IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2021-01-11 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00027.1

V. Penteriani, Wong Siew Te, Chiew Lin May, Seng Yen Wah, B. Crudge, N. Broadis, G. Bombieri, E. Valderrábano, L. Russo, María del Mar Delgado

{"title":"Characteristics of sun bear chest marks and their patterns of individual variation","authors":"V. Penteriani, Wong Siew Te, Chiew Lin May, Seng Yen Wah, B. Crudge, N. Broadis, G. Bombieri, E. Valderrábano, L. Russo, María del Mar Delgado","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00027.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00027.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Animal coloration is widely involved in a variety of social interactions, and mammals can convey information to conspecifics by visual signals, such as colored or contrasting body marks. The sun bear (Helarctos malayanus) has a vibrant and unusual chest mark. Here, we describe the characteristics of sun bear chest marks and their patterns of individual variation by (1) sex, (2) time, and (3) some biochemistry values related to fur pigmentation. Sun bear pictures were taken from 2009 to 2018 at the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre and Free the Bears sanctuary. We hypothesize that chest marks may serve in conspecific communication and, thus, we mainly expect that (a) these marks allow for sexual recognition and, thus, they should show remarkable differences by sex; (b) marks do not change over time because their consistency allows for easier intraspecific recognition; and (c) patterns of variation may be dependent on the age and/or physical condition of an individual. The most common shapes of sun bear chest marks (n = 63 M and 108 F) were U (M = 60.3%, F = 57.4%) and V (M = 31.8%, F = 32.4%) shapes. We did not detect differences in shape patterns by sex and, over the years, chest mark shape never changed for the same bear (n = 49 individuals, 16 M and 33 F). The number of dark dots in chest marks showed large amounts of individual variation (mean ± SD = 37.7 ± 26.8 dots; range = 1–143), and the quantity of dark dots increased with bear age. The complexity of sun bear chest marks might be related to the existence of complex interactions among individuals of the same species, which may allow for recognition and evaluation of their individual characteristics, such as age and health. Experimental approaches are needed to understand the potential functions of sun bear chest marks.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"19 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91158193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Evidence for historical grizzly bear occurrence in the North Cascades, USA 美国北喀斯喀特地区历史上灰熊出现的证据

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00005.2

Kristin M. Rine, Anne Braaten, Jack G. Oelfke, J. Ransom

{"title":"Evidence for historical grizzly bear occurrence in the North Cascades, USA","authors":"Kristin M. Rine, Anne Braaten, Jack G. Oelfke, J. Ransom","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00005.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00005.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The North Cascades ecosystem of north-central Washington State (USA) and southern British Columbia, Canada, has been identified as 1 of 6 recovery zones for grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) that were at one time distributed across a nearly continuous range of western North America. The current small number of grizzly bears, along with an apparent scarcity of historical observations, obfuscates the extent to which the mountain range and its surrounding lowlands previously supported grizzly bears. We reviewed and synthesized what is currently known about the historical distribution of grizzly bears in and around the North Cascades to better inform possible future restoration actions. Archeological, ethnographic, and incidental evidence confirm the prehistoric and historic presence of grizzly bears in the ecosystem and surrounding lowlands. Successful implementation of grizzly bear restoration and management in the North Cascades is dependent in part on the perception that they are an integral component of the ecosystem's historical benchmark. Education and outreach efforts that focus on the influence of human perceptions and correcting misinformation about the history of bears in the ecosystem and their interactions with humans may improve long-term restoration success in the North Cascades.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"30 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74355925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Preliminary icebreaker-based survey of polar bears around Franz Josef Land, Russia 用破冰船对俄罗斯弗朗茨约瑟夫地附近的北极熊进行初步调查

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-10-26 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00030.4

I. Popov, I. Davydova

引用次数: 0

Seasonal variation in the diet of sloth bears in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India 印度中央邦Bandhavgarh老虎保护区树懒熊饮食的季节性变化

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00013.2

T. A. Rather, Shaizah Tajdar, Sharad Kumar, J. A. Khan

{"title":"Seasonal variation in the diet of sloth bears in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India","authors":"T. A. Rather, Shaizah Tajdar, Sharad Kumar, J. A. Khan","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-19-00013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: We studied seasonal variation in food habits of sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) in the human-dominated buffer zone of the Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India, during 2017 and 2018. We analyzed 109 sloth bear scats from summer and 103 from winter to characterize the seasonal variation in food habits. We used the Index of Relative Importance (IRI) to determine the importance of each food item. Tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) fruits had the highest IRI score in summer and termites had the highest IRI score in winter. There was a distinct seasonal variation in the food habits of the sloth bears (χ2 = 143.3, 10 df, P < 0.01). Insects (termites and ants) were the most important food source for sloth bears, contributing 41% and 95% of the Estimated Dietary Energy Content (EDEC) during summer and winter, respectively. We found that sloth bears fed primarily on the fruits of 6 plant species in summer, including the fruits of the invasive weed, Lantana camara. Fruits of amaltas (Cassia fistula) and char (Buchanania cochinchinensis) were consumed in a lower proportion than available, whereas the fruits of tendu were consumed in proportion to availability. Sloth bears had not consumed any large vertebrate species. The food items stabilization curve showed that 70 scats in summer, and 80 scats in winter, were required to depict the diet of sloth bear adequately. Consumption of L. camara by sloth bears, as well as other wildlife species, has strong management implications in terms of seed dispersal and the spreading of this invasive weed.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87837399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Diet of Andean bears in Tamá National Natural Park, Colombia 哥伦比亚塔姆<e:1>国家自然公园里的安第斯熊的饮食

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00006.1

C. Cáceres-Martínez, Luis R. Sánchez Montano, Aldemar A. Acevedo, José F. González-Maya

{"title":"Diet of Andean bears in Tamá National Natural Park, Colombia","authors":"C. Cáceres-Martínez, Luis R. Sánchez Montano, Aldemar A. Acevedo, José F. González-Maya","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00006.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00006.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Diet is among the most important and basic ecological aspects of a species. Information on diet composition, seasonality, and spatial variation is necessary for adequate ecological understanding and therefore conservation. Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) have been poorly studied across their distribution, and especially in Colombia; therefore, most ecological aspects remain unknown. The objective of this work was to assess Andean bears' diet and seasonality in order to contribute to the knowledge, management, and conservation of the species in northeastern Colombia. Between June 2012 and May 2015, 83 linear transects were surveyed at least once in 35 localities in Tamá National Natural Park in search of fresh bear scats. Transects covered all land-cover types in the park proportionately. We collected 148 scats for diet analyses, and compared all items found with reference material. We assessed diet contents in terms of frequency of occurrence and compared across seasons, elevation, and land-cover types. Overall, plant items showed the greatest frequency of occurrence in the scats (96.8%), followed by mammals (6.7%) and insects (6.7%); we found this pattern for all land-cover types and all elevation ranges. We found seasonal variation and differences in use of some food items. We found the largest niche breadth for the dry season (B = 7.10) compared with the wet season (B = 4.14). Plant items were more frequently consumed during both dry and rainy seasons (0.78 ± 0.16 and 0.82 ± 0.11, respectively) and bromeliads were the most important food item during both seasons (0.32 and 0.46). This variation probably is related to the structure, phenology, and composition of vegetation in the area. More data are needed for estimating foraging preferences and their relationship with food availability and other aspects related to behavior and individual resource use.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"44 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84632524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

American black bears and hair snares: a behavioral analysis 美国黑熊和毛发陷阱:行为分析

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-08-18 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00020.2

Steven M. Gurney, Jennifer B Smith, Dwayne R. Etter, David M. Williams

引用次数: 3

Sloth bear attacks on the Deccan Plateau of Karnataka, India 印度卡纳塔克邦德干高原上的树懒熊袭击

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-08-03 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00027.3

T. Sharp, S. Swaminathan, A. Arun, Tom S. Smith, K. Satyanarayan, G. Seshamani

{"title":"Sloth bear attacks on the Deccan Plateau of Karnataka, India","authors":"T. Sharp, S. Swaminathan, A. Arun, Tom S. Smith, K. Satyanarayan, G. Seshamani","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00027.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-18-00027.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: The sloth bear (Melursus ursinus) is endemic to India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka, and is among the least studied of all bear species. Sloth bears behave aggressively toward humans when they feel threatened and are considered among the most dangerous wild animals in India. Our research objective was to interview those that had close encounters with sloth bears and attack survivors so that we could learn from these unfortunate events and prepare persons to be safe in sloth bear country. Consequently, we interviewed 342 people—162 that had close encounters that did not result in attacks and 180 that were involved in attacks—in the southern Indian state of Karnataka between the years 1985 and 2016. Our surveys revealed that all attacks were defensive in nature, that people that had been making noise while moving through sloth bear country were less likely to be attacked, and that persons in groups of ≥2 were very rarely attacked. Nine percent of people that fought back during an attack were killed and 11% of people that attempted to run from the bear were killed. There were no deaths among people that fell to the ground and did not fight back. Drawing from this work and that of others, we provide suggestions for safe conduct in sloth bear country.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"28 1","pages":"1 - 11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76945813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Andean bear diet near to and far from a road 安第斯熊在公路附近和远处觅食

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-07-22 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-19-0003.1

Lucero M Hernani-Lineros, E. García, L. F. Pacheco

{"title":"Andean bear diet near to and far from a road","authors":"Lucero M Hernani-Lineros, E. García, L. F. Pacheco","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-19-0003.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-19-0003.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Despite the existence of several regional studies on the diet of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus), there is a lack of information about the effects of human disturbances on this species' foraging ecology. Our main goal was to compare Andean bear diet composition between a disturbed area (DA) close to a paved road versus an undisturbed area (UA) far away from it, within the Parque Nacional y Área Natural de Manejo Integrado Cotapata, Bolivia. We collected 120 feces samples between October and November 2014—60 samples from each area. We identified 13 species from the feces collected at UA, whereas we identified only 7 species from the feces at DA. Mean number of identified food items per fecal sample at UA was 2.90 (SD = 0.86) and significantly greater (t = –4.32, = 118 df, P < 0.001) than DA mean 1.95 (SD = 1.43). Levin's index points to a specialist diet for Andean bears at both areas, but niche breadth at the UA (0.083) was almost twice the value at DA (0.043). Almost half of the items were found at both the UA and the DA (Jaccard's index = 0.538). Simpson's Diversity index ([UA] = 0.310, [DA] = 0.167) shows that Andean bear diet at the UA was also more equitable, as well as less dominated by a single item (Inverse Simpson index N [DA] = 3.229, N [UA] = 5.997). These results suggest that the presence of a road may affect Andean bear foraging ecology.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"24 1","pages":"1 - 7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91183504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Potential for recreational restrictions to reduce grizzly bear–caused human injuries 限制娱乐活动以减少灰熊造成的人类伤害的可能性

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-06-11 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-18-0005.1

K. Gunther, M. Haroldson

{"title":"Potential for recreational restrictions to reduce grizzly bear–caused human injuries","authors":"K. Gunther, M. Haroldson","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-18-0005.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-18-0005.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: In 2011, 2 hikers were killed by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in separate incidents on backcountry trails in Hayden Valley, Yellowstone National Park, USA (YNP). Hayden Valley provides prime habitat for grizzly bears and is known to have high densities of bears. During 1970–2017, 23% (10 of 44) of all backcountry grizzly bear–inflicted human injuries and fatalities in YNP occurred in the valley even though it comprises only 1% of the park. In addition, 3 of the last 5 fatal bear attacks in the park occurred in the valley. We evaluated retrospectively whether restrictions and closures on visitor recreational activity would have prevented many of these injuries. We considered prohibitions on recreational activity during seasons when bears forage for specific high-quality foods; potential closures that coincided with the times of day and year bears were most active in the valley; and visitor use restrictions that would have prevented the most common human behaviors associated with grizzly bear–caused human injuries. The food-based closure that may have prevented the most human injuries occurred during middle to late summer when bears scavenge bison (Bison bison) carcasses that result from annual rutting behavior of bison in the valley. However, safety precautions such as hiking in groups of ≥3, remaining on maintained trails, and carrying bear spray would likely reduce the frequency of bear-inflicted human injuries more than most food-based seasonal closures. Our analyses provide broadly applicable findings regarding use of visitor behavior restrictions and seasonal closures to reduce the risk of bear-inflicted human injuries.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"58 1","pages":"1 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76160804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Seasonal diet switching in captive giant pandas 圈养大熊猫的季节性饮食变化

IF 1.3 4区生物学

Ursus Pub Date : 2020-04-09 DOI: 10.2192/URSUS-D-17-00023.5

F. Cabana, Omar Yusof, J. Kawi, Desheng Li, Y. Huang, Pengyan Wang, Trisha T N Tay

{"title":"Seasonal diet switching in captive giant pandas","authors":"F. Cabana, Omar Yusof, J. Kawi, Desheng Li, Y. Huang, Pengyan Wang, Trisha T N Tay","doi":"10.2192/URSUS-D-17-00023.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2192/URSUS-D-17-00023.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are specialized bamboo (Bambusoideae) eaters with a simple, carnivorous digestive system. They are known to employ diet switching (i.e., selecting different parts and species of bamboo depending on season and reproductive status). Our objective was to explore whether seasonality or changes in reproductive hormone concentrations had a significant effect on diet switching in captive giant pandas. We determined the mass and nutrient intake of each plant part ingested by one male and one female panda held at River Safari (Singapore). We classified the plant parts as young and old selections of leaves and shoots. Each panda was offered a combination of 3 species of locally raised bamboo. We analyzed the reproductive metabolites of our female panda to determine whether an interaction of estrus and season may affect seasonal diet switching. Ingestion of young leaves, mature leaves, and stems were significantly affected by season. Stalks, however, were ingested year-round in similar proportions. When grouped together, leaves and stems were also ingested according to season. We did not detect any effect of hormones on the nutrient intake of the one female panda. Selection was entirely based on plant parts, and not nutrient content. Therefore, diet switching may not be a good behavioral tool to use in assessing onset of the mating season. However, the large amount of concentrated feeds in our panda's diet may have prevented any significant nutrient changes throughout the year.","PeriodicalId":49393,"journal":{"name":"Ursus","volume":"2020 1","pages":"1 - 8"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2020-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89344747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

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