Zoological Studies最新文献

{"title":"Drainage Network Morphology Influences Population Structure and Gene Flow of the Andean Water Frog <i>Telmatobius pefauri</i> (Anura: Telmatobiidae) of the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile.","authors":"Pablo Fibla, Paola A Sáez, Franco Cruz-Jofré, Marco A Méndez","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-44","DOIUrl":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-44","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Desert aquatic species tend to show isolated and disconnected populations due to the fragmented nature of their environment; however, the morphology of the hydrographic basins, added to humid climatic conditions, can allow dispersion between populations in a desert environment. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of drainage morphology on the phylogeographic structure and gene flow (using a fragment of the mitochondrial control region and seven microsatellite markers) of an endemic taxon of the Andean Precordillera in the Atacama Desert, the aquatic frog species <i>Telmatobius pefauri</i>. We detected three genetic clusters, one cluster present in the Lluta basin and two clusters in the Azapa basin. The results suggest that the genetic structure of <i>T. pefauri</i> is influenced by the morphology of the drainage network formed by the Lluta and Azapa basins: localities present in the same drainage, Tignamar River, were less differentiated and showed higher gene flow levels among them than to their conspecifics belonging to the other drainage in the same basin, Seco River, and those belonging to the other basin, Lluta basin. Gene flow patterns and genetic structure to populations Atacama Andean aquatic taxa would be influenced by basin morphology, with dispersion being stimulated in dendritic hydrological systems, and eventually by humid climatic (regional) events.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e44"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10628555/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geographic Distribution and Genetic Structures of the Tideland Snails <i>Pirenella nipponica</i> and <i>P.asiatica</i> in Taiwan and Japan.","authors":"Shintaro Kato, Mizuki Ohta, Hiroaki Fukumori, Te-Hua Hsu, Tin-Yam Chan, Shigeaki Kojima","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-43","DOIUrl":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-43","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tideland snails <i>Pirenella</i><i>nipponica</i> and <i>Pirenella</i><i>asiatica</i> are distributed north of the central Ryukyu Islands and in South Ryukyu, respectively, in Japan. To reveal their distribution and genetic characteristics in Taiwan, we sampled <i>Pirenella</i> snails along the western coast of Taiwan Island and analyzed the nucleotide sequences of their mitochondrial DNAs. <i>Pirenella nipponica</i> and <i>P. asiatica</i> inhabit the northern and southern parts of the western coast of Taiwan, respectively, and coexist only in the central part. Taiwanese and Japanese populations of <i>P. asiatica</i> showed significant genetic differentiation. The former showed higher genetic diversity and a larger effective population size than the latter. However, the Taiwanese population of <i>P. nipponica</i> was not genetically deviated from the local Japanese population on Kyushu Island. Both the Taiwan and Kyushu populations of <i>P. nipponica</i> showed significant genetic differences from local populations in other regions of Japan, namely, Honshu Island (the Japanese mainland) and Central Ryukyu. They also showed higher genetic diversity and a larger effective population size than the others. The Taiwanese populations of both species might be part of a large panmictic population with individuals from the Asian continent and Kyushu Island.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e43"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10628550/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromosomal Study on Selected Small Araneomorph Spiders from Brazil, Including the First Records in Palpimanidae and Theridiosomatidae (Araneae, Araneomorphae).","authors":"Débora Duarte Dutra, Antônio Domingos Brescovit, Douglas Araujo","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-42","DOIUrl":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-42","url":null,"abstract":"Among the 50,474 spider species, only 849 have chromosomal data available in the literature. Fifty spider families remain unknown from a cytogenetic perspective. The aim of this study was to analyze chromosomally selected araneomorph spiders from Brazil, to contribute to the cytotaxonomy and chromosome evolution of this group. The karyotypes of 12 species belonging to families Corinnidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae, Palpimanidae, Theridiidae, Theridiosomatidae, Trachelidae, and Zodariidae were analyzed, including the first chromosomal record for the first two families. Specimens (with the abdomen content partially exposed by perforation) were subjected to colchicine, hypotonization, and fixation. In most cases, the total content of the abdomen was used to prepare slides by spreading of cell suspension and subsequent Giemsa staining. The results were as follows: Cinetomorpha simplex Simon, 1892 (Oonopidae) 2n♂ = 9, X0; Neotrops sp. and Neoxyphinus termitophilus (Oonopidae), 2n♂ = 7, X0; Otiothops birabeni (Palpimanidae); Agyneta sp. (Linyphiidae), 2n♂ = 24, X1X20; Coleosoma floridanum, Thymoites sp.1 and Thymoites sp.2 (Theridiidae), 2n♂ = 22, X1X20; Naatlo sp. (Theridiosomatidae), 2n♂ = 30, X1X20; Orthobula sp. (Trachelidae) 2n♂ = 21, X0; Falconina sp. (Corinnidae), 2n♂ = 28, X1X20; Epicratinus sp. (Zodariidae) 2n♂ = 42, X1X20. The chromosomal morphology was determined for all the samples except for Oonopidae. Most species exhibited telocentric chromosomes, with the exception of Palpimanidae and Theridiosomatidae. The main findings: 1) support an hypothesis on ancestral karyotype of Zodariidae and Oonopidae; 2) reveal a relatively high chromosome number in Palpimanidae that supports an idea on relatively high ancestral chromosome number (2n♂ = 42) of entelegyne spiders (Palpimanoidea is sister group of entelegyne spiders); 3) show that the karyotype found in Theridiosomatidae is exceptional within the Araneoidea.","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10628548/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomic Revision, Morphology and Natural History of the Stick Insect Genus <i>Xerosoma</i> Serville, 1831 (Insecta: Phasmatodea).","authors":"Phillip Watzke Engelking, Victor Morais Ghirotto, Edgar Blois Crispino, Thies H Büscher, Raphael Aquino Heleodoro, Pedro Alvaro Barbosa Aguiar Neves, Pitágoras da Conceição Bispo","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-31","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stick insects (Phasmatodea) are quite diverse in the Neotropical region. Among them, <i>Xerosoma</i> Serville belongs to Pseudophasmatidae and comprises winged, roughly brownish phasmids that resemble bark or dry branches and inhabit the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. In this study, we present a redescription and revision of the genus that include three valid species, <i>Xerosoma canaliculatum</i>, <i>Xerosoma michaelis</i>, and <i>Xerosoma nannospinus</i> sp. nov. <i>Xerosoma senticosum</i> syn. nov. was found to be a junior synonym of <i>X. canaliculatum</i>. We also provide an identification key and geographic records for these three species. Additionally, we present a detailed study on the morphology and natural history of <i>X. canaliculatum</i> with the description of its nymphal stages, egg, male genitalia, ontogeny, oviposition method, life habits, defense mechanisms, mating behavior, and other aspects regarding its biology. The study also highlights the shortcomings related to the classification of Xerosomatinae, since its tribes find themselves without proper characterization and contain heterogeneous genera. We expect to provide a basis for a proper diagnosis of Xerosomatinae and encourage future studies on this group, as there is still much to be discovered about this lineage of Neotropical stick insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e31"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10658165/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138465512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.","authors":"David J Marshall, Amira Rashid","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-41","DOIUrl":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-41","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>urrent understanding of how calcifying organisms respond to externally forced oceanic and coastal acidification (OCA) is largely based on short-term, controlled laboratory or mesocosm experiments. Studies on organismal responses to acidification (reduced carbonate saturation and pH) in the wild, where animals simultaneously interact with a range of biotic and abiotic circumstances, are limited in scope and interpretation. The present study aimed to better understand how gastropod shell attributes and their interrelations can inform about responses to coastal acidification. We investigated shell chemical erosion, shell roundness, and growth rate of <i>Planaxis sulcatus</i> snails, which are locally exposed to acidified and non-acidified rocky intertidal water. We tested a new approach to quantifying shell erosion based on the spiral suture length (EI, erosion index) and found that shell erosion mirrored field acidification conditions. Exposure to acidification caused shells to become rounder (width/length). Field growth rate, determined from apertural margin extension of marked and later recaptured snails, was strongly negatively related to both shell erosion and shell roundness. Since different shell attributes are indicative of different relationships-shell erosion is an extrinsic passive marker of acidification, and shell roundness and growth rate are intrinsic performance responders-analyzing their interrelations can imply causation, enhance predictive power, and bolster interpretation confidence. This study contributes to the methodology and interpretation of findings of trait-based field investigations to understand organismal responses to coastal acidification.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e41"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10628549/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71523107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Phyllosoma Larvae of the Lobsters <i>Acantharctus</i> and <i>Biarctus</i> (Crustacea: Scyllaridae) from the SW Indian Ocean.","authors":"Rebeca Genis-Armero,&nbsp;Johan Groeneveld,&nbsp;Sohana Singh,&nbsp;Paul F Clark,&nbsp;Laure Corbari,&nbsp;Ferran Palero","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-33","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accurate assignment of cryptic larvae to species-level is a key aspect of marine ecological research and can be achieved through integrated molecular and morphological studies. A combination of two mitochondrial markers (COI and 16S) and a detailed morphological analysis was used to identify phyllosoma larvae of slipper lobster (Scyllaridae) species collected during a survey in the SW Indian Ocean. Two morphotypes were tentatively assigned to <i>Acantharctus ornatus</i> and <i>Biarctus pumilus</i>, both genera for which the larval morphology was unknown. Morphological revision of an adult specimen used to generate the putative <i>A. ornatus</i> sequences in GenBank revealed that it was misidentified and corresponds to <i>B. dubius</i>. The final phyllosoma stage of <i>B. pumilus</i> and subfinal and final stages of <i>A. ornatus</i> were described, clarifying prior misidentifications in the literature. Scyllarid biodiversity in the SW Indian Ocean is underestimated and sampling of deeper water layers is recommended to complete current knowledge of species and larval stages present in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e33"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10522623/pdf/zoolstud-62-033.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41140583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogeography of Long-spined Sea Urchin <i>Diadema setosum</i> Across the Indo-Malay Archipelago.","authors":"Indra Bayu Vimono, Philippe Borsa, Régis Hocdé, Laurent Pouyaud","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-39","DOIUrl":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-39","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Widely distributed, broadcast-spawning <i>Diadema</i> sea urchins have been used as model invertebrate species for studying the zoogeography of the tropical Indo-Pacific. So far, the Indo-Malay archipelago, a wide and geographically complex maritime region extending from the eastern Indian Ocean to the western Pacific Ocean, has been under-sampled. This study aims to fill this sampling gap and uncover the phylogeographic structure of the long-spined sea-urchin <i>D. setosum</i> in the central Indo-West pacific region. <i>D. setosum</i> samples (total <i>N</i> = 718) were collected in 13 sites throughout the Indo-Malay archipelago. We sequenced over 1157 bp of <i>COI</i> gene. The Phylogeographic structure was derived from pairwise Ф_ST estimates using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analysis; biogeographic hypotheses were tested by AMOVA; genetic relationships between haplotypes were summarised in the form of a minimum-spanning network; and pairwise mismatch distributions were compared to the expectations from demographic and spatial expansion models. All samples from the Indo-West Pacific were of the previously uncovered <i>D. setosum</i>-a lineage. Phylogeographic structure was evident: the Andaman Sea population and the northern New Guinea population were genetically distinct. Subtler but significant haplotype-frequency differences distinguished two populations within the Indonesian seas, distributed in a parapatric-like fashion. The phylogeographic partition observed was insufficiently explained by previous biogeographic hypotheses. The haplotype network showed a series of closely related star-shaped haplogroups with a high proportion of singletons. Nucleotide-pairwise mismatch patterns in the two populations from the Indonesian seas were consistent with both demographic and spatial expansion models. While geographic barriers to gene flow were inferred at the western and eastern extremities of the Indo-Malay archipelago, the subtler parapatric pattern observed within the Indonesian seas indicated restriction in gene flow, in a fashion that can hardly be explained by geographic isolation given the dynamic current systems that cross this region. Our results thus raise the hypothesis of subtle reproductive isolation between ecologically incompatible populations. While the coalescence pattern of the Andaman-Sea population suggested demographic stability over evolutionary timescales, that of the two populations from the Indonesian seas indicated recent population expansion, possibly linked to the rapid changes in available <i>D. setosum</i> habitat caused by sea-level oscillations in the late Pleistocene. The phylogeographic patterns observed in this study point to likely allopatric differentiation in the central Indo-West Pacific region. Genetic differences between populations were likely reinforced during interglacials by some form of reproductive isolation.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e39"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10522617/pdf/zoolstud-62-039.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41169463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrative Taxonomy of Cyclocyprididae Kaufmann, 1900 (Ostracoda: Podocopa) with Description of a New Genus and Species.","authors":"Maria Bisquert-Ribes,&nbsp;Juan Rueda,&nbsp;Ferran Palero,&nbsp;Sukonthip Savatenalinton,&nbsp;Francesc Mesquita-Joanes","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-40","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The two widespread ostracod genera <i>Cypria</i> Zenker, 1854 and <i>Physocypria</i> Vávra, 1897 are traditionally distinguished based on the presence or absence of tubercles on the right valve margin. However, recent research based on soft body parts has uncovered new cryptic genera within <i>Cypria</i> and <i>Physocypria</i>. Following this line of research, a new Cyclocyprididae genus and species, <i>Vizcainocypria viator</i> gen. nov. sp. nov., is here described from individuals collected in rice fields and wetlands of the Iberian Peninsula. <i>Vizcainocypria</i> is compared with <i>Cypria</i>, <i>Physocypria</i>, <i>Dentocypria</i> Savatenalinton, 2017, <i>Keysercypria</i> Karanovic, 2011, <i>Brasilocypria</i> Almeida et al., 2023, and <i>Claudecypria</i> Almeida et al., 2023 based on morphological evidence. Besides the presence or absence of tubercles on the right valve, these genera can be distinguished according to their mandibular palp, second thoracopod, caudal ramus, and male hemipenis. Molecular analyses using mitochondrial (COX1), and nuclear (28S rDNA) genes provide further support for the differentiation of <i>Cypria</i>, <i>Dentocypria</i>, <i>Physocypria</i> and <i>Vizcainocypria</i> gen. nov. The present study highlights the importance of using an integrative taxonomy approach, combining shell and soft-body parts morphology and molecular data, to characterize the rich diversity of freshwater ostracods.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e40"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10522628/pdf/zoolstud-62-040.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41117422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Brakemyia</i>, a New Neotropical Jackal Fly Genus of Milichiidae (Insecta: Diptera) Associated with Carton Ant Nest.","authors":"Fernando S Carvalho-Filho,&nbsp;Rodrigo R Barbosa,&nbsp;Matheus M M Soares","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-36","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Brakemyia</i> metallica gen. et sp. nov. (Diptera, Milichiidae) is described and illustrated based on male and female specimens reared from carton nests of the ant <i>Azteca</i> aff. <i>chartifex</i> Forel (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). The new genus is widely distributed in the Brazilian Amazon, and it can be readily distinguished from the other Neotropical genera by the broadened lunule, which extends well posterior of the antennae, and the hypandrial complex parallel to epandrium.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10522622/pdf/zoolstud-62-036.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41174039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Taxonomy and Phylogeography of the Freshwater Crab <i>Geothelphusa tawu</i> Species Complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) from Southern Taiwan and Offshore Islets.","authors":"Hsi-Te Shih,&nbsp;Jhih-Wei Hsu,&nbsp;Kai Chang,&nbsp;Min-Wan Chen","doi":"10.6620/ZS.2023.62-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2023.62-37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The freshwater crabs <i>Geothelphusa tawu</i> Shy, Ng & Yu, 1994, <i>G. lutao</i> Shy, Ng & Yu, 1994 and <i>G. lanyu</i> Shy, Ng & Yu, 1994 from southern Taiwan and the offshore islets, Lyudao (Green I.) and Lanyu (Orchid I.) are closely related in morphology and genetics, and have been proposed to be the same species. Examination of a series of specimens collected from the distributional ranges of the three species indicated that key characters of the ambulatory legs and the male first gonopod (G1) are too variable to support the identity of three species. Based on the mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (<i>COI</i>) sequences, the phylogenetic analysis did not recover three clades corresponding to the three species, but only a main clade without further clear grouping. The interspecific distances of nucleotides are also too small to support the species delimitation. We conclude that the three species should be treated as a single species. Additionally, unique haplotypes of <i>COI</i> have been found in Lyudao and Lanyu, which are hypothesized as two founder populations that colonized the islets from the Taiwan main island during glacial maxima.</p>","PeriodicalId":49331,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Studies","volume":"62 ","pages":"e37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10522629/pdf/zoolstud-62-037.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41171443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}