Zoological Studies最新文献

{"title":"Genetic Structure of the Endemic Fiddler Crab <i>Uca</i> (<i>Xeruca</i>) <i>formosensis</i> on the West Coast of Taiwan.","authors":"Kun-Chin Hung,&nbsp;Ching-Yu Liou,&nbsp;Chih-Chung Wen,&nbsp;Hui-Chen Lin","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-24","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Xeruca formosensis</i> is the only endemic species of fiddler crab on the west coast of Taiwan. However, its natural habitats and populations have been compromised by excessive anthropogenic activities and improper land use over the past four decades. In light of these changes, we sought to evaluate the genetic diversity and gene flow of the species by examining the genetic variation of <i>X. formosensis</i> at different sampling locations. To this end, we performed molecular analyses of three endonuclease-amplified fragment length polymorphisms (TE-AFLP) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) marker from leg muscle samples. We found that the genetic variation within sampling locations was higher than that among sampling locations, and the expected heterozygosity of genetic diversity (H_j) was 0.152 for TE-AFLP data. Meanwhile, the <i>COI</i> marker showed high haplotype diversity (<i>h</i> = 0.976 ± 0.008) and a low genetic differentiation level (<i>F</i>_ST = 0.021) in <i>X. formosensis</i> populations. Importantly, the genetic connectivity of <i>X. formosensis</i> may be influenced by larval-stage crabs drifting between coastal and marine habitats. As such, crab gene flow is promoted among populations by larval exchange via nearshore currents. Although <i>X. formosensis</i> has high gene flow, the species could undergo an extinction crisis if the population sizes continue to decline, as with most endangered species. In order to maintain the natural habitats and population size of <i>X. formosensis</i>, long-term monitoring and investigation will be necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e24"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10475467/pdf/zoolstud-62-024.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10541235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Different LED Light Spectra on Growth and Immunity of the Japanese Eel (<i>Anguilla japonica</i>) and Giant Mottled Eel (<i>A. marmorata</i>).","authors":"Yen-Ting Lin,&nbsp;Wei-Chun Hung,&nbsp;Yin-Fu Yeh,&nbsp;Kuang-Mao Lu,&nbsp;Ding-Hwa Cherng,&nbsp;Yu-San Han","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-28","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor recirculating aquaculture systems make light control possible and enable the usage of specific coloured lights to promote the growth and immunity of aquaculture species. Five different LED wavelengths (white light [460 nm], red light [622 nm], green light [517 nm], blue light [467 nm], and the dark) were used in this study to evaluate growth and immunity in the glass eel stage of two high-valued anguillid species, Japanese eel (<i>Anguilla japonica</i>) and giant mottled eel (<i>A. marmorata</i>). There were no significant differences in growth of the Japanese eel among the groups after 12 weeks of feeding (<i>p</i> > 0.05); the survival rate of each group was over 95%. The giant mottled eel showed better growth in total length and body weight in the red light and dark groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Expression levels of immune-related genes were not significantly different between each group of the Japanese eel and the giant mottled eel (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The growth of the Japanese glass eel was not significantly sensitive to different LED wavelengths, while the giant mottled glass eel showed better growth under red light and dark environments. Neither eel species showed significant differences in innate immunity under different LED wavelengths.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e28"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10475466/pdf/zoolstud-62-028.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10168847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multigene Phylogenies of the Estuarine Sesarmid <i>Parasesarma bidens</i> Species Complex (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with Description of Three New Species.","authors":"Hsi-Te Shih,&nbsp;Jhih-Wei Hsu,&nbsp;Jheng-Jhang Li","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-34","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>S <i>Parasesarma bidens</i> (De Haan, 1835) is a common intertidal sesarmid crab that inhabits the estuarine and mangrove regions of East Asia, as well as Vietnam and the Philippines. Previous studies have suggested that <i>P. bidens</i> is a species complex composed of several species. Our findings indicated that the <i>P. bidens</i> species complex is monophyletic with six clades, as shown by reconstructed phylogenies based on mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome <i>c</i> oxidase subunit I, as well as nuclear 28S rDNA. Specimens of each clade exhibited different characters, including the morphology of the cheliped, anterior carapace, male gonopod 1, and female vulvae, as well as the coloration. Three species in this complex have been previously described: <i>P. bidens</i> (De Haan, 1835), <i>P. cricotum</i> (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), and <i>P. sanguimanus</i> Li, Shih & Ng, 2019. Here, we describe three additional species: <i>P. continentale</i> n. sp., <i>P. insulare</i> n. sp., and <i>P. chiahsiang</i> n. sp. Biogeographically, the range of <i>P. bidens</i> includes the southern margin of Korea, the main islands of Japan, and the Ryukyus, with a comparatively northern distribution. <i>P. continentale</i> is widely distributed from the continental coasts of southeastern and southern China (including northern Hainan Island) to southern Vietnam and is occasionally found in Penghu, Taiwan. <i>Parasesarma insulare</i> is an insular species distributed from Taiwan main island, the central Philippines, to northern Borneo. Finally, <i>P. chiahsiang</i> is mainly limited to the Penghu Islands (Pescadores) but is also sometimes found in Taiwan main island and the offshore Gueishan Island.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10475517/pdf/zoolstud-62-034.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10168848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Past, Present and Future of the Aral Sea -A Review of its Fauna and Flora before and during the Regression Crisis.","authors":"Igor S Plotnikov,&nbsp;Nikolai V Aladin,&nbsp;Lubov V Zhakova,&nbsp;Jens Mossin,&nbsp;Jens T Høeg","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review the past, present and possible future of the Aral Sea system in context of the human caused regression crisis that resulted in the drying out of the larger part of this original brackish water sea. The results are put into the context of other threatened saline lakes and the general water crisis in the world due to overexploitation of water resources and climate change. We cover the geographic history and hydrology from the origin of the sea 17,000 years ago to the present. The original biota including animals, higher plants and algae are covered in full detail, and tracked through the regression crisis. We put special emphasis on fish and fisheries because of their economic importance for the surrounding populations. We also review the side effects of the regression in terms of human health and changes to the terrestrial environment and local climate. We explain the dramatic improvements to the fauna in the northern Small Aral Sea following the construction of dams to retain its waters and discuss future options to further improve this restored water basin. We contrast this with the progressing hypersalinization of the remnants of the southern Large Aral Sea, which faces conditions that will eventually render a \"Dead Sea\" condition hostile to all metazoan life. We end by highlighting the partial restoration of the Small Aral Sea as an example of how much restoration can be achieved for relatively little financial expense and in a short period, when good ideas, kind hearts and hard work operate together for the benefit of the environment and our human society.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10317995/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9807286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lanternflies (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) of Taiwan.","authors":"You-Sheng Lin,&nbsp;Jhih-Rong Liao,&nbsp;Shiuh-Feng Shiao,&nbsp;Chiun-Cheng Ko","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-07","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The family Fulgoridae belongs to the order Hemiptera, superfamily Fulgoridea, with approximately 770 described species worldwide. Their extraordinary appearance attracts the attention of both entomologists and the public. In addition to the evolutionary issue of their special appearance, certain species are also considered notorious pests (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Lycorma delicatula</i>). Several issues widely exist in previous taxonomic studies of lanternflies: (1) application of uncertain morphological characters leads to synonymy or misidentification; (2) descriptions of male genitalia are incomplete; (3) information of nymphal morphology is insufficient. Therefore, this study aims to provide a comprehensive taxonomic study of Fulgoridae from Taiwan. In this study, eight species in six genera from Taiwan were reported, of which <i>Limois westwoodii</i> was recorded for the first time from Taiwan. <i>Lycorma olivacea</i> was proposed as a new junior synonym of <i>L. meliae</i>. The fifth-instar nymph of <i>Saiva formosana</i> was described for the first time. Detailed descriptions of these lanternflies and an identification key to adults of Fulgoridae from Taiwan were also included.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e7"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201347/pdf/zoolstud-62-007.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9510017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Assessment of Fertile F1 Hybrids between Two Hercules Beetles, <i>Dynastes maya</i> Hardy and <i>D. grantii</i> Horn (Scarabaeidae).","authors":"Jen-Pan Huang,&nbsp;Wei-Yun Chen,&nbsp;My Hanh Le","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-13","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although hybridization may complicate taxonomic practices, it can be common between animal species. Animal hybridization not only can help with generating phenotypic and species diversity in nature, but also with understanding the genetic and genomic basis of phenotypic evolution in the laboratory. We assessed the genetic composition of captive bred F1 hybrids between two Hercules beetle species using mitochondrial <i>CO1</i> and nuclear loci from a double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) library. We showed that the F1 hybrids were genetically clustered with samples from the maternal species, <i>D. grantii</i>, based on <i>CO1</i> data. Nuclear genome data, on the other hand, clearly showed that the F1 individuals were genetically intermediate between <i>D. maya</i>, the paternal species, and <i>D. grantii</i>, based on a principal component analysis. Our results also revealed that sampling design may have a major impact on the inferred genetic structure and hybrid individuals using ddRADseq data sets. We discuss the importance and potential from studying the genomics of this hybrid progeny in terms of understanding the origin and maintenance of both intraspecific and interspecific phenotypic divergence and convergence.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e13"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10201344/pdf/zoolstud-62-013.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9518514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Annotated Catalog of Vespid Hosts (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) of Tachinidae (Diptera), with Description of a New Species of <i>Ophirion</i> Townsend from Brazil.","authors":"Filipe Macedo Gudin","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-06","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although tachinids parasitize a wide variety of insects, vespid wasps are not commonly recorded as hosts. Three lineages of Tachinidae are parasitoids of larvae of eusocial Vespidae, namely the Old World tribe Anacamptomyiini and some Neotropical species of the Blondeliini genera <i>Ophirion</i> Townsend and <i>Lixophaga</i> Townsend. The taxonomy of anacamptomyiine species has been improved and clarified in the last decades, but Neotropical species of <i>Ophirion</i> and <i>Lixophaga</i> are still difficult to identify, preventing further studies in the group. I present here an annotated catalog of vespid hosts of Tachinidae, with an overview of host use and oviposition strategies of their parasitoid species. Moreover, I describe a new host record for <i>O. lenkoi</i> sp. nov. Gudin and <i>L. punctata</i> (Townsend), reared from a nest of <i>Polybia</i> (<i>Myrapetra</i>) <i>scutellaris</i> (White) in Nova Europa, São Paulo, Brazil. <i>Ophirion lenkoi</i> sp. nov. is described and <i>L. punctata</i> is redescribed, with two new junior synonyms proposed: <i>L. fitzgeraldi</i> (Curran), syn. nov., and <i>L. dubiosa</i> (Thompson), syn. nov. I also include illustrations of type material and discuss the most relevant diagnostic characters for species of both genera. Lastly, I argue that the biology of <i>Lixophaga</i> species may be a suitable model to understand how tachinids were able to explore eusocial vespid hosts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e6"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10165349/pdf/zoolstud-62-006.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9453346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seaward Migration and Larval Release Coincide with Lunar and Light-dark Cycles in Supratidal Land Crabs <i>Cardisoma carnifex</i> and <i>Epigrapsus notatus</i>.","authors":"Chung-Chieh Chang,&nbsp;Kent A Hatch,&nbsp;Chia-Hsuan Hsu,&nbsp;Wenbe Hwang,&nbsp;Hung-Chang Liu,&nbsp;Yuan-Mou Chang","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-22","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herein we investigated the synchronous breeding migration and larval release of ovigerous females in two dominant supratidal land crabs <i>Cardisoma carnifex</i> and <i>Epigrapsus notatus</i> in the mixed semidiurnal tidal regime in Taijiang National Park (Tainan, Taiwan). We mainly focused on the monthly and daily rhythms during the breeding season of migration and larval release for these two crabs. We also sought to understand what the main environmental cues were for these monthly and diel rhythms. Both lunar and tidal amplitude cycles are potential proximate causes for the monthly lunar/semilunar reproductive rhythm in crabs. Likewise, either the 24-hour (diel) light cycle or tidal cycle can act as the proximate cause for diel reproduction rhythm, and we investigated which one was the main factor that entrains the diel rhythm for these two species. We found that the season of migration and larval release in <i>C. carnifex</i> occured mainly between June and September during the rainy season while those of <i>E. notatus</i> occurred mainly between September and October, near the end of the rainy season. Regarding the rhythm of migration and larval release in monthly time scale, <i>C. carnifex</i> exhibited a semilunar rhythm following the syzygies and <i>E. notatus</i> exhibited a lunar rhythm following the full moon. However, these rhythms did not occur with the maximum amplitude nocturnal and diurnal high tides. This implies that the lunar cycle is a more important environmental cue than the tidal amplitude in the entrainment of the synchronous monthly breeding rhythm for these two species. This pattern is different from other intertidal crabs, most of which use the tidal amplitude cycle as the main environmental cue for larval release. In addition to <i>Chiromantes haematocheir</i> (a supratidal crab), our study provided two more species that live in the supratidal zone time their reproduction with respect to the lunar light cycle and independent of the tide amplitude cycles. For the diel rhythm, both species migrated to the shore and released larvae in the first half of the night during the flood tide. This suggests that the diel light cycle is a dominant cue for the determination of larval release timing for these two species. Larval release does not track the high slack tides, since larvae are only released during the first half of the night and these high slack tides occur only after midnight (0000-0600H) during the days of larval release for these two crab species.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e22"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10390327/pdf/zoolstud-62-022.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9987111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Distinctive Darwin Wasp Represents the First Record of the <i>Ophion minutus</i> Species-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) from Japan and the Far East, with an Analysis of DNA Barcode-based Species Delimitation in <i>Ophion</i>.","authors":"So Shimizu,&nbsp;Kaoru Maeto","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A new Darwin wasp species, <i>Ophion kobensis</i> Shimizu sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), is described using the integrated morphological and molecular species delimitation approaches. Our results indicate that the new species is closely related to European <i>O. ventricosus</i> Gravenhorst, 1829 of the <i>O. minutus</i> species-group but can be distinguished using morphological characters, such as entirely black body colour with some light-yellow marks and not inclined epicnemial carina in lateral view. This record of the new species represents the first record of <i>O. minutus</i> species-group from Japan and the Far East. Phylogenetic analysis indicate that the <i>O. minutus</i> species-group is weakly recovered as monophyletic and sister to <i>Ophion s. str.</i> The analysis also indicated that two clades within the <i>O. minutus</i> species-group (<i>O. minutus</i> and <i>O. ventricosus</i>) diverged significantly. This suggests that the species-group, as well as the two included clades, could potentially be treated as separate species-groups or genera. The present study supports previous integrative taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of <i>Ophion</i> and represents a first fundamental step for studies focused on the challenging Japanese and Far Eastern <i>Ophion</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e27"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10390328/pdf/zoolstud-62-027.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9987112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic Profile of the Parasitic Varroan Mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> (Arachnida: Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Taiwan: a New Taiwanese Haplotype Intermediate Between the Highly Virulent Russian and Less Virulent Japanese Types Identified in the Honey Bee Host <i>Apis cerana</i>.","authors":"Tsen Hua,&nbsp;Panuwan Chantawannakul,&nbsp;Cheng-Lung Tsai,&nbsp;Wen-Bin Yeh","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-11","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Modern beekeeping industry is being challenged by the varroan mite and its transmitted pathogens. Various types of <i>Varroa destructor</i> exhibit different levels of virulence toward honey bees, but only the Japanese (J) and Russian (R) types were found to infect <i>Apis mellifera</i>. Type R was more highly virulent against <i>A. mellifera</i> in comparison with type J. Examining the genetic profile of Varroa species is therefore of crucial importance in apiary management. In this study, maternally inherited mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (<i>COI</i>) and bisexual nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of <i>V. destructor</i> individuals from Taiwan were determined. All 168 <i>COI</i> sequences observed in populations obtained from <i>A. mellifera</i> were identical and belonged to type J, with one base difference to that of populations collected from <i>A. cerana</i>; the new type is named 'T type' (Taiwan type). ITS sequences of <i>V. destructor</i> and its sister species <i>V. jacobsoni</i> were identical. A network analysis based on 611 <i>COI</i> sequences compiled from references indicated the presence of 27 haplotypes in <i>V. destructor</i>. Epidemic history and relationship analyses of <i>V. destructor</i> showed that the basal haplotypes were those from <i>A. cerana</i> and many R-extending haplotypes infesting <i>A. mellifera</i> involving amino acid substitutions. Calibration dating based on <i>COI</i> analysis revealed that <i>V. destructor</i> differentiated from its sibling lineage (occurring in Sri Lanka) prior to 1.3 million years ago (Mya). The ancestral haplotype retention and drift in <i>V. destructor</i> that occurred locally during 0.10-0.64 Mya might be relevant to its host <i>A. cerana</i>, which had been isolated geologically. The highly virulent type R was spreading quickly and could gradually outcompete the common and less virulent type J. Type T, being intermediate between types R and J, ought to be studied to better understand the pathogenic mechanism of <i>V. destructor</i> in <i>A. mellifera</i>. Moreover, for areas where type R does not occur, such as Taiwan, quarantine requirements are crucial for reducing invasion risks.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10165350/pdf/zoolstud-62-011.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9823459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}