Polish Journal of Pathology最新文献

Immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostics tailoring personalised ovarian cancer therapy. 免疫组织化学和分子诊断个性化卵巢癌治疗。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162571

Adam Michał Kowalewski, Łukasz Szylberg

{"title":"Immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostics tailoring personalised ovarian cancer therapy.","authors":"Adam Michał Kowalewski, Łukasz Szylberg","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162571","url":null,"abstract":"Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynaecological malignancy, and it exhibits substantial histologic and molecular heterogeneity. Traditional systemic therapies have produced only modest survival gains. Integration of immunohistochemical (IHC) and molecular diagnostics has shifted care toward biomarker-driven personalised treatment. This review presents current IHC approaches for histotype classification and the most important actionable protein markers (FR, HER2, TROP2, MMR proteins, and PD-L1), together with molecular testing for BRCA1/2, homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) status, and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) monitoring. These diagnostics now direct poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors maintenance in HRD-positive disease and antibody-drug conjugates such as mirvetuximab soravtansine in FR-high platinum-resistant tumours. However, important limitations remain: intratumoral heterogeneity, variable assay performance, lack of standardisation, and unequal access to testing worldwide. We also discuss how best to combine multiple biomarkers and outline future directions, such as AI-assisted digital pathology, composite predictive models, and ctDNA-guided adaptive strategies, to refine patient selection and improve long-term outcomes.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"156-161"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ancillary tests in diagnostic cytology. On the example of the recommendation given by the World Health Organization in soft tissue tumors. 诊断细胞学中的辅助试验。以世界卫生组织关于软组织肿瘤的建议为例。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162568

Jerzy Klijanienko

引用次数: 0

Immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous spindle cell neoplasms. 免疫组织化学在皮肤梭形细胞肿瘤鉴别诊断中的应用。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162575

Thomas Mentzel

引用次数: 0

Immunohistochemistry in placental pathology. 胎盘病理中的免疫组织化学。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162570

Jerzy Stanek

{"title":"Immunohistochemistry in placental pathology.","authors":"Jerzy Stanek","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162570","url":null,"abstract":"Although the clinical background, gross and hematoxylin-eosin examination usually suffice for the placental diagnosis, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential in many cases, particularly in high-risk pregnancy. The double E-cadherin/CD34 immuno-stain is the backbone of it, particularly for diagnosing the early fetal vascular malper-fusion (FVM) characterized by the endothelial fragmentation preceding the villous hypovascularity/avascularity of distal FVM. The stain is 3-4 times more sensitive than the stromal vascular karyorrhexis, the other early FVM lesion. The endothelial fragmentation may help in timing FVM and its grading as well as in revealing its temporal heterogeneity. The immunostain makes the FVM the most common pattern of placental injury in the population of pregnancies dominated by mass-forming fetal anomalies. The immunostain is also useful in diagnosing villous hypomaturity by highlighting widened vasculosyncytial membranes. Of other immunostains, cyto-keratin IHC is invaluable for confirmation of intrauterine pregnancy in chorionic villi-negative uterine curettings. Cytokeratin and smooth muscle actin are valuable in borderline cases of shallow placental implantation. P57 immunostain is invaluable for the diagnosis of early complete hydatidiform moles. Finally, IHC may be decisive in diagnosing viral placentitis, particularly cytomegaloviral, herpetic and parvoviral.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"141-155"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

p16/Ki-67 dual-stain immunocytochemistry in precision cervical cancer prevention: immunoprofile and clinical decision-making. p16/Ki-67双染色免疫细胞化学在宫颈癌精准预防中的应用：免疫特征和临床决策。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162576

Martyna Trzeszcz, Robert Jach

{"title":"p16/Ki-67 dual-stain immunocytochemistry in precision cervical cancer prevention: immunoprofile and clinical decision-making.","authors":"Martyna Trzeszcz, Robert Jach","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162576","url":null,"abstract":"Cervical cancer prevention has undergone a major shift with the implementation of human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening, which offers high sensitivity but limited specificity due to the detection of transient infections. This has created a need for triage methods capable of identifying infections associated with clinically meaningful disease. Primary HPV testing provides a high level of reassurance when negative; however, individuals with a positive result require additional evaluation using triage methods that effectively identify precancerous lesions while avoiding unnecessary colposcopy referrals. This review addresses the role of p16/Ki-67 dual-stain (DS) immunocytochemistry as a biomarker of transforming HPV infection, with a focus on HPV-based screening settings. We discuss its biological basis and diagnostic performance in comparison with cytology, with particular attention to the principles and practical aspects of DS interpretation in routine cytopathological practice. We also summarize current evidence, including data from national studies and routine clinical practice, demonstrating that DS can be effectively integrated into screening pathways and support more informed clinical decision-making. Its increasing use reflects the broader transition toward biologically informed cervical cancer prevention.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"195-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Review of a Decade of IHC Quality - Expectations, Disappointments and Challenges in Commonly Used Assays Based on NordiQC Experience. 十年来IHC质量回顾——基于NordiQC经验的常用检测方法的期望、失望和挑战。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162566

Kristi Bøgh Anderson, Søren Nielsen

{"title":"Review of a Decade of IHC Quality - Expectations, Disappointments and Challenges in Commonly Used Assays Based on NordiQC Experience.","authors":"Kristi Bøgh Anderson, Søren Nielsen","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162566","url":null,"abstract":"Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has undergone substantial expansion during the past decades, with an increasing number of assays becoming essential to routine diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive pathology. Parallel to this development, external quality assessment (EQA) programs have accumulated extensive experience regarding the real-world performance of commonly used IHC assays across laboratories. This review summarises observations derived from the Nordic Immunohistochemical Quality Control Program and its EQA activities over the last 10 years, focusing on expectations, recurring disappointments, and emerging challenges in IHC testing. Particular attention is given to the analytical and diagnostic accuracy and quality of IHC assays being impacted by protocol variability and the need to align IHC methods to evolving clinical purposes. The accumulated experience demonstrates that while overall pass rates are acceptable for many markers, significant and recurrent limitations persist, particularly when assays are repurposed or when analytical sensitivity requirements change. These findings underline the continued need for critical assay validation, identification and application of appropriate controls, and evidence-based standardisation of IHC in the era of precision diagnostics.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"105-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

New and emerging entities of uterine mesenchymal tumours in the era of molecular testing. 分子检测时代子宫间质肿瘤的新实体和新兴实体。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162569

Pavel Dundr, Michaela Kendall Bártů, Jan Hojný, Radoslav Matěj, Kristýna Němejcová

{"title":"New and emerging entities of uterine mesenchymal tumours in the era of molecular testing.","authors":"Pavel Dundr, Michaela Kendall Bártů, Jan Hojný, Radoslav Matěj, Kristýna Němejcová","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162569","url":null,"abstract":"Uterine mesenchymal tumours represent a group of heterogeneous tumours, the classification of which is evolving, especially in the context of a broader use of molecular testing. Some entities can be diagnosed based on the combination of morphological and immunohistochemical features. In other entities, such as endometrial sarcomas with KAT6B/A::KANSL1 fusion, the correct diagnosis cannot currently be achieved without molecular testing. In this review, we focus on some of the new entities in which molecular testing plays an essential role for diagnosis, including tumours with KAT6B/A::KANSL1 fusion, tumours with MEIS1::NCOA2 fusion, and tumours with fusion involving the KDM2B gene. In addition, uterine tumours with whorling and GREB1:CTNNB1 fusion and endometrial stromal tumours with CTNNB1 mutation will be discussed. Other tumours with recurrent molecular alterations not specific to a single entity (such as tumours with PLAG1 fusion or RAD51B fusion) are also mentioned. In summary, molecular testing is a very important part of the classification of uterine mesenchymal tumours. The growing number of emerging entities helps to correctly classify tumours into clinically significant categories. However, these entities should be viewed with caution until their clinical significance is supported by robust data, and molecular findings should always be correlated with morphological features.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"133-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Pitfalls in the diagnosis of melanocytic tumours: is immunohistochemistry helpful? 黑素细胞肿瘤诊断的陷阱：免疫组织化学有帮助吗？

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162574

Thomas Mentzel

引用次数: 0

Using large-scale tissue microarray resources for the identification and evaluation of old, new, and novel targets for surgical pathology. 利用大规模组织微阵列资源来识别和评估外科病理的新旧靶点。

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162567

Guido Sauter, Martina Kluth, Maria Christina Tsourlakis, Marco Sauter, Sandra Dieckert, Ronald Simon

{"title":"Using large-scale tissue microarray resources for the identification and evaluation of old, new, and novel targets for surgical pathology.","authors":"Guido Sauter, Martina Kluth, Maria Christina Tsourlakis, Marco Sauter, Sandra Dieckert, Ronald Simon","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162567","url":null,"abstract":"Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is essential in diagnostic pathology, but antibody reliability is often limited by insufficient validation and high variability between clones. Conventional validation approaches normally use only few tissues or cell lines which do not reflect tissue and cell type complexity. A high-throughput validation platform based on large-scale tissue microarrays (TMAs) was established to assess antibody specificity across 76 normal tissue types and to evaluate the diagnostic performance in > 15,000 tumours from > 130 entities. Comparative staining with independent antibodies on a full set of normal tissues enables robust detection of cross-reactivity. Comparative staining of critical tumour cohorts under different conditions enables protocol optimization to obtain the best possible sensitivity and specificity for the distinction of different tumour types. Large-scale tumour profiling studies on ≥ 15,000 cancers generated comprehensive datasets refining the diagnostic value of established markers (e.g., CK7/CK20, PLAP) and characterizing the impact of emerging diagnostic targets such as MTAP, CDH16, and CDH17. Furthermore, screening of over 6000 antibodies of previously unknown clinical significance identified various novel diagnostic markers, including CPA1, GAD2, and KDM6A, with high specificity for distinct tumour entities and/or neoplastic transformation. In conclusion, large-scale TMA-based validation improves antibody identification and characterization and provides a robust framework for integrating IHC into digital pathology solutions.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"117-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Generation of virtual stains - can AI imitate chemistry? 人工智能能模拟化学反应吗？

IF 0.8 4区医学

Polish Journal of Pathology Pub Date : 2026-06-25 DOI: 10.5114/pjp.2026.162577

Konstanty Korski

{"title":"Generation of virtual stains - can AI imitate chemistry?","authors":"Konstanty Korski","doi":"10.5114/pjp.2026.162577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/pjp.2026.162577","url":null,"abstract":"Histological staining is the foundation of anatomic pathology, yet traditional wet-lab workflows are slow, consume irreplaceable tissue, and are prone to artifactual variability. As precision oncology increasingly demands comprehensive molecular testing from limited biopsy samples, conserving tissue while delivering rapid, accurate diagnoses is an urgent clinical challenge. This review explores \"virtual staining\" - the digital generation of routine and special stains directly from label-free tissue scans or primary hematoxylin and eosin slides. We examine the shift toward advanced artificial intelligence models that preserve overall tissue architecture, the development of \"pathology-aware\" quality metrics, and clinical applications like instant multiplexed immunofluorescence and 3D intraoperative biopsies. Ultimately, virtual staining allows pathologists to simultaneously evaluate multiple diagnostic stains without depleting the physical block or waiting for laboratory processing. By adopting rigorous quality controls and optimizing for time-sensitive clinical workflows, this technology is poised to transition from a research novelty into a fundamental tool for preserving invaluable patient tissue and accelerating diagnostic turnaround times.","PeriodicalId":49692,"journal":{"name":"Polish Journal of Pathology","volume":"77 2","pages":"203-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148425827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0