Health & Place最新文献

{"title":"Spatial modelling to identify high-risk zones for the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in hyperendemic urban environments: A case study of Mashhad, Iran","authors":"Alireza Mohammadi ,&nbsp;David H. Hamer ,&nbsp;Elahe Pishagar ,&nbsp;Robert Bergquist","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial modelling was employed to identify high-risk zones for the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis in hyperendemic urban environments, focusing on Mashhad, Iran. Data analysis from 3033 CL patients (2016–2020) integrated socio-demographic, environmental, and geological factors using negative binomial regression and the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model. Findings indicate that 42.8% of the study area, affecting 20% of Mashhad's population, is at heightened risk due to factors such as high illiteracy rates, dense populations, poor built environment quality, and specific geological conditions. The model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83, signifying strong discrimination, with Kappa statistics (KNO = 0.60, K standard = 0.56) showing substantial agreement. These insights can be used to inform targeted surveillance and effective disease control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103394"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunting for fresh food: The impact of online fresh food platforms on health","authors":"Woo Hyeok An ,&nbsp;Jae Il Cho ,&nbsp;Minchul Park","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In response to the growing demand for healthier food, online fresh food platforms have emerged as a convenient solution, aiming to meet this need. This study employs a difference-in-differences design and an imputation method to evaluate the impact of online fresh food platforms on population health. These methodological approaches enable the identification of causal effects, offering insights into how these platforms influence health outcomes across different demographic groups. Our findings reveal that the availability of online fresh food options positively influences health outcomes by increasing physical activity, such as walking time, and reducing BMI, hypertension, and depression rates. Easier access to healthier food fosters healthier lifestyles, contributing to both improved physical and mental health. These findings may offer insights for policymakers, suggesting that the availability of accessible healthy diet options could contribute to improving community health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103400"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive GPS-based analysis of activity spaces in early and late pregnancy using the ActMAP framework","authors":"Karl Samuelsson ,&nbsp;Ioar Rivas ,&nbsp;Bruno Raimbault ,&nbsp;Alan Domínguez ,&nbsp;Toni Galmés ,&nbsp;Antònia Valentin ,&nbsp;Maria Foraster ,&nbsp;Mireia Gascon ,&nbsp;Cecilia Persavento ,&nbsp;Achilleas Psyllidis ,&nbsp;Maria Dolores Gomez Roig ,&nbsp;Elisa Llurba Olivé ,&nbsp;Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen ,&nbsp;Marco Helbich ,&nbsp;Jordi Sunyer ,&nbsp;Payam Dadvand","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103413","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2025.103413","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Health implications of mobility during pregnancy entail a need to understand pregnant women's activity spaces. We present ActMAP, a framework for quantifying multiple aspects of activity spaces from distinct trips and stays derived from GPS data. We applied ActMAP to data from 238 pregnant women in Barcelona, Spain (2018–2020) and explored weekday, weekend and intraday associations between pregnancy trimester and activity spaces. Activities were more centred around the home later in pregnancy. However, the number of visited places and daily trips remained largely constant throughout pregnancy. By constructing activity spaces from individual trips and stays, ActMAP could provide a framework for GPS-based holistic assessments of mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103413"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of measurement tools and senior engagement in urban nature: Health benefits and behavioral patterns analysis","authors":"Fan Yuan ,&nbsp;Mingze Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The engagement of senior citizens with urban nature has been shown to provide multiple health benefits and mitigate health issues associated with demographic aging. This review utilized the PRISMA methodology to systematically analyze the relationship between monitoring tools, seniors' behaviors in urban nature, and influencing factors. The main findings are as follows: (1) 4 main types, including self-reports, on-site observations, sensors, and third-party data, and 24 sub-types of measurement tools: ranging from questionnaires to crowdsourced imagery services. Self-reports capture participants' awareness of behaviors, on-site observations record various types of behaviors, sensors collect indicators to detect the body's direct responses, and third-party data provide representative behavior data from large samples. (2) 4 categories and 45 types of behaviors: physical and sports behaviors, leisure and recreational behaviors, relaxation, and passive behaviors, social and care behaviors, based on their characteristics and purposes. Physical and sports behaviors are the most common types for the elderly in urban nature, with walking being the most frequently measured behavior. (3) 36 influencing factors: ranging from diabetes risk to balanced meal habits, classified into 4 categories from physical and vitality health to social and lifestyle health. Physical and vitality health are the most affected category, receiving more academic attention. Gardening is identified as having the most health benefits. This review provides a classification of tools and behaviors, and a detailed discussion of future trends in the field. It provides actionable insights for researchers, urban designers, city managers, and policymakers to select the appropriate measurement tool from 24 sub-tools to better understand behaviors of elderly people in urban nature. It can also help them select the right type of behavior from 45 sub-behaviors to investigate in line with their research goals to improve seniors' health and well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103410"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143076160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between ambient temperatures and cardiovascular disease: A time series analysis using emergency ambulance dispatches in Chongqing, China, 2019–2021","authors":"Yunyi An ,&nbsp;DianGuo Xing ,&nbsp;Saijuan Chen ,&nbsp;Xinyue Wang ,&nbsp;Xinyun Zhou ,&nbsp;Yan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally. Yet, further research is required into the relationship between CVD and extreme environmental temperatures. This study aims to explore the association between the incidence of CVD and extreme temperatures, and also to identify susceptible subgroups within the population.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We collected cardiovascular emergency ambulance dispatch (CEAD) records from Chongqing Emergency Dispatch Center in the main urban areas of Chongqing from 2019 to 2021. Then, we used distributed lag nonlinear modeling (DLNM) with a quasi-Poisson distribution to evaluate the association between extreme temperatures and CEADs. Susceptibility subgroups were identified by stratified analysis according to gender, age and initial diagnosis. Finally, the attribution analysis was used to calculate the scores and counts of CEADs caused by low and high temperatures.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Compared with the optimal temperature (23 °C), the cumulative lagged risk of total CEADs was increased under extreme low-temperature conditions (CRR: 1.732, 95% CI: [1.157, 2.593]), with the lagged effect lasting for 8 days. Under extreme high-temperature conditions, it decreased (CRR: 0.752, 95% CI: [0.611, 0.926]) and a protective effect was observed. Compared to the group under 60, those over 60 were more sensitive to temperature changes, showing a higher risk of disease with cold exposure (RR: 1.087, 95% CI: [1.021, 1.157]). In addition, a reduction in risk of disease was observed just one day after heat exposure. There were also gender differences in the elderly group: males showed longer lagged effects after cold exposure, while females had higher dispatch risk in cold weather and less heat adaptation in hot weather than males.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Ambient temperature is significantly associated with the risk of CVD, with elderly patients, especially females, being a high-risk subgroup. Governments need to formulate localized health policies that address regional climate patterns and population vulnerabilities. As one of the famous \"Furnace Cities\", Chongqing's measures for coping with hot environments can serve as a reference. Nonetheless, improving our understanding and preparation for cold weather is also crucial. Public warning systems should be improved, and local heating strategies for vulnerable groups should be developed to minimize the negative risk of extreme cold temperatures to the public.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103403"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142879098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between neighborhood built-environment characteristics and hepatic steatosis: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","authors":"Mariana Lazo ,&nbsp;Jingjing Li ,&nbsp;Jana A. Hirsch ,&nbsp;Kari A. Moore ,&nbsp;Amy H. Auchincloss ,&nbsp;Loni P. Tabb ,&nbsp;Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez ,&nbsp;Jeanne M. Clark ,&nbsp;Steven F. Solga ,&nbsp;Matt J. Budoff ,&nbsp;Brisa N. Sánchez","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To characterize the spatio-temporal association between features of the built environment and subclinical liver disease.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>We used data from a large community-based population, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000–2002, N = 5542) with linked historical residential data that characterized past exposure to alcohol outlets (bars and liquor stores), healthy foods stores, and physical activity facilities (1990–2001). We examined whether and how past residential relate to hepatic steatosis (proxied by liver attenuation measured using computed tomography, with lower attenuation indicating higher hepatic steatosis). Hepatic steatosis is the most common.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found significant associations between past residential exposure to neighborhood alcohol outlets, healthy food and physical activity resources, and hepatic steatosis. The spatial scale where the association between these features of the built environment and hepatic steatosis operate lies within 3 km (∼2 miles). The average association on liver attenuation per additional bar, liquor, healthy food store, and physical activity facility within a 2-mile buffer, were: −0.06 (95% CI -0.09, −0.03), −0.02 (95% CI -0.04, −0.009), 0.05 (95% CI 0.02, 0.07), 0.02 (95% CI 0.01, 0.04), respectively, in the preceding year of the measurement of hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, the association and spatial scale remains consistent ten years prior to the measurement of hepatic steatosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results suggest that modifying neighborhood environments (decreasing alcohol outlets and improving access to healthy food and physical activity) may represent an effective population-wide approach to reduce liver-related morbidity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and child health: The role of neighborhood mobility networks","authors":"Jennifer Candipan ,&nbsp;Karl Vachuska ,&nbsp;Brian L. Levy","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite a large body of work on neighborhood effects on health, past studies are limited in their treatment of neighborhoods as largely static spaces with (dis)advantages based primarily on the average characteristics of their residents. In this study, we draw on the triple neighborhood disadvantage perspective to explore how socioeconomic disadvantage in a neighborhood's mobility network uniquely relates to children’s overall health levels, independent of residential disadvantage. We investigate this by combining 2019 SafeGraph data on mobility patterns from roughly 40 million U.S. mobile devices with information on children, families, and neighborhoods from the 2015-19 American Community Survey and 2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development supplement. We find that mobility-based neighborhood disadvantage (MND) generally predicts child health better than residential neighborhood disadvantage (RND), but associations vary by race and by family income and are contingent on the broader metropolitan context. Our study advances existing research on the effects of mobility networks by shifting from analyzing aggregate-level outcomes to exploring how mobility-based disadvantage affects individual outcomes. Overall, our results indicate that the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and child health is nuanced and complex. Findings from our study suggest that researchers aiming to understand the influence of neighborhood contexts should examine individuals' residential environments as well as the environments of neighborhoods connected through individuals' everyday mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103402"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The “uneven road” to food: Socioeconomic disparities in the mobility burden of food purchasing behavior in major US cities, 2019–2023","authors":"Yilun Zha","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Socioeconomic factors contribute to distinct patterns of food-purchasing behaviors, placing a higher burden of mobility on vulnerable, deprived populations. Traditional approaches often overlook the dynamics of human activity as contextual influences, simulating a perceived food environment that contradicts the actual use thereof. The rise of large-scale mobile phone data presents a unique opportunity to capture real behavioral patterns and their mobility implications at a fine-grained level. Using a Time-Weighted Kernel Density Estimation (TWKDE) model on mobile phone data, this study introduces two novel measures - the Spatial Engel’s Coefficient (SEC) index and the Distance-to-Activity Curve (DAC) – to assess the equity of food-purchasing travel across nine U.S. cities over five years, analyzed by socioeconomic status, time period, and location. Our findings reveal that lower socioeconomic status is strongly associated with greater mobility burdens in food-purchasing travel. This mobility gap between the highest and lowest socioeconomic groups was further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, manifesting in the form of spatial segregation of opportunities within cities. This paper contributes to the literature by developing novel activity-based tools that offer a more nuanced understanding of the behavioral characteristics of food-purchasing activities. These empirical insights can help policymakers identify the communities facing the greatest mobility burdens and guide targeted, place-based interventions to promote equity in food access.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103404"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expiration of a state level eviction moratorium in the first or second trimester of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes among Medicaid and uninsured people, 2020–2022","authors":"Kaitlyn K. Stanhope ,&nbsp;Sara Markowitz ,&nbsp;Michael R. Kramer","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Goal</h3><div>Housing insecurity is associated with poor perinatal outcomes. However, we lack information on whether supportive housing policies improve perinatal health. Our goal was to estimate the effect of expiration of a state-level eviction moratoria on adverse maternal and infant outcomes among Medicaid insured individuals residing in states with a state-level moratorium in place at conception in the United States.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used data from the US natality files, 2020–2022 and the Eviction Moratoria &amp; Housing Policy dataset to link individuals with moratoria. We compared those for whom the moratorium expired prior to conception, in the first trimester, or second trimester (exposed) with those fully protected through gestation (unexposed) We fit log binomial models to estimated risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each outcome separately (preterm birth (PTB), very preterm birth (VPTB), low birthweight birth (LBW), very low birthweight birth (VLBW), primary cesarean, maternal morbidity, or adequate/adequate plus prenatal care utilization) using generalized estimating equations, controlling for month/year of conception, state (unemployment, monthly covid death rates per 100,000, median household income, governor's party affiliation 2019), and individual (primiparity, age, race/ethnicity) confounders. We also fit difference in difference models as an alternate approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We included 2,562,067 births (PTB: 12.5%, LBW: 8.1%, primary cesarean:14.1%). All adverse outcomes were more common for births where the moratoria expired prior to conception or during the first trimester. Following adjustment, risk remained significantly elevated for primary cesarean (preconception v. fully protected: RR: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.14; first trimester: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.11) but not other outcomes. Results from difference in difference models were consistent with multilevel models.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Expiration of an eviction moratoria during the first or second trimester of pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes, beyond ongoing state and temporal factors for people birthing in the United States during the COVID-19 global pandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103408"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142910426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combined associations of takeaway food availability and walkability with adiposity: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","authors":"Richard Patterson ,&nbsp;David Ogilvie ,&nbsp;Jody C. Hoenink ,&nbsp;Thomas Burgoine ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Sharp ,&nbsp;Samantha Hajna ,&nbsp;Jenna Panter","doi":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Diet and physical activity are important determinants of energy balance, body weight and chronic health conditions. Peoples’ health and behaviour are shaped by their environment. For example, the availability of unhealthy takeaway food in residential neighbourhoods and the ability to easily walk to a range of local destinations (high “walkability”) influence diets and physical activity levels. Most existing evidence on the associations between residential neighbourhood and adiposity is cross-sectional and examines either walkability or takeaway availability, but not both in combination.We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of residential neighbourhood walkability and takeaway food availability with markers of adiposity separately and combined.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>With data from the Fenland Study (Cambridgeshire, UK; n = 12,435), we used linear regression to estimate associations for walkability and takeaway availability separately and in mutually adjusted models, in addition to combining both into a measure of neighbourhood supportiveness for active living and healthy eating. Objective measures of BMI were examined cross-sectionally at baseline (2005–2015) and as change between baseline and follow-up (2014–2020). Additional outcomes (percentage body fat, waist circumference and hip circumference) were also examined both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Complete case analyses indicated that neighbourhoods with greater walkability and lower takeaway availability were associated with lower BMI (n = 10,607) and more favourable trends over time (n = 5508). For example, compared with the lowest exposure group (Q1), Q4 of walkability and takeaway food availability was associated with a difference in BMI of −0.69 kg/m² (95% CI = −1.09 to −0.29) and 0.99 kg/m² (95% CI = 0.58 to 1.39) respectively. These associations were more consistent when both neighbourhood measures were included in mutually adjusted models. The combined supportiveness measure was associated with lower BMI. High walkability and low takeaway availability were also associated with lower body fat percentage, waist circumference and hip circumference.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These findings are consistent with the residential environment having a role in shaping people's health and behaviour. Living in an area that supports walking and cycling and affords less access to unhealthy food may support people to maintain a healthy lifestyle. It was important to consider walkability and takeaway food availability together because to examine them separately risks unobserved confounding by the other. Future research could incorporate additional environmental measures, especially those likely to be correlated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49302,"journal":{"name":"Health & Place","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 103405"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143018792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}