Urban Forestry & Urban Greening最新文献

{"title":"Modelling the environmental implications of phytoremediation in urban settings: A review of the integration of life cycle assessment and ecosystem services approaches","authors":"Lidia Favaretto ,&nbsp;Benedetto Rugani ,&nbsp;Carlo Calfapietra ,&nbsp;Massimo Labra ,&nbsp;Werther Guidi Nissim","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gentle Remediation Options (GRO) such as phytoremediation are gaining particular attention as a sustainable approach for remediating contaminated land and for the redevelopment of critical areas such as urban brownfields. Beyond soil remediation, these solutions can offer multiple benefits in the form of Ecosystem Services (ES), helping mitigate other important urban issues such as the heat island effect or air pollution. The balance between impacts and benefits can be quantitatively assessed combining industrial ecology tools like Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) with the ES evaluation, but the integration of these approaches remains limited. This review focuses on phytoremediation solutions for urban settings and aims to understand how LCA is applied in this specific field, highlighting potential gaps in the integration with the ES evaluation. A systematic literature search resulted in the analysis of 13 studies published between 2010 and 2024. The results show that LCA is a useful tool in the quantitative assessments of this GRO, but efforts should be made to broaden the types of ES considered in the analysis. Moreover, a phytomanagement perspective should be applied, considering the post-remediation effects on the overall impacts-benefits estimation and thus providing decision-makers with a comprehensive tool for sustainable planning.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128788"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban green space vegetation height modeling and intelligent classification based on UAV multi-spectral and oblique high-resolution images","authors":"Ronghua Li ,&nbsp;Zhican Bai ,&nbsp;Chao Ye ,&nbsp;Sergey Ablameyko ,&nbsp;Shiping Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128785","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128785","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green space (UGS) vegetation plays an important role in mitigating the urban heat island effect by improving the environment and quality of life. Hence, there is a dire necessity for urban planning and management to precisely obtain the spatial distribution and structural information employing high-resolution data. Nevertheless, the limitations of remote sensing (RS) data and the complexity of urban landscapes pose significant challenges, so this study aims to introduce a method to classify UGS vegetation more precisely by integrating high spatial resolution multi-spectral and oblique photography images captured by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). A novel canopy height model (CHM) method is proposed to generate UGS vegetation information for urban areas while addressing the errors associated with traditional approaches in estimating non-ground vegetation heights, achieving a total Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.17 m and an overall accuracy of 95.03 %. The proposed UGS mapping method combines spectral features, canopy height information, vegetation indices (VIs), and texture features to evaluate the impact of various characteristics on classification accuracy. The obtained experimental results show that by incorporating canopy height information classification accuracy is significantly improved and achieve overall accuracy of 93.82 % and Kappa coefficient of 0.91. Moreover, the proposed method not only precisely reflects the structure and distribution of UGS vegetation by showing specific advantages in complex environments but also offers a new arena for UGS vegetation classification based on the integration of multiple features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128785"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143714322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Network-based assessment of urban forest and green space accessibility in six major cities: London, New York, Paris, Tokyo, Seoul, and Beijing","authors":"Byungmook Hwang ,&nbsp;Chanwoo Ko ,&nbsp;Dohyuk Im ,&nbsp;Wanmo Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing urban population densities, coupled with the reduction and fragmentation of green spaces, have made walking an essential mode of access to urban green spaces, especially for women, children, older adults, and individuals with disabilities. Despite its importance, research on walking accessibility to urban green space is primarily limited to single-country studies, making it difficult to compare different cities across countries. This study examined street gradients in six major global cities (London, New York, Paris, Tokyo, Seoul, and Beijing) and assessed accessibility to urban forests (UFs; tree- and shrubland) and urban green spaces (UGSs; grassland and cropland, as well as tree- and shrubland). The minimum network distances to UFs and UGSs were calculated to generate pedestrian accessibility indexes (AI; UFAI and UGAI). Finally, the Gini coefficients for each city were compared to determine the spatial equality of pedestrian access to UGS and UF. Most of the areas with the highest UFAI and UGAI were located in London. New York, Tokyo, Seoul, and Beijing exhibited areas with negative UFAI (indicating poor accessibility), whereas negative UGAI values were identified in New York and Tokyo. London had the highest percentages of the population living within 5, 10, and 15 minutes of UF and UGS at the city scale, whereas Tokyo had the lowest. Additionally, the Gini coefficients of UFAI and UGAI were the highest in Tokyo at 0.48 and 0.37, respectively, whereas London exhibited the lowest values for both indices, at 0.22. Collectively, our findings could significantly contribute to the inclusive planning and management of urban forests, green spaces, streets, and populations in megacities according to their quantity and spatial distribution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128781"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resprout survival and vigour in urban woody plantings are related to water availability, climate of origin, and root morphology","authors":"Alexandra Babington ,&nbsp;Michael Hughes ,&nbsp;Claire Farrell ,&nbsp;Jane Chambers ,&nbsp;Rachel J. Standish","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Woody plants can be used for resilient urban greening in cities with drying climates. Coppicing – regular cutting of plants to 10–20 cm aboveground – can be used to maintain plants in cities by stimulating resprouting and regeneration. Species selection could consider climate adjusted provenancing and the habitat template approach, yet little is known about how these methods translate to coppiced urban plantings. Therefore, we investigated resprouting survival and vigour of species from two bioregions with one representing the future climate of the other, and with a range of root traits. We also compared coppiced and non-coppiced plant survival and vigour under two watering regimes. Twenty-four woody species were grown in a common garden experiment for two years in southwestern Australia. There were four treatments based on water availability (summer watering and not watered) and coppicing (coppiced after one year and non-coppiced) with five replicates. Survival, vigour, and plant traits were measured on all plants after two years, including basal area, height, stem number, specific leaf area, total leaf area ratio, and root:shoot ratio. Coppiced (81 %) and non-coppiced (90 %) plants had similar survival, however survival of individual species was highly variable (range 0–100 %). Coppicing increased stem number and total leaf area. Summer watering increased survival of non-coppiced plants but did not change coppiced plant survival or traits. Species from the warmer and drier bioregion had the greatest survival in all treatments. Species with greater root:shoot ratio and/or with deeper roots had greater survival but lower vigour after coppicing. We found local plant communities were suitable for naturalistic woody plantings in an urban environment, and these could be maintained through coppicing. We suggest using climate adjusted provenancing and the habitat template approach, by using species from warmer and drier regions and with a range of root traits for short-term vigour and long-term survival.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128783"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization-induced vegetation phenological changes: Variability across vegetation types and zones in China","authors":"Yuan Chen ,&nbsp;Tao Lin ,&nbsp;Yicheng Zheng ,&nbsp;Junmao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zixu Jia ,&nbsp;Hongkai Geng ,&nbsp;Meixia Lin ,&nbsp;Xia Yao ,&nbsp;Yuqin Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanization, marked by the replacement of natural landscapes with artificial ones, is a global phenomenon progressing rapidly, particularly in China. One of the most observable impacts of urbanization is its effect on vegetation phenology. Using remote sensing-derived data, we quantified the changes in vegetation phenology in 319 urban areas across China, when compared with their corresponding non-urban areas. Our research reclassified four vegetation types into croplands, shrublands, grasslands, and forests. The results indicate that urbanization leads to vegetation phenological changes, the significant differences between urban and non-urban areas, that vary by vegetation type across China, ranging from 1 to 3 days, except for forests. Additionally, at the seven vegetation zones, the extent and magnitudes of these changes varied depending on the vegetation type and zone, emphasizing the importance of considering specific species and regional climatic contexts. Our study provides valuable insights into the relationship between urbanization and vegetation phenology, informing urban planning and conservation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128782"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How does campus-scape influence university students' restorative experiences: Evidences from simultaneously collected physiological and psychological data","authors":"Jingyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Sai Liu ,&nbsp;Kun Liu ,&nbsp;Fang Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>\"Time in nature\" is widely acknowledged as beneficial for physical and psychological health. The landscape environment of campus – referred to as \"campus-scape\" – plays a crucial role in influencing students’ mental health. It provides outdoor spaces where university students sought for relief and recreation, yet it remains under-researched. In this study, we address a limitation in the static assessment of restorative effects of campus-scape, and extend the focus from visual to non-visual and event landscape, using simultaneously collected psychological and physiological data from an on-site walking experiment (n = 40). This study examined how different types of campus-scape affect university students' restorative experiences by analyzing stress and attention restoration using wearable sensors, alongside perceptional psychological data from questionnaires and interviews. Our results revealed significant differences in the restorative effects of various campus-scape, and the influences were further characterized by visual, non-visual, and event landscape. We have several key findings: (1) 93 % of students reported above-medium stress levels and 72 % experience attention fatigue, highlighting a strong need for restorative campus-scape; (2) Patchy green-blue landscape performs best in stress recovery, followed by linear green-blue landscape and teaching spaces, while living spaces especially the commuting paths were the least restorative, as indicated by physiological electrodermal activity (EDA) and psychological perceived restorative scale (PRS).Meanwhile, most participants experienced attention restoration post-walk across campus-scape types, interestingly subjective self-reported data (FS-14) underestimated the effects compared with objective tests (DSB and TMTB); (3) Within visual landscape, lower landscape segmentation, fewer building views, more welldesigned landscape facilities, and abundant waterbodies, green, and sky views are significantly associated with better stress recovery; (4) Non-visual landscape like thermal conditions, soundscape, and olfactory landscape, along with event landscape–occasional, staged, and routine events–also influence the restorative effects of campus-scape. The aesthetic qualities of campus-scape and capacity for recreational activities are key to students' restorative experiences. Therefore, campusscape designers should prioritize the planning of patchy green-blue spaces and consider enhancing visual, non-visual, and event landscape simultaneously in design guidelines to improve university students' mental well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128779"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143672868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green space visitation: A capacity builder for self-perceived health and subjective wellbeing among urban citizens","authors":"Emma Charlott Andersson Nordbø ,&nbsp;Helena Nordh","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nature and green spaces are proposed to enhance health and wellbeing by for example providing conducive environments for people to engage in activities. Few studies have explored how green space visitation is linked to health and wellbeing through different pathways. We investigated if the amount of vegetation cover and perceived access to green space were associated with frequency of green space visits. Additionally, we examined whether frequency of green space visits was related to self-perceived health and life satisfaction, considering physical and social activity as potential mediators in single and parallel mediation models. We obtained survey data from 5401 citizens living in urban areas of Stavanger and used geographical information systems to compute vegetation cover. Different logistic and linear regression techniques were applied, and mediation analyses were conducted to explore the direct and indirect effects. A higher amount of vegetation cover, as well as good perceived access to green space, were associated with more frequent green space visits. Residents who perceived good access had 2.92 (95 % CI: 2.50, 3.42) times higher odds of visiting green spaces more frequently. Physical and social activity served as mediators in associations between green space visitation and the outcomes self-perceived health and life satisfaction. The mediation effect was enhanced in the parallel mediation models. This study reinforces the importance of having access to urban vegetation and green space. To promote positive public health outcomes, green spaces should be developed with functions that encourage both physical and social activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128777"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptive ranking of specific tree species for targeted green infrastructure intervention in response to urban hazards","authors":"Xinyu Dong ,&nbsp;Yanmei Ye ,&nbsp;Dan Su ,&nbsp;Shengao Yi ,&nbsp;Runjia Yang ,&nbsp;Dagmar Haase ,&nbsp;Angela Lausch","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green infrastructure (GI), with its multifarious benefits, can effectively address urban hazards and enhance urban resilience and sustainability. While traditional GI planning studies incorporate its multifunctionality, they are often limited to identifying prioritized locations for GI intervention without exploring how to respond to the local specific demands. In this study, using a highly urbanized city, Zhengzhou as a case, we first spatially identified urban hazards in three aspects, including urban flood susceptibility, urban heat environment, and air pollution, utilizing machine learning, remote sensing retrieval. Subsequently, we employed the i-Tree Eco model to quantify the effectiveness of potential tree species in unitary functional units in addressing these urban hazards. An adaptive ranking approach was then proposed to match the effectiveness of tree species with local demands for addressing urban hazards. Our results indicate that the inner city area, as well as the northwest should be prioritized for GI interventions. Urban hazards exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity and different tree species also have specific advantages, highlighting the importance of adaptive decision-making. The study area is divided into three zones, and we suggest targeting urban hazards with the most effective GI intervention and maximizing carbon sequestration potential in areas without pronounced urban hazards. The developed framework can serve as guidance for scientific decision-making in urban greening projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128776"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global urban green spaces in the functional urban areas: Spatial pattern, drivers and size hierarchy","authors":"Lai Wei,&nbsp;Zhenhuan Liu,&nbsp;Yi Zhou,&nbsp;Zhiwen Tao,&nbsp;Fan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban green spaces (UGS) play a vital role in the urban eco-environment and are essential for human well-being. However, the spatial heterogeneity and size hierarchy of UGS, as well as the driving factors in geographically remain unclear. This study applies the rank-size law to elucidate the multi-scale distribution patterns of UGS in functional urban areas worldwide. Subsequently, the gradient boosted regression tree method was used to quantitatively analyze the contributions and thresholds of natural environmental and socioeconomic factors influencing UGS. The results indicate that: (1) Globally, the top 20 % of cities in terms of UGS area represent nearly 60 % of the total urban green space. Developed regions like North America and Europe tend to have more extensive and larger UGS, whereas developing and rapidly urbanizing regions like Asia and Africa have more compact and smaller green spaces. (2) The rank-size distribution of UGS can be explained to some extent by Pareto's law and the size hierarchies of UGS and FUAs are highly consistent. (3) Area of UGS is more closely related to urban area rather than the population it serves. (4) Socioeconomic factors have a significant impact on UGS, exerting a dominant influence on both UGS area (UGSA) and per capita UGS area (PUGSA). Specifically, the human development index and impervious surface percentage contribute 61.51 % to UGSA, with all socioeconomic factors collectively contributing up to 68.59 %. For PUGSA, socioeconomic factors contribute 63.07 %, while three natural environmental factors contribute less than 37 %. These findings offer valuable insights for urban ecological construction aimed at promoting sustainable urban development, ensuring equitable green space resource allocation, and enhancing urban living environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128770"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring recreational walking and its correlated built environment factors in river corridor space through a trajectory sematic-based approach","authors":"Haochen Shi ,&nbsp;Liyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Ding Ma ,&nbsp;Menghan Zhang ,&nbsp;Mo Wang ,&nbsp;Zongcai Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ufug.2025.128767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating recreational walking in river corridor areas—an important green and blue space—is essential for developing a walking-friendly city and achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3. However, existing studies have yet to thoroughly explore the specific behaviors characteristics of walking in these spaces, particularly through the lens of high-resolution geo-located data such as GPS tracks. This study addresses this gap by mining moving, staying, and photo-taking behaviors from trajectory data, grounded in a semantic conceptual model developed by GIS scholars. Using the river corridor in downtown Guangzhou as a case study, we analyze the spatial distribution and potential environmental factors influencing recreational walking activities. Our findings reveal that: (1) The patterns of moving, staying, and taking photos during recreational walking in river corridors exhibit diverse spatial distributions; moving is homogeneously distributed, while the latter two show typical spatial heterogeneity. (2) The characteristics of the three types of recreational walking are linked to the built environment, with varying strengths of correlation; staying behavior is most influenced by built environment factors. Based on these results, we propose planning strategies to enhance the quality of waterfront spaces, emphasizing the creation of flower borders and ensuring transportation accessibility to meet the outdoor activity needs of residents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49394,"journal":{"name":"Urban Forestry & Urban Greening","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 128767"},"PeriodicalIF":6.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}