Zoology最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal dimorphism as an expression of sexual dimorphism: Influence of gonad maturity on the body shape of a rocky intertidal polyplacophoran","authors":"Brenda Paola Ramirez-Santana ,&nbsp;Isis Laura Alvarez-Garcia ,&nbsp;Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda ,&nbsp;Marcial Arellano-Martinez ,&nbsp;Sandra Milena Ospina-Garcés","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seasonal dimorphism in the body shape of marine invertebrates has been poorly explored compared to vertebrates. We aim to investigate through traditional (body length/width ratio, dorsal elevation ratio and angle of elevation) and geometric (centroid size and shape geometric configurations) morphometrics the effect of gonad maturity (via the gonadosomatic index [GSI] and gonad development stages [GDS]) on changes in body shape in males and females of two latitudinally different populations of the broadcast-spawning intertidal mollusc <em>Chiton articulatus</em>. We confirmed that <em>C. articulatus</em> does not present external sexual dimorphism since sex does not have a significant effect on body shape (1 %); instead, dimorphism was seasonal and related to the reproductive season, and varied across populations, probably because in the subtropical zone additional energy is invested in shell (scleritome) bending at the same time as the gonad matures, which is opposite of what occurs in the tropical zone. <em>C. articulatus</em> shows a narrower body shape (i.e., diminished body width) during its gonad maturity compared to the rest of the GDS and is corroborated by a body length/width ratio that contributes the greatest variation in the geometric shape descriptors (18 %), just below the centroid size (24 %). The expression of centroid size differences shows a correspondence with the change in body dimensions expressed by the three morphometric ratios during gonad maturity. The use of traditional body ratios over time may be useful in polyplacophoran molluscs as a proxy tool to estimate gonad maturity and to provide a reliable indication of the reproductive season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142565390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can all snakes swim? A review of the evidence and testing species across phylogeny and morphological diversity","authors":"Guillaume Fosseries ,&nbsp;Anthony Herrel ,&nbsp;Ramiro Godoy-Diana ,&nbsp;Philippe Gaucher ,&nbsp;Margo Traimond ,&nbsp;Antoine Joris ,&nbsp;Karim Daoues ,&nbsp;Antoine Gouygou ,&nbsp;Olivier Chateau ,&nbsp;Hugues Gossuin ,&nbsp;Pierre Banzept ,&nbsp;Chany Banzept ,&nbsp;Dimitri Lefebvre ,&nbsp;Xavier Bonnet","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alternative hypotheses suggest that the reptiles at the origin of snakes were primarily either burrowing, terrestrial or marine. It is possible that the ability to swim varies between the major snake lineages and lifestyles; for example, the highly fossorial blind snakes (Scolecophidia), a lineage that emerged early in snake evolution over 100 My ago, may not be able to swim. However, it is sometimes stated that all snakes can swim suggesting that swimming ability may not be discriminatory. To find out whether this is true, we used a systematic search (PRISMA), including personal communications and information on websites. Of the 3951 species considered, no information was found for 89 % of all snakes. Of the 454 species for which information was found, 382 species were aquatic, only 62 were terrestrial, 6 were arboreal, and only 4 were burrowing. Moreover, almost all belonged to the speciose Colubroides (e.g. 58 % <em>Colubridae</em>, 20 % <em>Elapidae</em>). No reliable information was available for important early diverging lineages (e.g. Scolocophidia, <em>Aniliidae</em>). Faced with this lack of information, we filled in important phylogenetic gaps by testing the swimming capacity of 103 diverse snake species and 13 species of diverse limbed and limbless ectothermic tetrapod vertebrates (Amphisbaenia, Lacertilia, Gymnophiona). All tests were positive. The results show that, 1) all snakes for which information is available (525 species) appear to be able to swim, 2) this is a trait shared by many land vertebrates that undulate laterally. As swimming ability is non-discriminatory, we need to collect detailed measurements on the performance, kinematics and energetic efficiency of swimming snakes. It is also necessary to finely describe the ecology and morphology of the species studied to better understand form∼function relationships and the occupation of ecological niches in snakes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142549973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hind limb of Octodontidae (Rodentia, Mammalia): Functional implications for substrate preferences","authors":"M. Julieta Pérez ,&nbsp;Guillermo H. Cassini ,&nbsp;M.Mónica Díaz","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126222","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126222","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Octodontids are South American caviomorph rodents endemic to mesic and arid biomes displaying a wide range of substrate preferences, from terrestrial to subterranean habits. However, the hind limb morphology of these rodents remain relatively poorly understudied, particularly from an ecomorphological perspective. To investigate the association between hind limb morphology and substrate preference—epigean, semifossorial, fossorial, and subterranean— this study analyzed six skeletal measurements of femur and tibia, along with five morphological indices. We employed phylogenetic mapping, allometry, and multivariate analyses (Phylogentic Flexible Discriminant and Principal Component analyses) on log-transformed variables and indices. The results suggest that the epigeans and subterraneans possess hind limb skeletal features that enhance their mechanical capabilities, which are advantageous for their respective lifestyles. However, in the absence of clear behavioral adaptations or associations, the functional habits of Octodontidae do not requires significant structural modifications of the proximal bones of the hind limbs. These results indicate that understanding the form-function relationship in octodontids requires direct field or laboratory observations of behavior and environmental interactions, highlighting the limitations of current research without such data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unusual body division and epithelium structure in unusual phoronid Phoronis embryolabi","authors":"Elena Temereva","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phoronida is a small phylum of benthic marine invertebrates that can occur in large numbers globally. The study of phoronid morphology and anatomy is important for understanding phoronid biology and the function of benthic communities dominated by phoronids. Because all phoronids are tube-living animals, the study of the morphology and ultrastructure of the body wall is an important step toward understanding the processes of the tube formation, growth, and renovation. This study used epoxy histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy to describe the body regionalization and ultrastructure of the body wall epithelium of the unusual <em>Phoronis embryolabi</em>, which lives as a commensal in burrows of digging shrimps. The trunk of <em>P. embryolabi</em> consists of 8 zones, which are clearly distinguishable in living individuals. These zones are as follows: long head region, median sphincter with its three different parts (waist, upper and lower), muscular region, reproductive region, zone 7, and ampulla. Such body division can correlate with specificity of life style of <em>P. embryolabi</em>. The ultrastructure of the epithelium of all zones differ from each other in thickness, set and abundance of gland cells, structure of the extracellular matrix that underlies the epithelium, and abundance of neurites. The capacity and distribution of glandular cells correlate with tube formation and remodelling. Bacteria of two different types are described along body wall of all parts of the trunk; reciprocally advantageous phoronid-bacteria interaction is suggested. Our data suggest that <em>P. embryolabi</em> is able to build the tube at the anterior end rather than at the posterior end, as previously suggested for other phoronid species. At the same time, the certain mechanism of phoronid tube growth and remodelling is still unknown for phoronids as well as for many other tube-living invertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematics of elongate harvestmen chelicerae: Comparative range of motion analyses in extant Ischyropsalis (Dyspnoi, Opiliones)","authors":"Michel Schmidt ,&nbsp;Klaus Achterhold ,&nbsp;Franz Pfeiffer ,&nbsp;Roland R. Melzer","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chelicerae, the mouthparts of chelicerates, are essential for food processing. Particularly within harvestmen (Opiliones), some species have greatly elongated their tripartite chelicerae and utilize them for mating behavior, defense, and primarily for predation. We investigated two European species, <em>Ischyropsalis muellneri</em> and <em>Ischyropsalis hellwigii</em>, which occupy different niches (caves, forests), exhibit different feeding ecologies (opportunist, specialist), and first and foremost possess different chelicerae morphologies (long and thin, short and robust). We scanned the specimens using state-of-the-art micro-CT, generated surface reconstructions, and equipped one chelicera of each specimen with artificial joints to explore their Range of Motion in a 3D kinematic approach. For a size-corrected comparison of the two species, we analyzed the Range of Motion in addition to three different settings (original body size, body scaled to 5 mm, chelicerae scaled to 5 mm). <em>Ischyropsalis muellneri</em> reached a higher maximum excursion angle (= single Range of Motion) in all three joints, also exhibiting a greater total Range of Motion in the original body length setting, as well as the scaled body length setting. Only in the third setting, the total Range of Motion of <em>Ischyropsalis hellwigii</em> was slightly higher, although <em>Ischyropsalis muellneri</em> still extended further ventrally. Our results suggest that the sturdier, more massive chelicerae of <em>Ischyropsalis hellwigii</em>, attributable to strong specialization on snails as prey, are associated with reduced Range of Motion. The less food-specialized species <em>Ischyropsalis muellneri</em> apparently requires higher flexibility of its chelicerae for prey capture, likely due to its restriction to cave ecosystems, where food availability is relatively scarce. We could show that virtual Range of Motion analyses in harvestmen chelicerae can play a pivotal role in understanding the theoretical feeding ecology and functional morphology of this group. This approach can be verified by in-vivo observations and measurements or extended to other arachnid taxa and other body parts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developmental histology of the liver in the Balkan crested newt Triturus ivanbureschi (Caudata: Salamandridae)","authors":"Maja Ajduković ,&nbsp;Ana Ivanović","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The liver, a crucial organ for metabolic processes, has a generally uniform histological structure across amphibian taxa. However, ontogenetic changes, particularly those related to biphasic life cycle and metamorphosis, are less documented. Here, we explored and described the liver histology of an emerging model organism, the Balkan crested newt (<em>Triturus ivanbureschi</em>) at three ontogenetic stages: larval, juvenile (just after metamorphosis) and adult. At the larval stage, the liver is characterized by hepatocytes containing large lipid droplets, poorly developed basement membranes in the blood vessels, and a lack of melanin-rich macrophage centers. Juveniles show transitional characteristics between larvae and adults. Lipid droplets in hepatocytes are abundant, but also, at the juvenile stage the well-developed basement membrane of blood vessels and melanomacrophages are present, as in adults. The presence of lipid droplets in hepatocytes during larval and juvenile stages suggests the liver's role in fat storage and energy provision during development and growth. Melanomacrophages, which synthesize melanin, perform phagocytosis, and neutralize free radicals, have been found in juveniles (after metamorphosis) and increase with age. The biphasic life cycle and liver histology transition in <em>Triturus</em> newts provide an insight in changes in liver histology and make them a suitable model for studying fat deposition regulation and the evolution of the immune system in terrestrial vertebrates.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142396591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"External morphology and growth patterns of larvae and juveniles of Bryconops gracilis (Characiformes, Iguanodectidae) from Amazon basin","authors":"Lucas Silva Oliveira ,&nbsp;Ruineris Almada Cajado ,&nbsp;Fabíola Katrine Souza Silva ,&nbsp;Zaqueu Santos ,&nbsp;Elzamara Casto Oliveira ,&nbsp;Cárlison Silva-Oliveira ,&nbsp;Diego Maia Zacardi","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126210","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126210","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During early development, fishes undergo significant changes that influence external morphology and the functioning of internal organs and systems. This often results in gradual variation of the morphological traits of individuals across developmental stages. The investigation of larval and juvenile fish development and growth patterns has pertinent implications for the systematic and ecological elucidation of species. <em>Bryconops gracilis</em> is a medium-sized fish, omnivorous that inhabits lotic and lentic environments with acidic and transparent waters in the Amazon basin. In this study, the early development of <em>B. gracilis</em> is described, until recently a practically unknown species. In terms of development, we used morphological, meristic, and morphometric data to characterize the larvae and juveniles. The individuals were collected in the Curuá-Una River, Amazon basin, Brazil. Fifty-four specimens were examined. Samples include individuals with 3.39–21.79 mm SL. Yolk-sac larvae have two attachment organs on the dorsal surface of head and body. The larvae of <em>B. gracilis</em> are considered altricial, with a fusiform body, and the intestine reaches the median region of the body. Initially, the mouth is subterminal and becomes isognathic from the postflexion stage on. During the postflexion stage, the most relevant morphological changes occur (e.g., presence of all fins, mouth position similar to adults, increased body pigmentation), making individuals more specialized to explore new habitats and diets and maximize their chances of survival. Furthermore, vertebrae and myomeres are compared and assist with differentiating some <em>Bryconops</em> species at early life stages that occur in sympatry in the Amazon basin. Our results contribute to knowledge about the external morphology of neotropical freshwater fishes, enabling the identification of larvae and juveniles through traditional taxonomy and broadening the perspective on the ontogenetic study of the adipose fin in Characoidei.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142315024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inter and intra-island genetic structure and differentiation of the endemic Bolle's Laurel Pigeon (Columba bollii) in the Canary archipelago","authors":"Patricia Marrero ,&nbsp;Rosa Fregel ,&nbsp;David S. Richardson","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126209","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126209","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Islands provide excellent settings for studying the evolutionary history of species, since their geographic isolation and relatively small size limit gene flow between populations, and promote divergence and speciation. The endemic Bolle's Laurel Pigeon <em>Columba bollii</em> is an arboreal frugivorous bird species distributed on laurel forests in four islands of the Canary archipelago. To elucidate the population genetics, we genotyped ten microsatellite loci using DNA obtained from non-invasive samples collected across practically all laurel forest remnants, and subsequently grouped into eight sampling sites. Analyses including F-statistics, Bayesian clustering approaches, isolation by distance tests and population graph topologies, were used to infer the genetic diversity and the population differentiation within and among insular populations. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of null alleles on data analysis. Low genetic diversity was found in all populations of Bolle’s Laurel Pigeon, with no significant differences in diversity among them. However, significant genetic differentiation was detected among all populations, with pigeons from La Palma and El Hierro exhibiting the closest affinity. Bayesian clustering supported population separation between islands, and also detected fine-scale structure within the Tenerife and La Gomera populations. Our results suggest that, despite columbids have a high movement ability, they can show signature of genetic divergence among populations, particularly on oceanic islands. Geological history of the islands and distribution range of habitats could have close influence on the evolutionary trajectories of these birds. This approach can provide practical tools to implement appropriate conservation measures for range-restricted species and their habitat.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944200624000680/pdfft?md5=5473048e12260a2da11c90b50b13bde8&pid=1-s2.0-S0944200624000680-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142274498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sexual dimorphism and functional allometry in scorpions: A comparative study from a neotropical species","authors":"Julieta Jazmín Giménez Carbonari ,&nbsp;Mariela A. Oviedo-Diego ,&nbsp;Alfredo V. Peretti,&nbsp;Camilo I. Mattoni","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sexual dimorphism (SD), the divergence of secondary sexual traits between males and females within a species, can arise from diverse evolutionary forces, such as natural selection, mate choice, and intrasexual competition. Allometric scaling patterns of dimorphic traits are related to their functional roles and the different selective pressures that affect each sex. Generally, traits that threaten rivals involved in intrasexual competition tend to exhibit the highest allometric slopes. Conversely, non-sexual traits often display isometric scaling, while genitalia and traits in direct contact between the sexes during courtship and copulation typically show hypoallometry. A good approach to study patterns of SD and allometry is to complement interspecific studies with analyzes of case studies, where the functional aspect is known in detail. Here, we review the occurrence of SD and evaluation of allometry in the Order Scorpiones, allowing us to compare general trends in a broader comparative framework within the group. In addition, we examined SD and allometric slopes of multiple traits (including somatic traits used in sexual and non-sexual interactions, as well as genitalia) in adult individuals of the scorpion <em>Timogenes elegans</em> (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae). We found that at an interspecific level there was a variation in SD between species and morphological traits, with most traits showing a male-biased SD, except for the chelicerae, which were found to be wider in females. Regarding SD studies, we found relatively few reports of functional allometry showing differences in allometric patterns between species. The results in <em>T. elegans</em> follow some of the general patterns found in other scorpions. We found hypoallometry in genital traits and hyperallometry in the pedipalps of both sexes, with steeper allometric slopes observed for pedipalp height in males. These results suggest that genital traits are under stabilizing selective pressure, while pedipalps in both sexes may be under natural and sexual selective pressure. Understanding allometric patterns and their relationship to function in scorpions provides significant insights into the evolutionary pressures driving the divergence of morphological traits used in both sexual and non-sexual contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142247326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altitude is correlated with body size differences among Cotesia flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) wasps collected in two mountain ranges","authors":"Lina V. Lozano-Morales ,&nbsp;Andrés A. Gutiérrez-García ,&nbsp;Leidy Salamanca ,&nbsp;Nancy Barreto-Triana ,&nbsp;Carlos E. Sarmiento","doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126197","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.zool.2024.126197","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Living at high altitudes impose physiological and ecological challenges to which species may respond altering their body size, body proportions, and the shape of their body parts. Despite the importance of this topic for understanding the origin of species diversity, little attention has been invested in this phenomenon at the populational level. This paper study the relationship between altitude and body size, body proportions, and forewing shape venation of two populations of the parasitoid wasp <em>Cotesia flavipes</em>. Wasps were collected from <em>Diatraea</em> spp. larvae from sugarcane crops in two Colombian mountain ranges that cover between 600 m and 2143 m of altitude. Linear measurements of different body regions and geometric morphometrics of the forewing were subject to multivariate comparisons and allometric analyses to assess variation and to compare trends between ranges. Central (600 m to 1704 m) and Eastern Cordillera (877 m to 2143 m) populations showed different trends between body size and altitude. Allometric trends were not uniform within or between populations nor between structures. The allometric slopes of five body measurements from a single altitude differed from these from its own mountain range suggesting that body size trends along the cordilleras are a consequence of altitude and not of intrinsic body resource allocation processes. Wing shape between populations differed; however, these changes were poorly related to altitude. In agreement with recent studies in other groups, the observed allometric and wing shape differences between the two <em>C. flavipes</em> populations could be a plasticity response to altitude with interesting implications for posterior genetic differentiation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49330,"journal":{"name":"Zoology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944200624000564/pdfft?md5=6a2936f9f98f0fd698463d89c57e746c&pid=1-s2.0-S0944200624000564-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142128711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}