Nursing Research最新文献

{"title":"Sustainability of Complex Interventions: Recommendations From a Pragmatic Clinical Trial to Manage Cancer Symptoms.","authors":"Linda L Chlan, Jennifer L Ridgeway, Kathryn J Ruddy, Jessica D Austin, Sandra A Mitchell, Cindy Tofthagen, Deirdre R Pachman, Andrea L Cheville","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000870","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000870","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sustained implementation of evidence-based practices and interventions in clinical settings is essential to ensure patients receive the best evidence-informed care. Information to guide sustainment of complex, multicomponent interventions in routine clinical practice after grant funding ends has had limited attention in the literature.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this article is to describe the efforts of our multidisciplinary trial team to foster sustainment of key components of a complex electronic health record (EHR)-facilitated symptom surveillance and management intervention for people receiving cancer care at a Midwestern quaternary medical center or community practice settings.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The parent Enhanced EHR-Facilitated Cancer Symptom Control (E2C2) hybrid Type II effectiveness-implementation pragmatic trial assessed the effectiveness of a multicomponent EHR-facilitated, collaborative care model-based intervention for management of SPPADE symptoms (sleep interference, pain, impaired physical function, anxiety, depression, and energy deficit/fatigue) and its implementation in medical oncology and community practice settings. The dynamic sustainability framework (DSF) posits the need for on-going efforts to continuously optimize the fit of an intervention within dynamic and evolving delivery contexts. This brief report uses the DSF to describe our team's efforts to optimize the fit of the core E2C2 intervention components to the practice setting and broader ecological system during the conduct of the trial. These activities were designed to achieve sustained implementation of the intervention in routine care delivery as the funded research activities concluded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Core intervention components to be sustained were symptom surveillance using electronic patient-reported outcome measures, clinician alerts for severe symptoms, access to a registered nurse symptom care manager (RN SCM) for severe symptoms, patient education materials to support symptom self-management, access to a website of cancer-related materials, and the training and supervision of the RN SCMs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Sustainability is dynamic and multidimensional, and emphasizes the importance of optimizing the fit of key intervention components to the care delivery context as it evolves time. Investigators are advised to plan sustainability efforts early, embrace change inherent in dynamic settings, and carefully track adaptations of intervention components to maximize intervention fit in real-world clinical practice to ensure patients continue to derive benefit from evidence-informed care.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"70-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12856733/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145607193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inferential Statistics and the Pitfalls of Nonrandomized Sampling in Nursing Research.","authors":"Patricia A Zrelak","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000868","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000868","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Inferential statistics are foundational tools in health and nursing research. However, their misuse-particularly when applied to nonrandomized samples-is widespread and has serious implications for the integrity of science and evidence-based nursing practice.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aims of this study were to examine the consequences of performing inferential statistical analysis on nonrandomized samples and provide guidance on alternative approaches when random sampling is not feasible.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This paper synthesizes evidence from statistical theory, research methodology, and nursing literature to describe the assumptions of inferential statistics and the biases introduced by nonrandomized sampling. Alternatives such as nonparametric tests, bootstrapping, and descriptive statistics are also described.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Violating statistical test assumptions, such as random sampling and independence, can lead to misleading p -values, invalid confidence intervals, and incorrect generalizations. Systemic factors contributing to misuse include institutional pressures, growing publication options, and insufficient statistical training.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Inferential statistics must be grounded in proper sampling methods. Researchers should avoid overgeneralization from biased samples, use alternative analytical approaches where appropriate, and clearly disclose methodological limitations. Reform in nursing education and publication standards is critical to maintaining the validity and trustworthiness of nursing science.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posttraumatic Stress, Illness Perception, Concussion Symptoms, and Quality of Life Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"Mulyadi Mulyadi, Johanis Kerangan, Bih-O Lee, Santo Imanuel Tonapa","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000864","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000864","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Working-age individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often experience persistent postconcussion symptoms (PCSs) that significantly impair their quality of life (QoL). Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may act as a psychological mechanism linking PCSs to a poorer QoL, whereas illness perception may influence the extent to which PCSs lead to PTSD; these relationships have not been tested. Establishing this moderated mediation pathway is critical for identifying patients at a heightened psychological risk and informing early intervention strategies to optimize postacute rehabilitation outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examined the mediating role of PTSD in the relationship between PCSs and QoL, as well as the moderating effect of illness perception on these associations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A longitudinal study was conducted among 120 working-age individuals with mTBI in Indonesia. PCSs and illness perception were assessed at discharge, PTSD was measured at 1 month, and QoL was measured at 3 months postdischarge. A moderated mediation analysis was performed using Hayes' macro, PROCESS Model 7.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PCSs at discharge were associated with poorer QoL at 3 months, with PTSD fully mediating this relationship. Illness perception moderated the effect of PCSs on PTSD, with more negative perceptions intensifying symptoms. The indirect effect of PCSs on QoL through PTSD was stronger among individuals prone to negative illness perception.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>PTSD plays a critical role in mediating the relationship between PCSs and QoL, whereas negative illness perception further amplifies this indirect effect, leading to a poorer QoL 3 months postinjury. These findings confirm the presence of a moderated mediation pathway, highlighting the need for early psychological screening and targeted interventions that address both PTSD and negative illness perception. Integrating these strategies into postacute rehabilitation may improve long-term recovery outcomes in working-age individuals with mTBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"18-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Healthy Beat Acupunch Regimen Improved Physical Fitness of Thai Older Adults in Residential Homes: Quasi-Experimental Two-Group Pre-Post Study.","authors":"Siriluk Winitchayothin, Kuei-Min Chen, Frank Belcastro","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000861","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000861","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Older adults often experience declines in physical fitness, which can lead to difficulties with mobility and daily routines. The Healthy Beat Acupunch (HBA) regimen-a novel exercise approach that combines traditional Chinese medicine and exercise-holds promise for enhancing physical fitness in this population. However, its effectiveness in maintaining or improving physical fitness among older adults-particularly within the Thai population-has not yet been examined.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aims to examine the effects of the 6-month HBA regimen on physical fitness of Thai older adults in residential homes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A quasi-experimental, two-group pre-post study was conducted with 92 participants from two residential homes, randomly allocated to either the experimental or control group. The experimental group participated in instructor-led HBA sessions lasting 40 minutes, three times per week for the first 3 months, followed by video-guided HBA regimen for the remaining 3 months. The control group continued their usual daily activities in the residential home. Physical fitness assessments were conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations to examine interaction effects between groups and time, as well as within-group changes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participants in the experimental group showed significant improvements in all physical fitness parameters over time compared to the control group. Additionally, significant improvements were observed within the experimental group in all parameters when compared to baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The improvements in all physical fitness parameters are consistent with the principles of the meridian theory and the effects of acupoint stimulation. The combination of instructor-led and video-guided sessions helped participants consistently perform the HBA regimen. This two-phase approach aligns with previous studies supporting supervised-to-video transitions and addresses practical challenges, including healthcare worker shortages. Compared to the control group-which maintained routine activities with limited fitness gains-the HBA regimen demonstrated a more comprehensive and efficient approach for enhancing physical fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"10-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145088050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Brave New World for Nursing Science.","authors":"Rita H Pickler","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000869","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000869","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145716479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Appraisal of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 in Substance Use Disorder Research: Using the Psychometric Reliability & Investigation of Research Instruments Rubric.","authors":"Mirinda B Tyo, Mary K McCurry","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000865","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Substance use disorder (SUD) research has shifted to focus on strength-based approaches and resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale-25 (CD-RISC-25) has been widely used to measure resilience in the general population, individuals with SUD, and individuals with mental health conditions. However, there is no globally accepted standard measure of resilience, and the lack of a consistent conceptual definition and limited psychometric information for instruments in SUD research publications contribute to methodological challenges.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The purpose of this study was to appraise the psychometric properties of the CD-RISC-25 and evaluate the scale's performance in SUD research using the Psychometric Reliability & Investigation of Research Instruments (PRIORI) rubric.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cochrane Rapid Review criteria were used to synthesize and evaluate 48 published peer-reviewed articles that used the CD-RISC-25 to measure resilience in individuals with SUD. The PRIORI rubric was used to appraise the articles for the conceptual definition of resilience, reliability, validity, results related to resilience, and performance of the CD-RISC-25.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cronbach's alpha for the CD-RISC-25 in populations with SUD provided support for use of the measure among different populations with SUD. Most authors reported face validity; however, sufficient data were available in most publications to also support criterion and construct validity. Appraisal scores for the CD-RISC-25 used in populations with SUD suggested the CD-RISC-25 scale was a good measure of resilience.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The PRIORI rubric allowed researchers to critically appraise the performance of the CD-RISC-25 in the reviewed SUD research articles. Findings suggest the CD-RISC-25 was valid and reliable when used to measure resilience in diverse populations with SUD. Adopting the CD-RISC-25 as the gold standard measure of resilience could help address the methodological challenges identified in SUD research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"54-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145253199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Weight Stigma Is Highly Prevalent in a National Sample of Sexual Minority Women.","authors":"Alejandra Gonzalez-Cabrera, Melissa Lehan Mackin, Paul Gilbert, Catherine H Cherwin","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000867","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Weight stigma-a social phenomenon in which individuals can be treated differently due to their weight and physical appearance-can be associated with stress-related conditions and poor health. Sexual minority women (SMW) have an increased prevalence of obesity and overweight compared to heterosexual women, potentially making them more susceptible to experiencing weight stigma.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>No studies have examined weight stigma in a national sample of SMW. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of external weight stigma and internal weight stigma in a sample of SMW and in relevant subgroups defined by demographic data.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study used online survey methods to determine the prevalence of external and internal weight stigma in a national sample of adult SMW ( n = 459).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants identified as non-Hispanic White, more than half identified as bisexual, and the sample ranged in age from 18 to 76 years. The prevalence of external weight stigma ranged from 26% to 65% depending on type (e.g., discrimination vs. mistreatment), and the prevalence of internal weight stigma was 57%. All body mass index categories were positively correlated with some forms of weight stigma, with the obese category associated with all forms of weight stigma.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>To address weight stigma, including eliminating discrimination based on weight and establishing caring and empathetic relationships, healthcare providers should support an individualized and holistic approach to weight management with attention to marginalized identities and other social determinants of health.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"3-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145202061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social Network Type and Healthy Lifestyle Among Persons With Type 2 Diabetes.","authors":"Jinjin Lu, Lilu Wang, Shuting Sun, Hailu Song, Zhenyang Cao, Suzhen Qian, Liangyu Fang, Qiya He, Xiuyi Wei, Lianlian Zhu, Hongbo Xu","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000863","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000863","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can have a significant positive effect on the prognosis of diabetes. However, the lifestyle of persons with T2DM is not optimistic, influenced by various factors, with social networks being one of the important ones.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The aims of this study were to identify social network type and further explore the relationship between social network type and healthy lifestyle among persons with T2DM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 450 participants with T2DM completed the sociodemographic questionnaire, the self-developed healthy lifestyle questionnaire, and the social network information questionnaire. A latent class analysis was used to identify the social network type of participants with T2DM. Univariate analysis and hierarchical linear regression analysis were utilized to explore the relationship between social network type and healthy lifestyle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results show that the participants were divided into five latent classes regarding social network type: \"diverse-active,\" \"diverse-normal,\" \"friend-restricted,\" \"family-centered,\" and \"family-restricted.\" Relative to the diverse-active type, participants in the friend-restricted, family-centered, or family-restricted network type had significantly lower healthy lifestyle scores. However, the diverse-normal type was not significantly different from the diverse-active type.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There was significant heterogeneity in the types of social networks among persons with T2DM. Healthcare professionals should consider the types of social networks of persons with T2DM when working to improve their healthy lifestyle, helping them to develop diverse-active social network.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"41-47"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145088066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Utility of Using the All of Us Research Program to Examine AHA's Life's Essential 8.","authors":"Mary Roberts Davis, Alicia J Johnson, Quin E Denfeld, Jonathan Purnell, Jackilen Shannon","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000866","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000866","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 (LE8) metrics of blood pressure, body mass index, glucose, cholesterol, smoking, diet, sleep, and physical activity are measurable outcomes to gauge cardiovascular health in individuals and populations.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to determine the utility of using the National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program data to quantify LE8 contemporary in a United States cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional observational study of primary (participant-reported and researcher-measured) and secondary (electronic health records) data from Version 7 All of Us data. Adults aged 20-100 years were included. Our primary outcome was percentage of participants with complete data for all LE8 cardiovascular health indicators within 1 year of enrollment. We used All of Us researcher-measured blood pressure and body mass index, health record serum glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and participant-reported cigarette use, age, race, and sex data. We described the availability of LE8 in the dataset and then calculated sex differences in LE8 using independent samples t -tests with equal variance, Wilcoxon rank sum test, or chi-square tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no data for diet, sleep, or physical activity. The final sample with complete data was 56,565 primarily middle-aged adults, and over half were female. Overall, the sample had higher mean systolic blood pressure, high mean body mass index indicating obesity, and average to high HbA1c, indicating few participants meet the definition of ideal cardiovascular health. Nearly half of participants reported lifetime cigarette use of ≥100 cigarettes. Data for non-high-density cholesterol were missing in half of participants. Compared to males, females were younger by 4.2 years and had lower average systolic and diastolic blood pressure, higher mean body mass index, higher total cholesterol, and lower median HbA1c, and fewer reported lifetime cigarette use.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Important data for modifiable lifestyle factors of diet, physical activity, and sleep are missing from the All of Us dataset. We recommend adding these missing variables to future surveys. Nevertheless, this snapshot of cardiovascular health shows that, on average, adults in the United States had poorer than recommended cardiovascular health for cardiovascular disease risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"75-79"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12866903/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145139274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurses' Satisfaction and Demand for Stoma Care in the National Cancer Patient Home-Care Pilot Program.","authors":"Jung Ha Kim, Jang Won Lee, Jung Yoon Kim, Yong Eun Hong, Sol Bi Jang, Woo Jeong Lee, Kyung Hee Oh, Su Jung Lee, Young Ae Kim","doi":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000860","DOIUrl":"10.1097/NNR.0000000000000860","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The \"National Cancer Patient Home-Care Pilot Program\" was launched in South Korea to provide continuous management for cancer patients with a stoma. However, participation by medical institutions was low, and services were inconsistently provided.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated nurses' satisfaction with and demand for the pilot program for home care of cancer patients with a stoma.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected through a survey administered to 196 nurses from November 13, 2022, to January 19, 2023. The questionnaire gathered information on the respondents' characteristics, the status of stoma patient management, their satisfaction with the program, and their needs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 196 nurses surveyed, 42 (21.4%) participated in the home-care pilot program. Among them, 35 nurses (85.4%) were satisfied with the program, and 30 nurses (71.4%) reported that home-care implementation needed to be expanded and standards of care needed to be improved.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>To enhance the home-care pilot program for cancer patients with a stoma, better medical services must be provided by improving the medical fee standard. This will enable more patients and medical institutions to participate in the program.</p>","PeriodicalId":49723,"journal":{"name":"Nursing Research","volume":" ","pages":"48-53"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145088036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}