Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Is the relationship between body length and body mass consistent across habitats? A case study on Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda)","authors":"Ester Premate,&nbsp;Tinkara Kepic,&nbsp;Cene Fišer","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126120","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Body size is one of the main characteristics of any organism and influences various aspects of individual’s biology. In animal ecology, it represents a key functional trait that can be quantified using different measures and is often used as a proxy for different organismal functions. The way we quantify body size is critical in any study using this measure alone or to scale other organismal traits. It is especially important in groups that act as model systems across different fields of biological research. One of such groups are amphipods, which are at focus in many ecological studies where appropriate quantification of body size is needed. Here, we explored the relationship between body length and body mass in the largest freshwater amphipod genus <em>Niphargus</em>, and evaluated whether the two measures lead to different conclusions in a putative ecological study of species coexistence. We selected 16 species inhabiting two different subterranean habitats, cave lakes and cave streams. The relationship between log-transformed body mass and body length was linear in all species, but body mass increased steeper among species from cave lakes than from cave streams, reflecting the stouter body shape of the former. In the simulated ecological study, the comparisons of the two measures showed that they may yield different results: in 10 % of cases, body length detected differences between species when body mass did not and vice versa (13 %). Usage of body length or body mass can thus lead to different conclusions. We recommend avoiding direct transformations between body length and body mass in ecological studies. Whenever needed, such transformations should be done with caution using habitat-specific body mass – body length ratios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 126120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10210188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Swimming behavior and energy metabolism of the calanoid copepod invader Sinodiaptomus sarsi","authors":"Leonid Svetlichny ,&nbsp;Ulrike Obertegger","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126107","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126107","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>The appearance of invasive species threatens the integrity of </span>aquatic ecosystems. Much is known about dispersal and introduction mechanisms while little is known on the biological properties of invasive species, such as behavior and energy efficiency, allowing them to successfully colonize new environments and compete with native species. This study examines the functional features of the Asian invasive </span>copepod </span><em>Sinodiaptomus sarsi</em> (Rylov, 1923) that has invaded Europe since 2016. We focused on the energy metabolism and kinematic parameters of the main swimming types (i.e., gliding, hovering, small relocation jumps, and the escape reaction) of females and males of <em>S. sarsi</em>. Based on the above parameters, the mechanical energy for swimming and the respiration energy needed for movement were calculated. Females and males spend up to 95% of time hovering and slowly gliding at a speed of up to 0.5 cm s⁻¹. During the remaining time, the average swimming speed was 8 cm s⁻¹ by small jumps. In contrast, the average speed was 42 cm s⁻¹ during escape swimming. Non-ovigerous females moved faster than ovigerous females during all relocation swimming types except for upward gliding. While performing small jumps with a frequency of 0.79 Hz, the respiration rate of active non-ovigerous females (0.32 ± 0.03 µg O₂ ind⁻¹ h⁻¹) was 2.1 times higher than that of anesthetized individuals. The respiration energy associated with movement was 2.6 * 10⁻³ J h⁻¹, while the total mechanical energy was only 4.2% of this value. The low energy cost of feeding along with the high speed of locomotion may explain the success of this Asian invader in European waters.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126107"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10358325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny of the swim bladder of the Plainfin Midshipman, Porichthys notatus (Percomorphacea: Batrachoidiformes)","authors":"Lorena S. Vieira ,&nbsp;Diego F.B. Vaz ,&nbsp;Andre L. Netto-Ferreira","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The batracoidid Plainfin Midshipmen <span><em>Porichthys notatus</em></span><span> Girard has been extensively studied due to the sound production abilities and specializations of its swim bladder. The present study describes three-dimensional variations of the morphology of the swim bladder and sonic muscles of </span><em>P. notatus</em><span><span> during its post-hatch larval development, with the use of three-dimensional </span>computed tomography<span><span>. This study also includes descriptions of the relative position of the swim bladder to other visceral organs. The swim bladder, digestive tract, and liver were already present in the smallest examined specimens (5.9 mm; newly hatched larvae) along with the </span>yolk sac. In the smallest specimens, the digestive tract is straight, but from 7.1 mm TL, the digestive tract forms the first intestinal loops, and at 25.5 mm TL, a second intestinal loop. In smallest specimens, the swim bladder is oval, but at 7.1 mm TL, the anterior margin starts invaginating, forming a pair of anterior lobes. The first appearance of the intrinsic sonic muscles in swim bladder occurs at 13.1 mm TL. Additionally, we provide comparisons between the shape of the swim bladder of </span></span><em>P. notatus</em> and other species. The shape of the swim bladder of <em>P. notatus</em><span> and other members of Porichthyinae have an ovoid posterior region with two anterior lobes and differs from the cordiform or semiconected/bilobed the swim bladders observed in the other Batrachoididae.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10001466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of parabranchial position on ventilatory pressures in the Pacific spiny dogfish (Squalus suckleyi)","authors":"Sarah Arnette ,&nbsp;Jacob Saffarian ,&nbsp;Lara Ferry ,&nbsp;Stacy Farina","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126106","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126106","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The mechanics of ventilation in elasmobranchs have been described as a two-pump system which is dependent on the generation of differential pressures between the orobranchial and parabranchial cavities. However, this general model does not take into account sources of variation in parabranchial form and function. For example, the relative pressures that drive flow in each parabranchial chamber during ventilation remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, parabranchial pressures were collected from the Pacific spiny </span>dogfish (</span><span><em>Squalus</em><em> suckleyi,</em></span> n = 12) during routine ventilation using transducers inserted into parabranchial chambers 2, 3, and 5, numbered anteriorly to posteriorly. Pressure amplitudes collected from the three chambers displayed an attenuation of pressure amplitudes posteriorly, as well as differential, modular use of parabranchial chamber five These observations have implications for the functioning of the ventilatory pump and indicate distinct ventilatory modes, leading us to propose a new model to describe ventilation in <em>Squalus suckleyi.</em></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10349342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “A histochemical and morphological study of the mucus producing pedal gland system in Latia neritoides (Mollusca; Gastropoda; Hygrophila)” [Zoology 156 (2023) 126067]","authors":"Sophie Greistorfer ,&nbsp;Janek von Byern ,&nbsp;Ingrid Miller ,&nbsp;Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow ,&nbsp;Robert Farkas ,&nbsp;Gerhard Steiner","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126101","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126101"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9994672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential effect of dehydration on the voluntary activity of a diurnal toad","authors":"María Soledad Gastón,&nbsp;Mauricio Sebastián Akmentins","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anuran amphibians' ability to maintain their activity at high temperatures or low humidity depends on their capacity to face dehydration, especially when they display diurnal and terrestrial life habits. <em>Melanophryniscus rubriventris</em><span> is a diurnal and terrestrial toad from humid Yungas Andean forests that breeds in temporary ponds. It is exposed to the recurrent risk of dehydration because of pond desiccations during the breeding season. Here, we study how </span><em>M. rubriventris</em> males behaviorally respond to dehydration by measuring their voluntary activity under an <em>ex-situ</em> experiment. Toads with different hydration levels were exposed to a circular track for voluntary activity measurements. Dehydrated males of <em>M. rubriventris</em> toads did not adopt a water-conserving posture staying active during the test and increasing walking under severe dehydration. Certain tolerance to dehydration would allow performing daily activities under challenging diurnal conditions. The increased walking under severe dehydration suggests water or shelter-seeking behavior that would be crucial for diurnal and terrestrial toads to overcome the unpredictable hydric environment during the breeding season.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126105"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9998900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reproductive diapause influences spermatogenesis and testes’ size in the diplochronous wolf spider Allocosa senex (Lycosidae, Araneae) – A case study using a non-experimental approach","authors":"Fedra Bollatti ,&nbsp;Tim M. Dederichs ,&nbsp;Alfredo V. Peretti ,&nbsp;Álvaro Laborda ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Postiglioni ,&nbsp;Anita Aisenberg ,&nbsp;Peter Michalik","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126103","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126103","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Seasonality<span> considerably impacts on the life of organisms and leads to numerous evolutionary adaptations. Some species face seasonal changes by entering a diapause during different life stages. During adulthood, a diapause in the non-reproductive period can affect male </span></span>gametogenesis<span> as, for example, it occurs in insects. Spiders are distributed worldwide and show a variety of life cycles. However, data on spiders’ life cycles and seasonal adaptations are limited. Here, we explored the effect of reproductive diapause in a seasonal spider for the first time. We used the South American sand-dwelling spider </span></span><em>Allocosa senex</em><span> as a model as this species is diplochronous, meaning that individuals live two reproductive seasons, with juveniles and adults overwintering in burrows. It has been observed that individuals of this species reduce their metabolism during the non-reproductive season, diminishing prey consumption and locomotion to a minimum. This species is also well-known for exhibiting wandering and courting females and sedentary males. We analyzed spermatogenesis<span><span> throughout the male's life cycle and described the male's reproductive system and spermiogenesis using light and </span>transmission electron microscopy. We found that spermatogenesis in </span></span><em>A. senex</em><span><span> is asynchronous and continuous. However, when males face the non-reproductive season, the late spermatogenic stages and spermatozoa decline, causing an interruption but not a total arrest of this process. This seasonality is also reflected in smaller testes’ size in males from the non-reproductive season than in other periods. The mechanisms and constraints are unknown, but they could be related to the metabolic depression<span> during this life cycle period. Since sex-role reversal apparently sets a low-intensity sperm competition scenario compared with other </span></span>wolf spiders, surviving two reproductive seasons may balance mating opportunities by distributing them between both periods. Thus, the partial interruption of spermatogenesis during diapause could allow new mating encounters during the second reproductive season.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126103"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10058858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in the activity budget of the fiddler crab Leptuca uruguayensis throughout the reproductive period in temperate estuaries","authors":"Karine Delevati Colpo,&nbsp;Laura M. Reyes Jiménez","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Animal reproductive success implies the performance of several behaviours, such as courting, mate searching, copulation, </span>offspring<span> production and care. These behaviours usually have high energetic and ecological costs. Therefore, to maximise their reproductive success, animals should make choices throughout their lives, such as deciding how much energy to invest in different activities, according to their conditions and needs. In temperate estuaries<span>, the fiddler crab </span></span></span><em>L. uruguayensis</em> has a short reproductive period, with two synchronous spawning events. Considering that reproductive behaviours incur high energetic cost to fiddler crabs, we estimated how this species manages its activity budget throughout the reproductive period, to quantify trade-offs between the time spent on reproductive behaviours versus time spent on other activities. By analysing videos of females and males recorded in the field at different moments of the reproductive period, we observed that pre-copulatory behaviours, such as female wandering and male waving were more intense at the beginning of the reproductive period, suggesting that most matings occurred before the first spawning event but not before the second one. The ecological conditions during the breeding season and the individual strategies adopted by males and females mostly determine when and how much time to spend on courtship behaviours, and behavioural plasticity can be expected whenever the conditions change. The strategy used by <em>L. uruguayensis</em><span> for energy management, females’ ability to store male gametes and environmental temperatures might have been the main factors determining the relative time spent in courtship behaviours during the reproductive period.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"159 ","pages":"Article 126104"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10005186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of weather and social factors on hormone levels in the European badger (Meles meles)","authors":"NA Sugianto ,&nbsp;C. Newman ,&nbsp;DW Macdonald ,&nbsp;CD Buesching","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Animals in the wild continually experience changes in environmental and social conditions, which they respond to with behavioural, physiological and morphological adaptations related to individual phenotypic quality. During unfavourable environmental conditions, reproduction can be traded-off against self-maintenance, mediated through changes in reproductive hormone levels. Using the European badger (<em>Meles meles</em>) as a model species, we examine how testosterone in males and oestrogens in females respond to marked deviations in weather from the long-term mean (rainfall and temperature, where badger earthworm food supply is weather dependent), and to social factors (number of adult males and females per social group and total adults in the population), in relation to age, weight and head-body length. Across seasons, testosterone levels correlated postively with body weight and rainfall variability, whereas oestrone correlated positively with population density, but negatively with temperature variability. Restricting analyses to the mating season (spring), heavier males had higher testosterone levels and longer females had higher oestradiol levels. Spring oestrone levels were lower when temperatures were above normal. That we see these effects for this generally adaptive species with a broad bioclimatic niche serves to highlight that climatic effects (especially with the threat of anthropogenic climate change) on reproductive physiology warrant careful attention in a conservation context.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 126093"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9590613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic-placental relationship in Lagostomus maximus as compared to other hystricognath rodents and eutherian mammals","authors":"Francisco Acuña ,&nbsp;Enrique Leo Portiansky ,&nbsp;María Angélica Miglino ,&nbsp;Mirta Alicia Flamini ,&nbsp;Claudio Gustavo Barbeito","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2023.126082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Reproductive specializations in caviomorphs (infraorder Hystricognathi), are very peculiar within the Order Rodentia. These include long gestations, the birth of offspring with an extreme degree of precociality, and short lactation periods. This study describes the embryo-placental relationship of viable implantation sites (IS) of the plains </span>viscacha, </span><span><em>Lagostomus</em><em> maximus</em></span><span>, after 46 post-coital days. The observations recorded in this study are comparatively discussed with those of other hystricognaths and eutherians. At this stage, the embryo resembles that of other eutherians. At this time of embryo development<span>, the placenta exhibits a size, shape, and organization similar to that it will have in its mature state. Besides, the subplacenta is already highly folded. These characteristics are adequate to sustain the development of future precocial offspring. The mesoplacenta, a structure present in other hystricognaths and related to uterine regeneration is described for the first time in this species. This detailed description of the placental and embryonic structure<span> contributes to the knowledge of the reproductive and developmental biology of the viscacha, as well as that of hystricognaths. These characteristics will allow testing other hypotheses related to the morphology and physiology of the placenta and subplacenta, and their relationship with the growth and development of precocial offspring in Hystricognathi.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":"158 ","pages":"Article 126082"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9642502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}