Ursus最新文献

{"title":"Andean bear gastrointestinal parasites in Chingaza Massif, Colombia","authors":"Laura R. Quintero, A. Pulido-Villamarín, Ángela Parra-Romero, R. Castañeda-Salazar, J. Pérez-Torres, I. Vela-Vargas","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D21-00020.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D21-00020.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only species of the Ursidae that inhabits the Andes in South America. The natural history of the species and health issues related to infectious diseases, particularly the presence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIP), is unknown. To determine the prevalence, infestation, and richness of GIP in fecal samples of wild Andean bears, 21 fecal samples were collected at different sites of the Chingaza National Park, Colombia, and its buffer area from February to April of 2019. Samples were analyzed by qualitative and quantitative coprological techniques. A minimum of one parasitic species was present in 100% (n = 21) of the samples and in 86% of them, co-infection was detected. In decreasing order, the observed parasite prevalence was as follows: 100% for Cryptosporidium spp.; 62% for Ascaris spp.; 38% for Baylisascaris spp.; 33% for Trichomonas spp.; 19% for Strongylus spp.; 14% for Microsporidia and Coccidian oocysts; followed by Trichostrongylus spp. and ciliated protozoans with 10%; and Ancylostoma spp., Blastocystis spp., and Fasciola spp. were present in 5% of the samples. The presence of Blastocystis spp., Baylisascaris spp., Ascaris spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. suggests a possible rotation of parasitic species between domestic and wild host species. This is the first report of GIP for Andean bears in the east range of Colombia, which could help to generate other studies in the country and South America.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91369164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human–brown bear conflicts in the North of Iran: Implication for conflict management","authors":"M. Madadi, Bagher Nezami, Mohsen Kaboli, H. Rezaei, A. Mohammadi","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00005.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00005.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Identifying factors that influence human–wildlife conflict and people's attitudes toward carnivores can help managers mitigate conflicts and improve wildlife management. In this study, we used a questionnaire and conducted 230 interviews to evaluate some aspects of conflicts between local communities and brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Mazandaran Province in the Alborz Mountains in northern Iran between 2009 and 2019. The questionnaire included the variables age group, education level, occupation, and source of income as well as experience with attacks and damage to agricultural properties, livestock, and beehives. Damage by brown bears to orchards was reported by 44% of respondents and to beehives by 32%; these were the main conflict causes. Brown bear attacks on humans occurred while humans were hunting, sheepherding, and collecting medicinal plants. About 30% of respondents were opposed to the presence of bears in nature because of economic losses they suffered due to bears, and people's attitudes toward predators were mainly influenced by economic factors. Understanding different patterns of human–brown bear conflicts can help reduce dangerous encounters and, consequently, is essential for informing conflict mitigation measures in the area. Moreover, education programs on brown bear behavior and implementation of compensation methods can reduce human–brown bear conflicts.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90176683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Video-documentation of true and borderline tool use by wild American black bears","authors":"Melissa J Reynolds-Hogland, Alan B. Ramsey, C. Muench, Kirsten Terkildsen, K. Pilgrim, Cory Engkjer, Philip W. Ramsey","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00003R1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00003R1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Animal tool use has been documented for a variety of wildlife, but few studies have evaluated tool use by bears. We used long-term video data to observe and classify behaviors of wild American black bears (Ursus americanus) in western Montana, USA, during 2012–2022. We present video-documentation of true and borderline tool use by multiple individuals. Six bears (4F:2M) picked up sticks from the bottom of a creek pool and then manipulated the sticks with their forepaws to scratch and/or rub themselves. In addition, one bear manipulated a tree sapling near a cage trap in an apparent attempt to reach hanging food. We identified several parent–offspring relationships among our small sample size of tool users, indicating that tool use behavior may have partially developed via social learning and/or genetic inheritance. Our findings build on the limited research on ursid tool use and demonstrate the value of long-term video data to document wild bear behavior.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74756338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brown bear body patches are temporally stable and represent a unique individual visual signature","authors":"V. Penteriani, Alfonso Hartasánchez, Juan Díaz García, José Ramón Magadan Ruitiña, María del Mar Delgado","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Patches of color may be used to communicate to conspecifics, mainly in species showing uniform coloration, and may (a) help individuals maintain visual contact, such as between mothers and their young; (b) function as signals of subordination or to frighten rivals; (c) warn conspecifics of approaching predators; and/or (d) signal reproductive condition, health, or genetic quality to potential mates. Intraspecific communication represents one of the major evolutionary forces responsible for the coloration of body parts, but the meaning of many of these signals is still unclear. One of the first steps to understanding whether fur marks have a role in social communication is to understand whether such body patches are stable over time (i.e., whether they represent a unique visual signature for every individual). During the period 1999–2021, we recorded yearly pictures of 7 female (mean no. of monitoring years per bear = 13.6, standard deviation [SD] = 4.6; range = 9–22 yr) and 6 male (mean no. of monitoring years per bear = 9.3, SD = 4.3; range = 5–15 yr) brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Mountains (NW Spain). We show that body mark shapes are stable over time and, because of their uniqueness, might represent a distinctive signature of individuals. Brown bear body marks may act as multicomponent signals, where different features of a given mark may inform about different aspects of the bearer or act as back-ups. For example, a quality-signaling capacity does not preclude the same mark from being used in other functions at the same time, such as individual recognition. Noninvasive techniques helpful for identifying individuals have been developed for estimating population size, reproductive rates, and the survival of several carnivore species. Fur marks that are stable over time can thus be useful in field research (e.g., body marks that are persistent and do not vary over time are an important tool in longitudinal photographic capture–recapture studies).","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84040392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancements to population monitoring of Yellowstone grizzly bears","authors":"Frank T. van Manen, M. Ebinger, C. M. Costello, Daniel D. Bjornlie, Justin G. Clapp, Daniel J. Thompson, M. Haroldson, K. Frey, C. Hendricks, Jeremy M. Nicholson, K. Gunther, Katharine R. Wilmot, H. Cooley, Jennifer K. Fortin-Noreus, P. Hnilicka, D. Tyers","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00002.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00002.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, counts of female grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) with cubs-of-the-year (females with cubs) from systematic aerial surveys and opportunistic ground sightings are combined with demographic data to derive annual population estimates. We addressed 2 limitations to the monitoring approach. As part of a rule set, a conservative distance of >30 km currently is used as a threshold to assign sightings to unique females with cubs, resulting in underestimation bias. Using telemetry locations of females with cubs collected during 1997–2019, we created 1,000 data sets for each of 5 levels of simulated number of females with cubs, simulated sightings by selecting among these locations, and evaluated the classification performance of alternative distance criteria (12–30 km). Under all scenarios, 12–16-km criteria maximized classification performance and minimized estimation bias; the 16-km criterion was optimal for current conditions and sampling efforts. Our second objective was to test generalized additive models (GAMs) as a flexible trend analysis technique. We simulated 1,000 time series for each of 10 scenarios (10, 15, and 20% decline over periods of 5, 10, and 15 yrs, plus stability), applied GAMs, and assessed metrics associated with the posterior distribution of the instantaneous rate of change. We detected declines among >99.6% of replicates under the 15 and 20% decline scenarios and in 84.7–94.7% of replicates under the 10% decline scenario. From decline onset to first detection, periods ranged from 3.7 (20% decline over 5 yrs) to 11.1 (10% decline over 15 yrs), with 3.9–8.8 years mean duration of detection events. The GAM approach allows detection of directional changes in population trend, including early warning metrics, and stabilization after such changes. Retrospective application of the 16-km distance criterion and GAMs resulted in higher population estimates and growth rates than are reported using current methods.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76983255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asiatic black bears and sun bears in Virachey National Park, Northeast Cambodia","authors":"Gregory McCann, Keith Pawlowski, Pablo Sinovas, S. Thon","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00022.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: A wildlife camera-trapping survey spanning 5 years, from January 2014 to 2021 in Virachey National Park in Northeast Cambodia, turned up notable records of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Both species are in decline throughout Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) as a result of illegal logging, agricultural and infrastructure development that encroaches on forest habitat, and a widespread snaring crisis that supplies the illegal wildlife trade. We deployed 44 camera traps in 3 separate survey areas, resulting in 133 independent encounters of sun bears, 44 of black bears, and 2 Ursidae, where the species could not be determined. Despite the threats facing both species, our records show that the Park is an important refuge and further, more widespread and structured surveys are warranted to help identify priority areas for bear conservation.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82830516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic status and conservation implications of endangered Formosan black bears","authors":"Chen Hsiao, Y. Ju, Chun-Hao Chang, Sheng-Wei Chen, Hui-Wen Tsai, Ling Wang, Wai-tung. Lin, M. Hwang","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00011.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00011.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The Formosan black bear (Ursus thibetanus formosanus, FBB) is an endangered subspecies of Asiatic black bear, geographically isolated in Taiwan from 6 other subspecies on the Asian continent and in Japan. Data on the genetic diversity and structure of wild FBB are lacking, though 2 potential hotspots for FBB occurrence have been identified; Yushan National Park (YNP) and Dasyueshan National Forest Recreation Area (DSY). Elucidating species' genetic structure can help assess the potential risks of population fragmentation and isolation that threaten FBB. Here, we employed 8 FBB-derived microsatellite loci to genotype 139 individuals from fecal samples collected in YNP, 20 captured individuals from both study areas, and 1 fecal sample from DSY, during 2009–2019. The marker set featured high polymorphic information content (mean > 0.699) and appropriate probability of identity (combined P(ID) < 0.0001) for individual identification. We detected high heterozygosity and no evidence of inbreeding in YNP, but the 2 subpopulations presented significant genetic differentiation. All DSY samples were assigned to one genetic cluster or phylogenetic clade, indicating that the DSY subpopulation is monophyletic. However, members of the YNP subpopulation were allocated to diverse lineages, and some YNP samples were partly assigned to the same cluster or clade as DSY individuals. We discuss potential evolutionary scenarios in which the observed population genetic structuring may have evolved. Based on our genetic results, the DSY and YNP subpopulations should be considered 2 separate management units and gene flow between both parts should be promoted.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73515081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First photographic records and conservation status of Asiatic black and sun bears in Nagaland, India","authors":"Satem Longchar, M. Hayward","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00021.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00021.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This study presents photographic evidence of 2 species of bears—Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and sun bear (Helartos malayanus) from a camera-trap study conducted from January 2020 to June 2021 in Intangki National Park, Nagaland, India, where they were assumed to be extirpated. The presence of bears in Intangki shows the potential for effective species conservation in Nagaland through collaboration with local communities and government management. This finding highlights the need to draw attention to the conservation issues pertaining to large-bodied mammals, such as bears, in poorly monitored areas of the world.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74450642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infanticide or predation? Cannibalism by a brown bear in Hokkaido, Japan","authors":"Taiki Ito, Hinako Katsushima, K. Tomita, Tomoka Matsumoto","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00006.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-22-00006.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Cannibalism in brown bears (Ursus arctos) is infrequently reported worldwide. This study reports evidence of brown bear cannibalism in northern Hokkaido, Japan. In April 2017, we found a bear scat containing the body parts of a bear cub. We also found a series of tracks (width of the front track: 16 cm) of an adult male bear near the scat, which were likely associated with the excrement. The scat was found at the end of a long hibernation season and the beginning of mating season of brown bears in Hokkaido. The timing suggests that the cannibalism event was a consequence of infanticide by a male bear as part of mating strategy, namely, sexually selected infanticide.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88367606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing management techniques used on conflict American black bears in Great Smoky Mountains National Park","authors":"J. White, William H. Stiver, M. Steinberg, J. Cissell","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00008.R","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-21-00008.R","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GRSM or Park), American black bears (Ursus americanus) sometimes exhibit conflict behavior that requires resource managers to act. Management options for conflict bears are limited, and it is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness. We analyzed 26 years (1990–2015) of bear capture data and calculated and compared the success rates of the 2 main techniques used to manage bears exhibiting conflict behavior in GRSM: capture and relocation, and capture and on-site release. Overall success rates, defined as a captured bear that was not recaptured for later conflict behavior, for all conflict bears captured was 74%. Bears that were relocated after their first capture were more successful (87%) than those that were released on-site following their first capture (61%), and median time before recapture was greater for relocated bears (293 days) than those released on-site (65 days).","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86406916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}