Гуманитарий最新文献

{"title":"Social Being of Human and Phenomenology of Death","authors":"Nikolay S. Savkin","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.184-194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.184-194","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Phenomenology is concerned with the systematic reflection and study of the structures of consciousness and the phenomena that manifest themselves in acts of consciousness. It does not consider the world as objects interacting with each other. Therefore, many philosophers believe that phenomenology is not a philosophical school or doctrine, but rather a style of thinking, a kind of philosophical method. The phenomenology of death does not provide concrete research results; it understands it both as a creative force and as an absurd phenomenon. The key essence of death Sartre calls the absurdity, its meaninglessness, contrary to common sense. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, methods of a predominantly theoretical and methodological nature were used: integrative, causal-genetic, the implementation of which, in conjunction with a synergistic technique, gives certain results. The empirical basis of the study was the results of the experiments of the oncologist Jeffrey Long, presented in the book “Proof of Life After Death”, Raymond Moody “Life after Life”. Discussion and Conclusion. Particularly significant in European existentialism and humanism are analyzes of the social functions of death: the equalizer of social statuses, the function of not ending life, but completion, the creative function of death lies in a person’s awareness of the essence of true existence, death, according to Schopenhauer, is the inspirer, or muzaget of philosophy. Death is an objective reality, it is destructive, puts an end to all plans, prospects. But there is also the subjective side of death – thoughts and reflections about it. They are sometimes dangerous, harmful. But on the other hand, they help to see the important, eventful, to get rid of the petty, accidental, to overcome envy, that is, they make certain adjustments to behavior, regulate it in a certain way.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"About Pre-University Training of Mordovia Youth (1957–1991)","authors":"Valery S. Lunin","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.129-149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.129-149","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. Preparing young people for higher education is one of the most important areas of modern educational policy in Russia. However, its historical aspect in Russian humanities is considered extremely unevenly. Over the past half century, researchers have focused their main attention on highlighting the activities of the workers’ faculties of the 20–30s of the last century – one of the main sources of replenishment of the ranks of Soviet students. At the same time, questions related to the development system of pre-university training of schoolchildren and other categories of young people at subsequent stages of its development have actually fallen out of the field of view of scientists. This article attempts to fill this gap in the latest regional historiography of the history of higher education based on the coverage of the activities of the preparatory courses (PC) and the preparatory department (PD) of the Mordovia State University in the second half of the 20th century. Materials and Methods. The main source base of the study was made up of materials from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia (CSA RM) and the archive of the Department of Administration of Ogarev Mordovia State University. When analyzing the collected factual material, both universal methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, systematization, etc.) and special methods of conducting historical research (ideographic, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, historical-systemic) were used. Results. The reasons for the actualization of pre-university training of young people in our country in the second half of the 20th century are revealed, the dynamics of the quantitative and social composition of students, the achievements and problems of the educational process on the PC and software of the Mordovia State University are shown. Conclusion. In 1957–1991, in the Mordovia ASSR, as well as in the USSR as a whole, two main organizational and pedagogical forms of preparing boys and girls for entering universities took shape. The educational activity of the self-sustaining preparatory courses at the Mordovia State University turned out to be the most massive and democratic. The creation of the state budgetary preparatory department at the head university of Mordovia was not only a response to the ideological and political course of the party-Soviet leadership of the country on the formation of the social homogeneity of Soviet society, but also had practical significance for a more conscious and successful choice by young people of their future profession.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of “The Level of Relatives’ Emotional Burnout” Measure (V. V. Bocharov, A. M. Shishkova)","authors":"Zulfiya A. Aksyutina, Albina V. Chenskaya","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.220-232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.220-232","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the need to address the issues of diagnosing emotional burnout in parents whose children have mental disorders. In theory, there are unresolved issues related to the imperfection of a reliable verification of the theoretical foundations laid down in diagnostic methods, the lack of formation of the terminological apparatus, the lack of a special diagnostic apparatus for studying the emotional burnout of parents that meets the requirements of completeness and consistency. The aim of the article is a categorical analysis of “The Level of Relatives’ Emotional Burnout” measure LREB, developed by V. V. Bocharov and A. M. Shishkova, based on the application of methods of categorical-systemic methodology. Materials and Methods. As methods of categorical-systemic methodology, the hexagram and the pentagram of Wu Xing are used. The study of parents raising children with mental disabilities is carried out by a survey method. The LREB technique is currently undergoing extensive testing. Results. In the course of the study, an analysis of publications on the stated problem was carried out, which showed that the authors use a different terminological apparatus. The phenomenon of emotional burnout of parents is called: parental burnout; parental burnout syndrome; burnout syndrome; emotional exhaustion. This phenomenon indicates that the psychology of emotional burnout is at the initial stage of the formation of a theoretical basis, as a result of which the relevance of the study is beyond doubt. Diagnosing parents raising children with mental disorders made it possible to identify the stages of emotional burnout that are relevant for their state. Discussion and Conclusion. On the basis of the use of the hexagram in the LREB methodology, a dichotomous contradiction in the dyad of resource and destructive tendencies was revealed, and the Wu Xing pentagram made it possible to identify the factors that have the strongest effect on “burnout” parents. The results of the research can be used in the development of diagnostic methods for studying the phenomenon under consideration and allow us to speak about the reliability, completeness and systemicity, developed by V. V. Bocharov and A. M. Shishkova, of “The Level of Relatives’ Emotional Burnout” measure.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Competencies of a Teacher of Primary General Education: Research of Professional Deficits","authors":"Evgeniya V. Kirdyashova, Ol’ga I. Maksimkina, Irina V. Taraskina, Ol’ga V. Tereshkina","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.209-219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.209-219","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article analyzes theoretical approaches to the study of various aspects of the formation of professional competence of a teacher. The relevance of studying of the professional deficits of a modern primary school teacher is substantiated. The purpose of the article is to study and interpret the results of professional competence deficits of a teacher of primary general education. Materials and Methods. Research methods were used: theoretical analysis of the problem based on the study of psychological, pedagogical, methodological literature; content analysis of educational and scientific texts used for educational purposes for primary school children; synthesis, comparative and descriptive methods, analysis. An empirical study was conducted to study the professional deficits of primary school teachers in the Republic of Mordovia. Automated diagnostic tasks were used to identify the level of formation of methodological competencies. Results. Diagnostics of the formation of methodological competencies of primary school teachers has been developed and carried out. The diagnostic results indicate the presence of professional deficits among teachers of primary general education. Teachers find it difficult to determine the goals of activity at certain stages of the lesson, the sequence of structural elements of the lesson to solve practical problems, to select tasks of different levels of complexity for differentiated work. Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained data should be taken into account when organizing the activities of professional learning communities, building individual educational routes to improve the professional methodological competence of primary school teachers, updating the content of advanced training programs in terms of developing skills in organizing project and research activities of younger schoolchildren, understanding by teachers of the functions of control and evaluation in primary school, the essence of the formation of universal educational action, the features of the formation of educational activities of a junior high school student.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Connection between Power and the People in the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash ASSR in the mid-1950s – 1980s (On the Example of the Councils of Ministers of Autonomous Republics)","authors":"Pavel S. Uchvatov","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.150-162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.150-162","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. This article describes the feedback between the Soviet people and executive authorities of the autonomous republics from the mid-1950s to the 1980s on the example of activities of the Councils of Ministers of the Mari, Mordovian and Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics. The research focuses on the reaction of the Councils of Ministers and their subordinate bodies to letters, received from citizens. Materials and Methods. The study was based on materials of the State Archive of the Republic of Mari El, the State Historical Archive of the Chuvash Republic, and the Central State Archive of the Republic of Mordovia. In the work were used the content analysis, the concrete historical, the historical-systematic and the historical-comparative methods based on the on the fundamental principles of historical study – historicism, objectivity, systemacity. Results. The most common form of everyday communication between the Councils of Ministers of ASSR and the society was the submission by citizens of applications, appeals and petitions, which raised the various issues. The analysis of the activities of the Councils of Ministers of the Autonomous Republics revealed problems related with the consideration of citizens’ appeals. The reaction of the Councils of Ministers to criticism of shortcomings in the organization of accounting for incoming letters, control of subordinate authorities, as well as the personal reception of citizens is considered. The most pressing issues with which Soviet people appealed to regional governments were identified. Discussion and Conclusions. Despite significant shortcomings in the system of consideration of complaints and appeals of citizens, the Councils of Ministers, as the central bodies of state administration of the republics, as a whole performed a number of important communicative functions between the government and society. The following are the most basic points: 1) the citizens had the opportunity to solve various everyday, social, economic issues using the appeal to the authorities; 2) the regional authorities received representations about the problems of concern to the Soviet people, so that timely action could be taken; 3) Councils of Ministers of ASSR and subordinate bodies acted as a link between the people “on the ground” and the highest authorities.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Features of the Partipation of a Russian Fairy Tale in the Model of the Female Self","authors":"Pavel D. Minichkin","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.233-246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.233-246","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The study of a fairy tale leads to an understanding of the deep processes of the global world, the desire for localization, glocalization. The Russian fairy tale in the model of the female “I” is the postulate of a modern reading and the search for one’s place in the world, since the inability to adequately read life, real and fabulous ideological, leads to a detached state of personality, the muscularity of character and external features is the need for counteraction and integration into the call-response system time. Materials and Methods. The article is written taking into account the systematic and interdisciplinary approaches. For the study were used Russian folk tales as presented by: P. P. Ershov “The Humpbacked Horse”, A. N. Afanasiev: “The Firebird and Vasilisa-Tsarevna”, “Koschey the Immortal”, “Sivka-Burka”, A. S. Pushkin: “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”. Also, tales without authorship: “The Queen and His Uncle”, “Sorcerer’s water”, “Elena the Wise”, “Ivan Bykovich”, “Robbers”, “True and False”, “The Three Kingdoms of Copper, Silver and Gold”, “The Feather of Finist the Clear Falcon”, “The Witch and the Sun Sister”. Research Results. Russian fairy tales as models of women’s self-perception were studied. The values of the people as a cultural historical and current society were evaluated in the categories, the centers of which served at different times as a social change, the dialogue of cultures, which became a unifying and constitutive vector of development of the idea of women’s share. Elements of belonging and alienation are the result of interpenetration of traditions of all peoples of the Russian state, which is why the identification and subsequent comprehension of “folk traits” is relevant, since the elements of hostility as well as friendly reconciliation are mutually excluded, which leads to many pathologies of the social organism, the individual. Discussion and Conclusion. Identification of the female category of attitude to the world in the “good/evil” system in an interdisciplinary approach is possible in such structures as aesthetic, philosophical, semiotic figurative representation. The content of the artistic content should be scientifically comprehended and adapted at the present time as a guarantee of the semantic characteristics of a successful assessment of the system of knowledge about society, the role of women in society, in a number of issues about the feminization of key issues in life aspects: education, culture, legal culture.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"242 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The USSR as an Attempt to Implement a Global Alternative to the West","authors":"Tatyana I. Shcherbakova","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.163-171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.163-171","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The Soviet Union, created as a socialist alternative to the capitalist world, did not have the opportunity to implement a socialist global project before World War II. The decisive contribution of the USSR to the victory over fascism forced the West to recognize for the USSR the right to a sphere of influence. The USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe, within the framework of CMEA, drew up a socialist integration project The purpose of this article is to consider the prospects for the transformation of CMEA from a local socialist project into a mechanism of foreign economic activity, alternative to the Bretton Woods system. Materials and Methods. The article analyzes the conditions for formalizing a socialist integration project. Methods of interaction between socialist countries and their results are considered. The nature of the impact on the CMEA countries of the world situation is assessed. The article is based on published documents and Soviet papers, characterizing the directions and results of socialist cooperation. Results. The CMEA had no prospects to be an alternative to the Bretton Woods system. It was developed through the consumption of Soviet resources provided at prices much lower than the world ones. As CMEA members increased, this led to a senseless depletion of the USSR’s resources, while moving it into the paradigm of the resource-producing economy. Discussion and Conclusion. In the CMEA the USSR being a donor for the countries of Eastern Europe, limited their sovereignty. Such a model of economic relations had no prospects and needed a serious adjustment. The USSR could not count on victory in the global confrontation with the West, without having a universally acceptable model of international economic relations.","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Philosophy of War: Actual Aspects of I. A. Ilyin’s Ideological Heritage","authors":"Vera P. Izergina, Nina I. Izergina","doi":"10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.172-183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.062.023.202302.172-183","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction. The article examines the military-philosophical heritage of Russian thinker I. A. Ilyin (1883–1954) in the context of modern scientific discourse. Materials and Methods. The theoretical basis of this research is the military-philosophical works of I. A. Ilyin, written within the framework of an organic methodology, which proceeds from the following provisions: all aspects of society are organically interconnected; it is necessary to penetrate into the inner meaning of facts, “into the spiritual significance of historical phenomena”; society and politics develop as living organisms according to their internal laws on the basis of the specific culture of the people; culture is inextricably linked with religion. In accordance with these provisions, religious-philosophical and normative-value approaches were applied to achieve the goal of the article. The materials of scientific publications on the stated problems were also used, the study of which was carried out using general scientific methods of analysis and systematization. Results. The reconstruction of the views of outstanding Russian thinker I. A. Ilyin on the problem of war from the point of view of organic methodology is carried out. The main emphasis is placed on identifying the spiritual meaning and moral contradiction of war. It is shown that, in the philosopher’s logic, the spiritual meaning of war is that during life a person loves “something higher than himself”, and only then he can overcome the spiritual ordeal of war and every burden of life. The difference between the spiritual meaning and the spiritual justification of war is considered. The grounds under which the use of violence is allowed through the categories of “spiritual property”, “free original life” are highlighted. In connection with the problem of the permissibility of violence, homicide, which cannot be justified from a moral point of view, the main moral contradiction of war is shown. Based on the results of the study of modern scientific discourse, the conclusion is made about the actual methodological significance of the military-philosophical heritage of I. A. Ilyin for the analysis and evaluation of the problems of modern (hybrid) war. Discussion and Conclusion. The philosophical understanding of war is conditioned by the multifaceted nature of modern (hybrid) war, the most important component of which, along with armed struggle, is the struggle of the meanings of the existence of civilizations. Its goal is the destruction of the national and cultural values of the people, the introduction of false spiritual and moral ideas about the war. The hybrid war against Russia is being waged today by the so-called collective West, led by the United States. To counter its threats, it is important to form a new knowledge about the war on the basis of the spiritual and moral provisions of I. A. Ilyin’s religious philosophy of war. In modern scientific discourse, the philosopher’s interpretation of war as a spi","PeriodicalId":494773,"journal":{"name":"Гуманитарий","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136364635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}