Science of Computer Programming最新文献

{"title":"Functional and logic programming: Selected papers of FLOPS 2022","authors":"Michael Hanus, Atsushi Igarashi","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103129","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"238 ","pages":"Article 103129"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140797202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pragma based C++ framework for hybrid quantum/classical computation","authors":"Arnaud Gazda ,&nbsp;Océane Koska","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Quantum computers promise exponential speed ups over classical computers for various tasks. This emerging technology is expected to have its first huge impact in High Performance Computing (HPC), as it can solve problems beyond the reach of HPC. To that end, HPC will require quantum accelerators, which will enable applications to run on both classical and quantum devices, via hybrid quantum-classical nodes. Hybrid quantum-HPC applications should be scalable, executable on Quantum Error Corrected (QEC) devices, and could use quantum-classical primitives. However, the lack of scalability, poor performances, and inability to insert classical schemes within quantum applications has prevented current quantum frameworks from being adopted by the HPC community.</p><p>This paper specifies the requirements of a hybrid quantum-classical framework compatible with HPC environments, and introduces a novel hardware-agnostic framework called Q-Pragma. This framework extends the classical programming language C++ heavily used in HPC via the addition of pragma directives to manage quantum computations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140619358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toolkit for specification, validation and verification of social, legal, ethical, empathetic and cultural requirements for autonomous agents","authors":"Sinem Getir Yaman,&nbsp;Pedro Ribeiro,&nbsp;Charlie Burholt,&nbsp;Maddie Jones,&nbsp;Ana Cavalcanti,&nbsp;Radu Calinescu","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A growing range of applications use AI and other autonomous agents to perform tasks that raise social, legal, ethical, empathetic, and cultural (SLEEC) concerns. To support a framework for the consideration of these concerns, we introduce SLEEC-TK, a toolkit for specification, validation, and verification of SLEEC requirements. SLEEC-TK is an Eclipse-based environment for defining SLEEC rules in a domain-specific language with a timed process algebraic semantics. SLEEC-TK uses model checking to identify redundant and conflicting rules, and to verify conformance of design models with SLEEC rules. We illustrate the use of SLEEC-TK for an assistive-care robot.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103118"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167642324000418/pdfft?md5=1e0757675f1d24ba2e0aab1f46570401&pid=1-s2.0-S0167642324000418-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140558575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a novel taxonomy to capture code smells caused by refactoring","authors":"Mashail N. Alkhomsan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Alshayeb ,&nbsp;Malak Baslyman","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Code smells tend to have an impact on software quality attributes such as reusability, maintainability, and understandability. These are code flaws that do not necessarily prevent the system from operating; rather, they increase the possibility of defects occurring in the future. Hence, to maintain code quality, code smells should be detected and corrected through refactoring. The objective of this paper is to investigate the associated risk of applying refactoring techniques and reveal the bad smells that may appear when fixing other bad smells. We conducted several controlled experiments to identify the smells that emerge after refactoring. The experiments resulted in a novel taxonomy revealing 9 bad smells that may appear as a result of fixing other bad smells. This represents the first study attempting to systematically identify and organize such refactoring-smell relationships into a taxonomy. The research results can assist developers in relating different bad smells to each other and helping them determine the refactoring technique that should be applied when certain smells are present. Moreover, the results can be beneficial in breaking the cycle of bad smells. Such knowledge tends to enhance code refactoring, which in turn will improve software quality and avoid technical debt.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140613276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agile effort estimation in Colombia: An assessment and opportunities for improvement","authors":"Juan Cubillos,&nbsp;Jairo Aponte,&nbsp;Diana Gomez,&nbsp;Edwar Rojas","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Effort estimation is fundamental for the development of software projects and critical to their success. The objective of this paper is to understand how Colombian agile practitioners perform effort estimates and to identify opportunities for improvement based on these results. For this purpose, we conducted an exploratory survey study using as instrument an on-line questionnaire answered by agile practitioners with experience in effort estimation. Data was collected from 60 agile practitioners and the main findings are: (1) Agile practitioners prefer non-algorithmic estimation techniques, mainly those based on Expert Judgment. (2) Most of the respondents perceive that their estimates have a medium accuracy level; however, in most cases, no formal analysis of the accuracy level is carried out. (3) The determining effort predictors/cost drivers are characteristics of the project team (size, experience, and skills) and attributes of the software to be built (complexity, type, and domain). (4) The use of datasets for estimation is not common; proprietary datasets predominate and are used for productivity comparisons within the company. (5) Most of the results of related studies are comparable with ours; however, there are significant differences in terms of the roles involved and the techniques used in the effort estimation process. Based on the results and findings of the survey, we identified key opportunities to improve estimation accuracy through (1) software measurement standardization, (2) use of effort datasets, (3) implementation of techniques for measuring accuracy levels, and (4) knowledge management in effort estimation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167642324000388/pdfft?md5=0a9a63d8e5cc7906e0bea58e9ee7adc6&pid=1-s2.0-S0167642324000388-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140535893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesizing LTL contracts from component libraries using rich counterexamples","authors":"Antonio Iannopollo ,&nbsp;Inigo Incer ,&nbsp;Alberto L. Sangiovanni-Vincentelli","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We provide a method to synthesize an LTL Assume/Guarantee (A/G) specification, or contract, as an interconnection of elements from a library, each of which is also represented by an LTL A/G contract. Our approach, based on counterexample-guided inductive synthesis, leverages an off-the-shelf model checker to reason about infinite-length counterexamples and guarantee correctness. To increase scalability, we also introduce a novel concept of specification decomposition, based on contract projections; we show how it can be used to break down our synthesis problem into several simpler tasks, without reducing the size of the solution space. We test our technique on three industry-relevant case studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103116"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016764232400039X/pdfft?md5=045427a44a22a0758d49ce6073f362eb&pid=1-s2.0-S016764232400039X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140640999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of size-limited execution trace with near-omniscient debugging","authors":"Kazumasa Shimari ,&nbsp;Takashi Ishio ,&nbsp;Tetsuya Kanda ,&nbsp;Katsuro Inoue","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Debugging is an important task to identify the defects in the software. Especially, logging is an important feature of a software system to record runtime information. Detailed logging allows developers to collect run-time information when they cannot use an interactive debugger, such as continuous integration and web application server cases. However, extensive logging leads to larger execution traces because few instructions can be repeated many times. In our previous work, to record detailed program behavior within limited storage space constraints, we proposed near-omniscient debugging, which is a methodology that records and visualizes an execution trace using fixed size buffers for each observed instruction. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of near-omniscient debugging in recording infected states while reducing the size of execution traces. We conduct experiments on the Defects4J dataset and evaluate the effectiveness based on the completeness, trace size and runtime overhead. The result shows that near-omniscient debugging can completely record infected states for nearly 80 percent of bugs (with a buffer size of 1024 events). The size of execution traces can be reduced by a factor of one thousand for large repetitive executions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140544006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Out of step: Code clone detection for mobile apps across different language codebases","authors":"Stephannie Jimenez ,&nbsp;Gordana Rakić ,&nbsp;Silvia Takahashi ,&nbsp;Nicolás Cardozo","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Clone detection provides insight about replicated fragments in a code base. With the rise of multi-language code bases, new techniques addressing cross-language code clone detection enable the analysis of polyglot systems. Such techniques have not yet been applied to the mobile apps' domain, which are naturally polyglot. Native mobile app developers must synchronize their code base in at least two different programming languages. App synchronization is a difficult and time-consuming maintenance task, as features can rapidly diverge between platforms, and feature identification must be performed manually. The end goal of this work is to provide an analysis framework to reduce the impact of app synchronization. A first step in this direction consists in a structural algorithm for cross-language clone detection, called <span>Out of Step</span>, exploiting the idea behind enriched concrete syntax trees. Such trees are used as a common intermediate representation built from programming languages' grammars, to detect similarities between app code bases. Our technique finds code similarities with over 80% for the evaluation of language features, where Type 1-3 clones are manually injected for the analysis of both single- and cross-language cases for Kotlin and Dart. We validate the feasibility and correctness of our approach through the evaluation of the main language constructs for Kotlin and Dart. To validate the effectiveness we use a first case study detecting clones between 12 sorting algorithms across Kotlin and Dart, identifying clone similarities with a precision between 67% and 95%. Finally, we use a corpus of 144 mobile apps implemented in Kotlin and Dart, correctly identifying code similarities for the full application logic.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167642324000352/pdfft?md5=9fb4baf02297c135f2162257609c5f70&pid=1-s2.0-S0167642324000352-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140540127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Local deadlock analysis of Simulink models based on timed behavioural patterns and theorem proving","authors":"Joabe Jesus,&nbsp;Augusto Sampaio","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scico.2024.103113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Compositional deadlock analysis of process networks is a well-known challenge. We propose a compositional deadlock analysis strategy for timed process networks, more specifically, those obtained from <span>Simulink</span> multi-rate block diagrams. We handle models with both acyclic and cyclic communication graphs. Particularly, the latter naturally happens in <span>Simulink</span> models with feedback, among other kinds of cycles. Since there is no general solution to analyse cyclic models in a compositional way, we explore the use of behavioural patterns that allow the verification to be carried out in a compositional fashion. We represent process networks in <em><span>tock</span></em>-<em>CSP</em>, a dialect of <em>CSP</em> that allows modelling time aspects using a special tock event. The verification approach is implemented as a new package in <em>CSP</em>-<em>Prover</em>, a theorem prover for <em>CSP</em> which is itself implemented in <em>Isabelle</em>/<em>HOL</em>. To illustrate the overall approach and, particularly, how it can scale, we consider several variations of an actuation system with increasing complexity. We show that the examples are instances of the client/server and the asynchronous dynamic timed behaviour patterns. These patterns and all verification steps are formalised using <em>CSP</em>-<em>Prover</em>.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140552585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring issues of story-based effort estimation in Agile Software Development (ASD)","authors":"Muhammad Iqbal ,&nbsp;Muhammad Ijaz ,&nbsp;Tehseen Mazhar ,&nbsp;Tariq Shahzad ,&nbsp;Qamar Abbas ,&nbsp;YazeedYasin Ghadi ,&nbsp;Wasim Ahmad ,&nbsp;Habib Hamam","doi":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.scico.2024.103114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Context</h3><p>Effort estimation based on user stories plays a pivotal role in agile software development, where accurate predictions of project efforts are vital for success. While various supervised ML tools attempt to estimate effort, the prevalence of estimation errors presents significant challenges, as evidenced by the CHAOS report by the Standish Group, which highlights incorrect estimations contributing to a substantial percentage of failed agile projects.</p></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This research delves into the domain of user story-based effort estimation in agile software development, aiming to explore the issues arising from inaccurate estimations. The primary goal is to uncover these issues comprehensively and propose potential solutions, thus enhancing the efficacy of the user story-based estimation method.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>To achieve the research objectives, a systematic literature review (SLR) is conducted, surveying a wide range of sources to gather insights into issues surrounding user story-based effort estimation. The review encompasses diverse estimation methods, user story attributes, and the array of challenges that can result from inaccurate estimations.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The SLR reveals a spectrum of issues undermining the accuracy of user story-based effort estimation. It identifies internal factors like communication, team expertise, and composition as crucial determinants of estimation reliability. Consistency in user stories, technical complexities, and task engineering practices also emerge as significant contributors to estimation inaccuracies. The study underscores the interconnectedness of these issues, emphasizing the need for a standardized protocol to minimize inaccuracies and enhance estimation precision.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In light of the findings, it becomes evident that addressing the multi-dimensional factors influencing user story-based effort estimation is imperative for successful agile software development. The study underscores the interplay of various aspects, such as team dynamics, task complexity, and requirement engineering, in achieving accurate estimations. By recognizing these challenges and implementing recommended solutions, software development processes can avoid failures and enhance their prospects of success in the agile paradigm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49561,"journal":{"name":"Science of Computer Programming","volume":"236 ","pages":"Article 103114"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140405240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}