{"title":"Exploring AI progress in GNSS remote sensing: A deep learning based framework for real-time detection of earthquake and tsunami induced ionospheric perturbations","authors":"Michela Ravanelli;Valentino Constantinou;Hamlin Liu;Jacob Bortnik","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008016","url":null,"abstract":"Global Navigation Satellite System Ionospheric Seismology investigates the ionospheric response to earthquakes and tsunamis. These events are known to generate Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) that can be detected through GNSS-derived Total Electron Content (TEC) observations. Real-time TID identification provides a method for tsunami detection, improving tsunami early warning systems (TEWS) by extending coverage to open-ocean regions where buoy-based warning systems are impractical. Scalable and automated TID detection is, hence, essential for TEWS augmentation. In this work, we present an innovative approach to perform automatic real-time TID monitoring and detection, using deep learning insights. We utilize Gramian Angular Difference Fields (GADFs), a technique that transforms time-series into images, in combination with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), starting from VARION (Variometric Approach for Real-time Ionosphere Observation) real-time TEC estimates. We select four tsunamigenic earthquakes that occurred in the Pacific Ocean: the 2010 Maule earthquake, the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, the 2012 Haida-Gwaii, the 2015 Illapel earthquake. The first three events are used for model training, whereas the out-of-sample validation is performed on the last one. The presented framework, being perfectly suitable for real-time applications, achieves 91.7% of F1 score and 84.6% of recall, highlighting its potential. Our approach to improve false positive detection, based on the likelihood of a TID at each time step, ensures robust and high performance as the system scales up, integrating more data for model training. This research lays the foundation for incorporating deep learning into real-time GNSS-TEC analysis, offering a joint and substantial contribution to TEWS progression.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 9","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1029/2023RS007857
A. G. Voronovich;P. E. Johnston;R. J. Lataitis
{"title":"A simple noncontact soil moisture probe for weather and climate applications","authors":"A. G. Voronovich;P. E. Johnston;R. J. Lataitis","doi":"10.1029/2023RS007857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RS007857","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of soil moisture is important for many practical applications. We describe the theoretical design of a simple, noncontact, electromagnetic probe that complements many existing soil moisture measurement techniques. The approach uses a low-frequency (i.e., 50–150 MHz) antenna operating in proximity of the soil. The presence of the soil affects the antenna input impedance, which in turn depends on the distance between the soil and antenna and the complex dielectric constant of the soil. The latter strongly depends on the soil wetness, which suggests that bulk soil moisture integrated over a depth of roughly 1 m can be inferred from antenna impedance measurements. This is in contrast with many current higher-frequency techniques that penetrate only a few centimeters into the soil and provide only near-surface values of soil wetness. Our work suggests that under ideal conditions bulk soil moisture can be mapped with an accuracy on the order of 1% over horizontal scales spanning a few tens of meters to a few kilometers using simple low-frequency antennas.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 9","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142376844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1029/2023RS007888
Masafumi Fujii
{"title":"Observation and analysis of anomalous terrestrial diffraction as a mechanism of electromagnetic precursors of earthquakes","authors":"Masafumi Fujii","doi":"10.1029/2023RS007888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RS007888","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of earthquake precursors has long been a controversial issue with regard to its possibility and realizability. Here we present the detection of electromagnetic anomalous signals before large earthquakes using an observation network of very high frequency radio wave receivers close to major tectonic lines in Japan. The receivers are equipped with specifically designed narrowband filters to suppress noises and to detect extremely weak signals. We detected different types of electromagnetic anomalies before earthquakes around mountainous and coastal regions, where presence of electric charges is anticipated on the surface located in the middle of the radio wave paths near major tectonic lines in Japan. We use numerical electromagnetic wave analysis to show that when electric charges are present on a ground surface as a consequence of tectonic activity, the surface charges interact strongly with radio waves and eventually cause strong diffraction of the radio waves. The analysis was performed using the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method with digital elevation models of the actual geographical landforms on a massively parallel supercomputer. The results confirm the consistent mechanisms of the electromagnetic precursors, which explains the anomalous electromagnetic signals observed by the authors before large earthquakes.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 9","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1029/2024RS007958
Ravandran Muttiah
{"title":"Satellite onboard transmitter design with spread spectrum MIMO antenna for 5G wireless networks","authors":"Ravandran Muttiah","doi":"10.1029/2024RS007958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS007958","url":null,"abstract":"The 5G new era implements standalone satellite communications that support wireless networking systems for future mobile communications by locating multiple satellites in low Earth orbit to provide global coverage of the entire Earth's surface. In this research, a newly found model of a satellite onboard transmitter using a uniform circular array multiple-input multiple-output antenna was designed to operate at a carrier frequency of 12 GHz and derived theoretical equations compared to the real-time scenario. The integration of spread spectrum with multiple-input multiple-output antenna provides an advantage for higher capacity. It has a higher percentage of gain amplification on improving the transmission of electromagnetic power to meet the bandwidth requirement of center operating frequency, and this can transmit over a bandwidth of 1.28 GHz. The proposed satellite onboard transmitter model design aims to minimize the components, increase the speed of operations for higher bandwidth, and transmit large amounts of information to a large group of users. The transmitter can operate for the speed of 1.28 Gbps using pseudo-random code, direct-sequence spread spectrum, quadrature phase shift keying modulation, bandwidth separated in bands for 64 symbols using 128 Chebyshev-type bandpass filter for transmission using 128-element uniform circular array multiple-input multiple-output antenna. The satellite transmitter antenna produces a maximum gain of 14.526 dBi, and a maximum directivity of 17.986 dBi, and the efficiency at 12 GHz is 45.1% for the radiated power at 0.93 mW. This satellite transmitter will interconnect 5G wireless networks for the application of mobile communications complement terrestrial-dependent networks.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 9","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142377113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1029/2023RS007928
A. Paul;A. Das;T. Biswas;T. Das;P. Nandakumar
{"title":"Low latitude ionospheric irregularity observations across a wide frequency spectrum from VHF to S-band in the Indian longitudes","authors":"A. Paul;A. Das;T. Biswas;T. Das;P. Nandakumar","doi":"10.1029/2023RS007928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RS007928","url":null,"abstract":"This study reports coordinated observation of ionospheric irregularities from VHF Radar, GPS and IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System), from regions near the northern crest of the EIA (Equatorial Ionization Anomaly), which has not been explored earlier. Efforts have been made to study the signal-in-space environment for concurrent detection of ionospheric irregularities over a range of radio frequency, starting from 53 MHz of the Radar, to L-band of GPS at 1,575.42 MHz and S band signal of IRNSS at 2,492.5 MHz. The radar is operational at Ionosphere Field Station, Haringhata (geographic latitude 22.93°N; geographic longitude 88.5I°E; magnetic dip angle 36.2°N) of University of Calcutta. The GPS and IRNSS data are recorded at Calcutta (22.58°N, 88.38°E geographic; magnetic dip: 36°N), separated from Haringhata by 50 km. The spatial as well as temporal variations of irregularities affecting different radio frequencies have been presented. Coordinated observations have been made during period of March-April 2023. Results of the study reveal the common zone of impact of the different radio frequency links spanning from 53 to 2,592.5 MHz and was identified within I6°–25°N, 85°–90°E. During coordinated observations made over several days, irregularity structures have been observed with radar, having backscatter SNR (Signal to Noise ratio) intensity within — 5 to 15 dB. During this time, while intense L band scintillation was recorded on multiple satellites of GPS, scintillation recorded at S band signal was moderate to intense.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 8","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1029/2024RS008013
Jorge L. Chau;Facundo L. Poblet;Hanli Liu;Alan Liu;Njål Gulbrandsen;Christoph Jacobi;Rodolfo R. Rodriguez;Danny Scipion;Masaki Tsutsumi
{"title":"Mesosphere and lower thermosphere wind perturbations due to the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption as observed by multistatic specular meteor radars","authors":"Jorge L. Chau;Facundo L. Poblet;Hanli Liu;Alan Liu;Njål Gulbrandsen;Christoph Jacobi;Rodolfo R. Rodriguez;Danny Scipion;Masaki Tsutsumi","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008013","url":null,"abstract":"Utilizing multistatic specular meteor radar (MSMR) observations, this study delves into global aspects of wind perturbations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) from the unprecedented 2022 eruption of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) submarine volcano. The combination of MSMR observations from different viewing angles over South America and Europe, and the decomposition of the horizontal wind in components along and transversal to the HTHH eruption's epicenter direction allow an unambiguous detection and identification of MLT perturbations related to the eruption. The performance of this decomposition is evaluated using Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere/ ionosphere extension (WACCM-X) simulations of the event. The approach shows that indeed the HTHH eruption signals are clearly identified, and other signals can be easily discarded. The winds in this decomposition display dominant Eastward soliton-like perturbations observed as far as 25,000 km from HTHH, and propagating at 242 m/s. A weaker perturbation observed only over Europe propagates faster (but slower than 300 m/s) in the Westward direction. These results suggest that we might be observing the so-called Pekeris mode, also consistent with the L\u0000<inf>1</inf>\u0000 pseudomode, reproduced by WACCM-X simulations at MLT altitudes. They also rule out the previous hypothesis connecting the observations in South America to the Tsunami associated with the eruption because these perturbations are observed over Europe as well. Despite the progress, the L\u0000<inf>0</inf>\u0000 pseudomode in the MLT reproduced by WACCM-X remains elusive to observations.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 8","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1029/2024RS008022
N. Nakashima;T. Sumiyoshi
{"title":"A prototype of a 900 MHz band integrated rectenna by using a planar monopole antenna with feeder","authors":"N. Nakashima;T. Sumiyoshi","doi":"10.1029/2024RS008022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RS008022","url":null,"abstract":"a rectenna designed for wireless power transfer at 900 MHz focuses on conjugate impedance matching and image impedance matching for improved efficiency. To do them, a voltage doubler rectifier circuit (VD) and a planar monopole antenna (PMA) were engineered with the same pure resistance value and integrated into the rectenna. The input impedance of the VD with 30 Ω load resistance indicated a pure resistance of approximately 73 Ω. This value closely matches the input impedance of a dipole antenna operating as a pure resistor. Since the prototype rectifier circuit is unbalanced, the authors constructed a PMA, an unbalanced antenna similar to a dipole antenna, on a double-sided circuit board. In this setup, a microstrip line was created by extending the radiating element, achieving the impedance matchings. Measurements indicated a voltage standing wave ratio of approximately 1.03. A rectenna efficiency of 37.4% was observed for a transmission distance of 50 cm. The rectification efficiency of the VD is nearly 0% when the input power is less than — 20 dBm, and the received power of the PMA is less than — 20 dBm when the transmission distance is 60 cm or more. It is predicted that the rectenna efficiency will be 0% when the transmission distance is 60 cm or more. However, the rectenna efficiency was 24.6% when the transmission distance was 60 cm. This over 20% improvement is due to the connection between the PMA and the VD using pure resistance.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 8","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Radio SciencePub Date : 2024-08-01DOI: 10.1029/2023RS007906
Sukanth Karapakula;Christiaan Brinkerink;Antonio Vecchio;Hamid R. Pourshaghaghi;Peter Dolron;Roel Jordans;Eric Bertels;Gerard Aalbers;Mark Ruiter;Albert J. Boonstra;Mark Bentum;David Prinsloo;Michel Arts;Jeanette Bast;Sieds Damstra;Albert van Duin;Nico Ebbendorf;Hans van der Marel;Juergen Morawietz;Roel Witvers;Wietse Poiesz;Rico van Dongen;Baptiste Cecconi;Philippe Zarka;Moustapha Dekkali;Linjie Chen;Mingyuan Wang;Mo Zhang;Maohai Huang;Yihua Yan;Liang Dong;Baolin Tan;Lihua Zhang;Liang Xiong;Ji Sun;Hongbo Zhang;Jinsong Ping;Marc Klein Wolt;Heino Falcke
{"title":"Architecture design and ground performance of Netherlands-China low-frequency explorer","authors":"Sukanth Karapakula;Christiaan Brinkerink;Antonio Vecchio;Hamid R. Pourshaghaghi;Peter Dolron;Roel Jordans;Eric Bertels;Gerard Aalbers;Mark Ruiter;Albert J. Boonstra;Mark Bentum;David Prinsloo;Michel Arts;Jeanette Bast;Sieds Damstra;Albert van Duin;Nico Ebbendorf;Hans van der Marel;Juergen Morawietz;Roel Witvers;Wietse Poiesz;Rico van Dongen;Baptiste Cecconi;Philippe Zarka;Moustapha Dekkali;Linjie Chen;Mingyuan Wang;Mo Zhang;Maohai Huang;Yihua Yan;Liang Dong;Baolin Tan;Lihua Zhang;Liang Xiong;Ji Sun;Hongbo Zhang;Jinsong Ping;Marc Klein Wolt;Heino Falcke","doi":"10.1029/2023RS007906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RS007906","url":null,"abstract":"The Netherlands-China Low-Frequency Explorer (NCLE) (Boonstra et al., 2017, https://www. ursi.org/proceedings/procGA17/papers/Paper_J19-2(1603).pdf; Chen et al., 2020, https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AAS...23610203C/abstract) is a radio instrument for astrophysical studies in the low-frequency range (80 kHz-80 MHz). As a technology demonstrator, NCLE shall inform the design of future radio receivers that aim at low-frequency radio astronomy. NCLE can make observations at very high spectral resolution (<1 kHz) and generate radio sky maps at an angular resolution of ≈1.5 radians. NCLE uses three monopole antennas, each 5 m long, and three identical analog signal chains to process the signal from each antenna. A single digital receiver samples the signal and calculates the auto-correlated and cross-correlated spectra. The instrument's analog and digital signal chains are extensively configurable. They can be fine-tuned to produce broadband spectra covering the instrument's complete operating frequency range or sub-bands. NCLE was developed within a veryshort timescale of 2 years, and currently, it is on board Queqiao, the relay spacecraft of the Chang'e-4 mission, in a halo orbit around the Earth-Moon L2 point. This paper outlines the science cases, instrument architecture with focus on the signal chain, and discusses the laboratory measurements during the pre-launch phase.","PeriodicalId":49638,"journal":{"name":"Radio Science","volume":"59 8","pages":"1-39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142130281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}