{"title":"An iterative hydraulic design methodology based on numerical modeling for piano key weirs","authors":"Mete Koken, Ismail Aydin, Serhan Ademoglu","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2022.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2022.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Piano Key Weir (PKW) is a special type of overflow weir which provides an improved discharge capacity with its increased crest length. Increased discharge capacity makes this weir an attractive alternative in the rehabilitation of existing spillways. After the introduction of this new weir type, many experimental and numerical studies are conducted to understand the effect of the numerous geometrical parameters on the discharge capacity. However, empirical discharge formulas suggested by different researchers are not conforming to a unique expression mostly due to dependence on the experimental conditions from which they are derived. A numerical approach is used in the present study to investigate the dependence of discharge capacity of a PKW unit on several geometric parameters. Numerical models are developed and three-dimensional velocity fields are computed using FLOW-3D® software. Discharge efficiency of a PKW over an equivalent linear sharp-crested weir is evaluated within the practical range of parameters from 145 numerical solutions for 29 different PKW models. Numerically obtained data is used to form dimensionless expressions for the weir height and length as function of discharge efficiency which are proposed to facilitate an iterative numerical solution to meet the design requirements of a given project. This approach allows cost optimization while dimensioning the PKW for the required hydraulic capacity. The design procedure based on iterative numerical solutions is described and exemplified.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 131-141"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45908784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mahananda , P.R. Hanmaiahgari , Ram Balachandar
{"title":"On the turbulence characteristics in developed and developing rough narrow open-channel flow","authors":"M. Mahananda , P.R. Hanmaiahgari , Ram Balachandar","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An analytical power-law for velocity distribution is developed and validated using experimental results for rough, narrow open-channel flows. In addition, an empirical power-law for the mean velocity distribution is also proposed. To this end, experiments were conducted to investigate the turbulence characteristics in developing and fully developed narrow open-channel flows over a fixed continuous rough bed. Instantaneous 3-D velocities were acquired using a Nortek VectrinoPlus down looking acoustic Doppler velocimeter at streamwise intervals of 0.5 m along the centerline of the flume. Using the experimental data, shape factors and frictional characteristics in narrow open-channel flow were analysed. In addition, this paper investigated changes in the turbulence anisotropy and the decay of turbulence along the mid-depth of the hydraulically rough flow. The new analytical power-law equation developed in this paper accurately describes the fully developed velocity profile in narrow open-channel flow with the dip phenomenon. Reynolds number and aspect ratio significantly influenced the turbulence characteristics in the upper half of the flow field. The decreasing turbulence intensities at mid-depth along the flow developing region demonstrate the attainment of isotropic turbulence as the flow development occurs in the narrow open-channel.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46227724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Influence of horizontal eddy viscosity and bottom friction coefficients on morphodynamic evaluations","authors":"N. Saichenthur, K. Murali, V. Sundar","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The horizontal eddy viscosity (ε) and bottom friction coefficient (<em>K<sub>br</sub></em>) are important hydrodynamic parameters in the computation of flow fields that dictate the morphodynamics. The effect of the variations in ε and <em>K<sub>br</sub></em> as well as their combination on the prediction of hydrodynamics and morphodynamics in the Cochin harbor and adjoining nearshore area (9.9312° N, 76.2673° E) has been investigated in detail. A tidal circulation model to solve the shallow water equation is applied with the different parameterizations of ε and <em>K<sub>br</sub></em>. In order to understand its effect, ε is expressed as a function of depth averaged velocity and length scale of computation mesh, whereas <em>K<sub>br</sub></em> is expressed as a function of depth. The validation of the model is carried out with the measured currents. The improvement in the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic predictions is demonstrated by implementing the spatially and temporally varying ε The predictions are further improved by implementing a spatially varying <em>K<sub>br</sub></em>. It is seen that the simulations with varying ε and <em>K<sub>br</sub></em> predict the morphodynamic behavior close to the field values. The performance of the model predictions is discussed in terms of R<sup>2</sup>, RMSE and BSS (Brier Skill Score).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 102-115"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41883177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahere Golzari , Hamid Zare Abyaneh , Naghmeh Mobarghaee Dinan , Majid Delavar , Paul Daniel Wagner
{"title":"Modeling the effects of human influences on water quality and quantity in the Zarrineh River Basin, Iran","authors":"Sahere Golzari , Hamid Zare Abyaneh , Naghmeh Mobarghaee Dinan , Majid Delavar , Paul Daniel Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>This study aims to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of land use change and water abstraction in the Zarrineh River basin, which is Lake Urmia’s main inflow source in the north-west of Iran. The Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to model water quantity and quality in the basin. Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC) are used to assess the relationship between environmental degradation and the development of the agricultural sector. Two scenarios were employed to identify the effects of dam construction and land use change on stream flow, evapotranspiration, </span>groundwater recharge and nitrate loads in the area. The SWAT model showed a satisfactory to very good performance for monthly stream flow at most of the gauges in calibration and validation periods as well as a reasonable performance for nitrate loads. The estimated EKC indicates that the environmental degradation in the inverted U-shape that has passed its peak and the rate of degradation has decreased. Based on the scenarios, the dam has a strong impact on nitrate loads in the basin and water inflow into Lake Urmia. Results verify that human influences have had negative impacts on the Zarrineh River basin. In particular, the extensive development of the agricultural sector has not only drastically reduced the inflow of water to Lake Urmia accelerating the drying up of the lake, but it has also increased nitrate loads. Therefore, it can be recommended to take counter measures within the catchment area to improve the ecological status of Lake Urmia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47924158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Physical and numerical modeling of swirling flow in a scroll vortex intake","authors":"S.N. Chan , Jiuhao Guo , Joseph H.W. Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scroll vortex intakes are hydraulic structures commonly used in water supply, drainage and sewerage systems. Water flows into the intake via an eccentric approach channel and a vortex chamber imparts swirl to the flow, leading to a stable air core vortex along the dropshaft. Although much effort has been devoted to investigate the scroll vortex flow, yet the understanding on its hydraulic characteristics is still far from complete due to a lack of detailed velocity field measurements. This paper presents the first comprehensive measurement of the three-dimensional (3D) flow field of a scroll vortex intake using non-intrusive Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). A validated 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model with the Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) method is developed for interpreting the measurement. It is found that the vortex flow in the scroll chamber resembles a free vortex and the circulation is approximately equal to that at the chamber inlet, with a thin bottom boundary layer. The vortex flow at the bellmouth outlet possesses a circulation constant smaller than that in the chamber, and its vertical velocity component is approximately constant across the flow thickness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 64-76"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43537186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farzad Farvizi , Bruce W. Melville , Asaad Y. Shamseldin , Seyedreza Shafiei
{"title":"Experimental investigation of the effects of contraction on tsunami-induced forces and pressures on a box section bridge","authors":"Farzad Farvizi , Bruce W. Melville , Asaad Y. Shamseldin , Seyedreza Shafiei","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Many bridges that lie within possible tsunami inundation zones are critical links in transport networks. Some efforts have been made to determine the effects of tsunamis on bridges, but only a limited range of published design guidelines are available. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the effects of tsunamis on bridges. In the current study, physical modeling experiments were carried out to measure bore impact forces and pressures for various tsunami bore strengths on a bridge deck with different abutment types (wing wall and spill-through) and different opening and submergence ratios. The experiments were conducted in a wave flume with dimensions of 14 × 1.2 × 0.8 m (length × width × height), equipped with an automatic gate designed to generate a tsunami bore. The horizontal and vertical forces showed an increasing trend with increasing submergence ratio for both types of abutment. However, the horizontal force showed a decreasing trend as the opening ratio decreased, while the vertical force initially increased as the opening ratio decreased, until it reached a peak value, and then it started to decrease. The overall shapes of the results for both types of abutment are similar, with higher values for spill-through abutments due to their lower energy dissipation rates. Based on the experimental data, empirical equations are proposed for estimation of tsunami loads as a function of opening and submergence ratios.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"40 ","pages":"Pages 116-130"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49176102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Short-term River streamflow modeling using Ensemble-based additive learner approach","authors":"Khabat Khosravi , Shaghayegh Miraki , Patricia M. Saco , Raziyeh Farmani","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate streamflow (Q<sub>t</sub><span>) prediction can provide critical information for urban hydrological management strategies such as flood mitigation, long-term water resources management, land use planning and agricultural and irrigation operations. Since the mid-20th century, Artificial Intelligence (AI) models have been used in a wide range of engineering and scientific fields, and their application has increased in the last few years. In this study, the predictive capabilities of the reduced error pruning tree (REPT) model, used both as a standalone model and within five ensemble-approaches, were evaluated to predict streamflow in the Kurkursar basin in Iran. The ensemble-approaches combined the REPT model with the bootstrap aggregation (BA), random committee (RC), random subspace (RS), additive regression (AR) and disjoint aggregating (DA) (i.e. BA-REPT, RC-REPT, RS-REPT, AR-REPT and DA-REPT). The models were developed using 15 years of daily rainfall and streamflow data for the period 23 September 1997 to 22 September 2012. A set of eight different input scenarios was constructed using different combinations of the input variables to find the most effective scenario based on the linear correlation coefficient. A comprehensive suite of graphical (time-variation graph, scatter-plot, violin plot and Taylor diagram) and quantitative metrics (root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), Nash-Sutcliff efficiency (NSE), Percent of BIAS (PBIAS) and the ratio of RMSE to the standard deviation of observation (RSR)) was applied to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the six models developed. The outcomes indicated that all models performed well but the AR-REPT outperformed all the other models by rendering lower errors and higher precision across a number of statistical measures. The use of the BA, RC, RS, AR and DA models enhanced the performance of the standalone REPT model by about 26.82%, 18.91%, 7.69%, 28.99% and 28.05% respectively.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 81-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43089837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhiqiang Zhang , Zijian Wang , Sheping Wang , Yanping Ding , Zhiming Yuan , Jinsuo Lu
{"title":"Improvement of rainwater infiltration and storage capacity by an enhanced seepage well: From laboratory investigation to HYDRUS-2D numerical analysis","authors":"Zhiqiang Zhang , Zijian Wang , Sheping Wang , Yanping Ding , Zhiming Yuan , Jinsuo Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Seepage well is an emerging Low Impact Development (LID) technology that can effectively control the storm runoff. However, its rainwater infiltration rate and storage capacity still require further enhancement. By setting a horizontal infiltration structure at the bottom of conventional rainwater seepage well (CSW), an enhanced seepage well (ESW) was proposed in this study, and its infiltration performances compared with the permeable pavement (PP) and the CSW were systemically investigated using static infiltration experiment and HYDRUS-2D simulation. The results showed that the infiltration efficiency of ESW was significantly higher than that of PP and CSW, and the process of water infiltrated through soil mainly controlled the macroscopic infiltration rate. The Nash-Sutcliff Efficient (NSE) index was used to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the HYDRUS-2D model, and the results of NSE values greater than 0.75 (varied between 0.75 and 0.91) confirmed the applicability of HYDRUS-2D to describe correctly the hydraulic behavior of the ESW system. Simulation infiltration tests showed that the ESW performed a higher average infiltration rate and fewer total runoff volume than the CSW, indicating the effectively enhancement of the infiltration and water retention capacity of ESW, especially under heavy rainfall intensities. Additionally, the ESW system exhibited an excellent runoff-control and rainwater retention capacity in an actual rainfall scenario.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 15-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41983773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lu Chang , K.W. Choi , Joseph H.W. Lee , K.Y.T. Kwok
{"title":"Prediction of lead concentration in random daytime (RDT) samples of high rise buildings by coupled 3D-1D modeling","authors":"Lu Chang , K.W. Choi , Joseph H.W. Lee , K.Y.T. Kwok","doi":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.09.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jher.2021.09.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The drinking water supply system in many high rise buildings in densely populated cities consists of a complex labyrinth of copper pipes and brass fixtures (valves, meters, couplings). Lead contamination in these non-lead pipe systems can occur due to the presence of lead-soldered connections, and lead containing brass fixtures. The prediction of lead concentration characteristics of random daytime (RDT) samples in these high rise buildings has hitherto not been studied. The stochastic variation of lead concentration of RDT samples is studied by a coupling of 3-D and 1-D models and the Monte-Carlo Method. A 3-dimensional CFD model based on an equilibrium concentration (<span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>) approach is used to simulate the leaching process from different lead sources. With the calibrated <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>E</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> for different materials obtained from leaching experiments, the lead source strengths of leaded components in a water supply chain can be predicted by the 3D model as a function of stagnation time. Using the predicted distributed lead sources, the transport and mixing of lead in the turbulent pipe flow can be accurately simulated by a 1D advection–diffusion model. Using the Monte-Carlo method, a large number of simulations of consumer tap water Pb concentrations is performed using randomly sampled stagnation time, inter-use time, and flushing time. The computations are performed for two representative prototypes: (i) a full scale lead contaminated water supply chain; and (ii) a chain with only clean pipes and brass fixtures. The effect of stagnation time and flushing time before water use on tap Pb levels are investigated. The predicted range and distribution of RDT sample concentrations are validated by a three-year field data set (2017–2020) of the Hong Kong Water Supplies Department.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49303,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydro-environment Research","volume":"39 ","pages":"Pages 25-38"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46148271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}