IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00017.2

M. N. Awan, M. Awan, M. Nawaz, Shoab Hameed, M. Kabir, D. C. Lee

{"title":"Landscape associations of Asiatic black bears in Kashmir Himalaya, Pakistan","authors":"M. N. Awan, M. Awan, M. Nawaz, Shoab Hameed, M. Kabir, D. C. Lee","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00017.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00017.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is threatened throughout its range and assessed as nationally vulnerable in Pakistan. Habitat degradation and loss, illegal exploitation, and human–bear conflict are key threats to the species, but there is a lack of empirical knowledge regarding its occurrence in Pakistan. In 2012, we conducted a sign survey study to classify Asiatic black bear presence in a little studied and isolated region of the Kashmiri Mountains in Azad, Jammu and Kashmir, northern Pakistan. We compared bear presence in 5 habitat types (agriculture, forest, pasture, plantation, and scrubland) across an elevational range of 910 to 2,990 m. We used hierarchical logistic regression analysis to identify whether elevation, habitat and/or the interaction between the two explained bear presence in the region. Type of bear sign was significantly associated with some habitats, although claw marks were not associated with any habitat type. The strongest positive predictor of bear presence was the interaction between elevation and forest habitat, with greater presence (37.5%) in forest habitat at higher elevations between 1,890 and 2,855 m. The predicted likelihood of bears occurring in agriculture, plantation, and scrubland habitats was always <10%, regardless of elevation, and >30% in forest habitat. Our findings contribute to the national understanding of black bear presence and we provide recommendations for actions that support effective conservation management of the species in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"17 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80584733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Four approaches for estimating isotope discrimination factors produce contrasting dietary estimates for bears 估算同位素辨别因子的四种方法产生了熊的不同饮食估算

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00028.2

Jernej Javornik, M. Šturm, K. Jerina

{"title":"Four approaches for estimating isotope discrimination factors produce contrasting dietary estimates for bears","authors":"Jernej Javornik, M. Šturm, K. Jerina","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00028.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00028.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Isotope diet-tissue discrimination factors can significantly influence dietary proportions estimated with stable isotope mixing models. For bears, for which discrimination factors from controlled dietary experiments are currently lacking for most tissues and diets, literature reports 3 approaches have so far been used to compile carbon and nitrogen discrimination factors, and recently one additional approach has been proposed. We used these 4 approaches to compile carbon and nitrogen discrimination factors for the brown bear (Ursus arctos) population in Slovenia (southeastern Europe). By performing a sensitivity analysis of the stable isotope mixing models, we then tested how these different discrimination factors affected dietary estimates for bears. We found substantial differences in the dietary estimates among the applied approaches, with the approach that uses discrimination factors from different species producing most distinct results. Our results suggested that these differences were more pronounced among approaches with larger differences in discrimination factors and for isotopically less distinct food sources. We show that the 4 approaches can lead to contrasting conclusions about bear diets, which can have important ecological and management consequences. Therefore, when using stable isotope mixing models without experimentally obtained species-, diet-, and tissue-specific discrimination factors, the choice of the discrimination-factor compilation approach is vital. All 4 approaches have limitations that must be considered because they can result in erroneous discrimination factors when certain species, diets, and tissues are used. We review these limitations and provide recommendations about the use of these approaches in stable isotope dietary studies for bears.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"172 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73280737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Ecological effects on the nutritional value of bromeliads, and its influence on Andean bears' diet selection 凤梨科植物营养价值的生态效应及其对安第斯熊日粮选择的影响

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-11-25 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00021.2

Anna Bernátková, Adéla Paříková, Rodrigo Cisneros, S. Čupić, F. Ceacero

引用次数: 1

Spatial patterns of genetic diversity in eight bear (Ursidae) species 8个熊科物种遗传多样性的空间格局

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-11-22 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00029.2

Emily E. Puckett, Isis S. Davis

{"title":"Spatial patterns of genetic diversity in eight bear (Ursidae) species","authors":"Emily E. Puckett, Isis S. Davis","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00029.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00029.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Many of the 8 extant bear species have large ranges, yet range-wide studies of genetic diversity are often impractical because of logistic challenges or focus on local questions. However, understanding the levels of diversity among populations of a species can be useful for conservation and management. Bear researchers were at the forefront of using microsatellites to study the demographics and diversity of populations, such that 3 species have complete sampling and 3 others are represented across their range breadth. Yet there has not been a synthesis of these data within or among species because of difficulties comparing microsatellites. We extracted microsatellite summary statistics from 104 papers that sampled 284 populations of any species within Ursidae, then yardstick-transformed the data for direct comparison. Studies had a median of 2 geographic sites, 30 individuals sampled per site, and 12 loci genotyped. We identified 193 loci genotyped in bears and argue this is a limitation within and among species comparisons. Tremarctos ornatus had the lowest average range-wide genetic diversity (Ar = 2.5; He = 0.43), although ascertainment bias may affect the results, whereas Ursus arctos had the highest diversity (Ar = 6.4; He = 0.69). We argue that at the spatial scale of a species' range, variation due to phylogeography and anthropogenically influenced diversity will overwhelm accuracy issues between studies and reveal broad spatial patterns. Further, by comparing allelic richness to heterozygosity across the range of a species, managers may identify populations in need of genetic management. We end by summarizing what is known about within-species lineages and genetic diversity and identify priority areas for future studies.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"80 1","pages":"1 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74816228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Complete mitochondrial genome of a sun bear from Malaysia and its position in the phylogeny of Ursidae 马来西亚马来熊全线粒体基因组及其在熊科系统发育中的地位

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-11-10 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00032.1

Wai-Ling Lai, S. Ratnayeke, C. Austin, S. Rahman, Q. Ayub, Noor Azleen Mohd Kulaimi, Sagathevan Kuppusamy, Jactty Chew

{"title":"Complete mitochondrial genome of a sun bear from Malaysia and its position in the phylogeny of Ursidae","authors":"Wai-Ling Lai, S. Ratnayeke, C. Austin, S. Rahman, Q. Ayub, Noor Azleen Mohd Kulaimi, Sagathevan Kuppusamy, Jactty Chew","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00032.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00032.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Whole mitochondrial genome sequences have important applications for phylogenetic inference, population evolution, and population structure. In this study, we sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome of a sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) from Peninsular (West) Malaysia using Illumina Miseq technology and used 26 additional mitochondrial genomes from the Ursidae, including 5 sun bears, to generate a phylogeny. The complete mitochondrial genome of the sun bear consisted of 16,770 base pairs (bp), including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and a noncoding, adenine–thymine (AT) -rich control region. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees revealed topologies identical to trees previously published using whole mitochondrial genomes. Sun bears formed 2 distinct mitochondrial lineages, with the peninsular genome occupying a clade separate from the clade including a sun bear from Yunnan, China. Within the control region, all 5 sun bear genomes differed at a microsatellite repeat region and all 5 genomes consistently lacked a 6-bp imperfect repeat, which is found in some bear species. Ursine phylogenies constructed with whole mitochondrial genomes conflict with recent well-resolved coalescent trees employing whole genome data. However, both phylogenies suggest a historical split in the sun bear lineage. Furthermore, the inclusion of the peninsular sun bear mitochondrial genome suggests that this split does not conform to the current subspecies delineation in sun bears. Genomic data from multiple individuals of known geographic origin will help to resolve this question.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"69 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74772517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

American residents' knowledge of brown bear safety and appropriate human behavior 美国居民对棕熊安全和人类行为的了解

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-10-26 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00012.2

John M. Nettles, M. Brownlee, D. Jachowski, R. Sharp, J. Hallo

{"title":"American residents' knowledge of brown bear safety and appropriate human behavior","authors":"John M. Nettles, M. Brownlee, D. Jachowski, R. Sharp, J. Hallo","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00012.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00012.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The popularity of viewing wildlife, specifically brown bears (Ursus arctos), is increasing rapidly throughout North America. In addition, population distributions of both humans and brown bears are expanding, creating larger areas of overlap and increased possibility of human–bear interactions. Unfortunately, many who encounter brown bears may have never received any form of bear safety training or education. As a result, it is important for wildlife and park managers to understand the general level of bear safety knowledge and identify potential areas of improvement. To do so, this study employed a quantitative self-assessment questionnaire, distributed online to a representative sample of the American public in October of 2019. The questionnaires asked respondents about their experience viewing bears and then asked them to rate the likelihood of performing several actions as well as the perceived appropriateness of each behavior for 12 different bear viewing scenarios. Of 511 complete responses, 40% reported seeing a wild brown bear but the majority struggled to identify brown versus American black bears (U. americanus) in photographs, suggesting species-specific behavioral recommendations may be ineffective. Further, several factors were significant predictors of an individual's perceived appropriateness of the listed human behaviors, including age, gender identity, source of bear safety information, and experience with bears. Results were then used to develop a set of meaningful recommendations to improve the efficacy of current bear management and safety education. Primary recommendations include the following: 1) Increase the focus on appropriate rather than inappropriate behaviors, explaining the reasoning behind such suggestions; 2) Pay special attention to overly confident individuals or those with more experience; and 3) Use photographs, videos, and virtual reality experiences to better prepare visitors for a range of potential encounter scenarios.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"32 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82273451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Seasonality of Andean Bear Scat Contents in Amazonas, Northeastern Peru 秘鲁东北部亚马孙地区安第斯熊粪便含量的季节性

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-10-06 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00011.2

Alexandra Chávez, C. Díaz, Jessica Amanzo

引用次数: 0

An apparent case of infanticide in the Asiatic black bear in Japan 日本亚洲黑熊明显的杀婴事件

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-09-16 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00019.2

Hiroo Tamatani, Amelia Hiorns, Toshiaki Yamamoto

引用次数: 1

Spatial analysis of rehabilitated American black bears to assess conflict potential 对恢复后的美国黑熊进行空间分析，以评估冲突的可能性

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-09-06 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00025.2

Michael N. Gillikin, R. E. Urbanek, Colleen Olfenbuttel, Casey G. Dukes

{"title":"Spatial analysis of rehabilitated American black bears to assess conflict potential","authors":"Michael N. Gillikin, R. E. Urbanek, Colleen Olfenbuttel, Casey G. Dukes","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00025.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00025.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Analyses of postrelease movements and behaviors may indicate the propensity of rehabilitated American black bears (Ursus americanus) to be involved in human–bear conflicts. We assessed various linear and Euclidean distances and constructed collar duration and seasonal home-range estimates using Dynamic Brownian Bridge Movement Models to determine whether 28 rehabilitated yearling bears released in North Carolina, USA, between 2015 and 2018 established a home range or remained transient. Male bears typically moved farther than females, and Mountain region bears typically moved farther than Coastal Plain region bears. All bears showed equally tortuous movement patterns across regions and sexes. Seven bears traveled greater distances than the average of all bears in this study and 2 bears did not establish a home range; these results indicate transient behavior. No bears exhibiting transient behavior were involved with human–bear conflicts, but the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission received calls concerning 4 resident bears, 2 of which exhibited behaviors that would potentially lead to human–bear conflicts. Knowledge of postrelease bear movements will inform management decisions by improving understanding of how movements may affect human–bear interactions.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90206536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Molecular evaluation of American black bear prey consumption following diversionary feeding 美国黑熊转移进食后猎物消耗的分子评价

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-09-03 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00027.1

Genevieve Pugesek, Matthew A. Mumma, S. Mahoney, L. Waits

{"title":"Molecular evaluation of American black bear prey consumption following diversionary feeding","authors":"Genevieve Pugesek, Matthew A. Mumma, S. Mahoney, L. Waits","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00027.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-20-00027.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Although diversionary feeding has been used as a management strategy to limit problem bear behaviors or reduce human–wildlife conflict, the underlying mechanisms determining the success or failure of diversionary feeding programs are infrequently assessed. Further, molecular methods, commonly applied in wildlife research, have not been used to examine diet composition of target species in response to diversionary feeding. Here, we used molecular methods to evaluate the consumption of ungulates by American black bears (Ursus americanus) as influenced by the composition of supplemental foods during a diversionary feeding program originally implemented to reduce predation on woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) calves in Newfoundland, Canada. We used a previously developed mitochondrial DNA prey identification test to determine the proportion of American black bear scats containing caribou and moose (Alces alces) DNA in 2010 and 2011 at a study site where supplemental foods were provided. The composition of supplemental foods varied between years: bakery waste was provided in 2010, whereas both bakery waste and beaver (Castor canadensis) carcasses were provided in 2011. We also evaluated differences in the consumption of caribou and moose between male and female American black bears at the experimental site and an additional site where diversionary feeding was not implemented. We anticipated that male bears' larger body size and greater nutritional requirements would lead them to more frequently consume caribou and moose. In contrast to our predictions, the proportion of scats found to contain caribou and moose did not differ between years at the site where diversionary feeding was implemented, and there were no differences in the consumption of caribou and moose by male and female bears. This research demonstrates the utility of noninvasive molecular methods to reveal a mechanistic understanding of the effectiveness, or in this case ineffectiveness, of diversionary feeding.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"1 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89764885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

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