ varied from 231 to 490 mm (mean = 345 mm) and K varied from 0.15 to 0.76 (mean = 0.37). Survival estimates, constructed from age-length keys, were corrected for streams with mark-recapture data; for alpine lakes, corrections were made via gill net selectivity data. Survival varied from 0.30 to 0.56 (mean = 0.45), and except for one waterbody, estimates were minimally affected by correcting for capture efficiency. The proportion of the population that was male varied from 0.34 to 0.75 (mean = 0.53). Our results indicate that brook trout population vital rates in Idaho were similar to those observed in their native range, and were surprisingly similar between alpine lake and stream environments.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"245 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47849824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Case Report of Traumatic Rib Fracture in Mammoth from Frenchman Hills–Tonnemaker Mammoth Site, Grant County, Washington 华盛顿格兰特县法国山- tonnemaker猛犸象遗址外伤性肋骨骨折1例报告

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0310

G. V. Last, Katherine Newhall-Perry, Rosalie L. Faubion, N. Mara, Bax R. Barton

{"title":"Case Report of Traumatic Rib Fracture in Mammoth from Frenchman Hills–Tonnemaker Mammoth Site, Grant County, Washington","authors":"G. V. Last, Katherine Newhall-Perry, Rosalie L. Faubion, N. Mara, Bax R. Barton","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0310","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A deformed rib from a Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) was found among more than 100 mammoth bones excavated from an alfalfa field at the Tonnemaker Hill Farm in the Frenchman Hills north of Royal City, Grant County, Washington. The mammoth remains were deposited within fine-grained Missoula flood sediments sometime after 16 ka. We performed a detailed examination of the rib, including computerized tomography imaging, and investigated the possible etiology of the deformity. The deformity consists of hypertrophic bone formation localized toward the distal (sternal) end of the rib. The circumference of the lesion is nearly twice that of the medial circumference of the rib diaphysis. This lesion is consistent with an incompletely healed fracture or a fracture nonunion with pseudarthrosis (false joint) formation. Gross examination and computerized tomography scan images of the proximal aspect of the rib, as well as cursory inspection of the other skeletal remains, have yet to reveal definitive evidence of other bony abnormalities. We surmise, therefore, that this fracture was the consequence of blunt force trauma in a healthy animal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rib fracture with incomplete healing or false joint formation in a M. columbi individual in the Pacific Northwest. We suspect the incidence of rib fractures among M. columbi was greater than the Pacific Northwest literature suggests and encourage examination of existing collections for evidence of similar findings. The incidence and frequency of such injuries may provide insight into M. columbi behavior.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"350 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47557437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Length of Sculpins in the Elwha River Watershed Following the Removal of Two Hydroelectric Dams 两座水电大坝拆除后，埃尔瓦河流域雕塑的分布、相对丰度和长度

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0305

R. Tabor, J. R. Johnson, R. Peters, Rebecca Mahan, M. McHenry, Samuel J. Brenkman, G. Pess, T. Bennett, M. Liermann

{"title":"Distribution, Relative Abundance, and Length of Sculpins in the Elwha River Watershed Following the Removal of Two Hydroelectric Dams","authors":"R. Tabor, J. R. Johnson, R. Peters, Rebecca Mahan, M. McHenry, Samuel J. Brenkman, G. Pess, T. Bennett, M. Liermann","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0305","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Dam removal often shows positive effects for many fish species, especially migratory species. In contrast, information regarding the effects on less migratory species is lacking. The Elwha River, Washington had two hydroelectric dams removed from 2011 to 2014, which resulted in the loss of two reservoirs. Because of glacial history, the Elwha River system has a depauperate freshwater fish fauna, including just two sculpin species (coastrange sculpin [Cottus aleuticus] and prickly sculpin [C. asper]). Both species exhibit a similar migratory life history strategy, which includes a planktonic larval stage that drifts downstream to a nursery area (e.g., lake, large river, or estuary), followed by an upriver movement pattern. Due to these characteristics, Elwha River dam removal and loss of the reservoirs may have had important effects on these two sculpin species. We sampled sculpins with longitudinal electrofishing surveys in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate their current distribution, relative abundance, and body size. These metrics were generally similar to other river systems in the Pacific Northwest, with fewer and larger migratory sculpins upstream. Additionally, we compared our findings to pre-dam surveys. After dam removal, sculpins in upstream reaches were less abundant and had a smaller range of sizes. This suggests the population characteristics of sculpins in the Elwha River has changed, but it is unclear how indirect effects, such as anadromous salmonid (Salmonidae) increases, may influence their overall abundance. This study also provides a baseline to monitor sculpin population changes in the future.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"292 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46357322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Edible, But is it Palatable? 可食用，但美味吗?

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0312

David Peter

引用次数: 0

Cellobiase Activity as an Indicator of Fungal Decay in the Wood of Woodpecker Nest Cavities in the Pacific Northwest. 纤维素酶活性作为西北太平洋啄木鸟巢腔木材真菌腐烂的指标。

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0308

J. Kozma, Teresa J. Lorenz, Jerred Seveyka

{"title":"Cellobiase Activity as an Indicator of Fungal Decay in the Wood of Woodpecker Nest Cavities in the Pacific Northwest.","authors":"J. Kozma, Teresa J. Lorenz, Jerred Seveyka","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0308","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Woodpeckers require trees and snags with decayed wood in order to excavate nest and roost cavities, and interior wood hardness is considered an important factor determining where a woodpecker can create a cavity. In most ecosystems, saprophytic fungi are responsible for the decay and softening of wood, and are thought to be important in providing soft wood for woodpecker cavity excavation. We conducted a study of cellulose-degrading enzymes in the wood surrounding woodpecker nest cavities. We measured wood hardness, percent wood density loss (PWDL), and activity of cellobiase (an extracellular fungal cellulase that degrades cellulose) within wood surrounding the nest cavities of the northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), black-backed woodpecker (Picoides arcticus), white-headed woodpecker (Dryobates albolarvatus), and hairy woodpecker (D. villosus) in Oregon and Washington. We found that mean wood hardness was significantly lower, and cellobiase and PWDL were significantly higher, at nest cavities than controls for each woodpecker species. Wood hardness was higher and cellobiase lower at nests of black-backed woodpecker than northern flicker, but did not differ among the other woodpecker species. Our results suggest that increased amounts of cellobiase result in softer wood due to the increased decay caused by higher fungal enzyme activity and that measuring cellobiase can be used to estimate wood decay without directly measuring wood hardness. All four woodpecker species selected nest substrates with softer wood and higher fungal enzyme activity than controls. This supports findings from previous studies of the importance of saprophytic fungi for woodpecker cavity excavation.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"325 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43476897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Post-Fire Timber Harvest and Mastication on Shrub Regrowth in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: A Lake Tahoe Case Study 火灾后木材采伐和咀嚼对内华达山脉灌木再生的影响：以太浩湖为例

IF 0.4 4区环境科学与生态学

Northwest Science Pub Date : 2022-09-28 DOI: 10.3955/046.095.0303

Susan D Kocher, Daylin Wade

{"title":"Effects of Post-Fire Timber Harvest and Mastication on Shrub Regrowth in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: A Lake Tahoe Case Study","authors":"Susan D Kocher, Daylin Wade","doi":"10.3955/046.095.0303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3955/046.095.0303","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Increasingly large high-severity wildfires in dry forests of the western United States have led to concern about how best to regenerate new forests after wildfires. Harvesting fire-killed trees, burning woody debris, and tree planting are commonly used reforestation strategies. This study evaluated the effects of a novel forest restoration approach that involved masticating un-merchantable dead trees and spreading the woody debris generated across the site to prevent erosion from the 2007 Angora Fire in Lake Tahoe, California. Woody material covered 82% of the site after treatment, with an average depth of 6.6 cm, and volume of 190 tonnes per hectare. We found that this treatment reduced shrub regrowth, compared to an untreated area nearby, and that shrub regrowth was inversely related to fuel depth. Seven years after the fire, shrub cover averaged only 50% on treated plots compared to 92% on untreated plots. The tallest shrubs averaged 69 cm in height on the treated site compared to 114 cm on nearby untreated sites. Tree seedlings planted on the treated site averaged 141 cm in height, well above the height of the shrubs. Advantages of this approach include controlling erosion while reducing drought stress, reducing the potential for weed introduction, and reducing the need for herbicide to control shrub competition. Although leaving a layer of woody material where new trees have been planted does constitute a fire hazard, so too does a vigorous shrub layer. Managers should consider and weigh these factors when deciding on a post-fire reforestation strategy.","PeriodicalId":49743,"journal":{"name":"Northwest Science","volume":"95 1","pages":"260 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46386362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1